M-THEORY

M-Theory Ndiro zita refundo isingazivikanwi yezvinhu zvose iyo yaizobatanidza dzidziso dzose shanu dzeSuperstring neSupergravity pamwero 11 pamwe chete.
Dzidziso yacho inoda zvishandiso zvemasvomhu izvo zvichiri kufanira kuwanwa kuitira kuti zvinzwisiswe zvizere. Pfungwa yacho yakatangwa naEdward Witten.

Nyaya inotevera iri zvishoma hwokugadzira hunhu, ona M-dzidziso nyore kuti zvishoma hwokugadzira nyaya.

Ukama hwaM-theory ne superstrings uye supergravity. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana ejometri, iri kushamwaridzana nedzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dze superstring (mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana ejometri), uye nheyo yehutano inobatanidza miganhu iyi kune mumwe nemumwe. Dzidziso mbiri dzomuviri dzinopindirana kana dziine muviri wakafanana pashure pokushandurwa kwedzidzo.

 Mhando 
Mhando IIA neIIB dzakabatana neT-duality, sezvakaita dzidziso mbiri dzeHeterotic.

Nepo Type I uye Heterotic SO ((32) yakabatana neS-duality. Rudzi rweIIB runoitawo S-ruviri narwo.

Dzidziso dzorudzi rwechipiri dzine kuenzana kukuru kuviri mupfungwa yamativi gumi, mamwe ose ane kumwe bedzi.

Rudzi rwokutanga rwunokosha pakuti rwakavakirwa pazviridzwa zvisingadzorwi zvakazaruka uye zvakavharwa. 

Mamwe mana akavakirwa panhengo dzakavharwa dzakananga. 

Dzidziso yeIIA inokosha nokuti haisi chiral (kuchengetedza kufanana). 

Mamwe mana ndiwo chiral (kuputsa kuenzana).

Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe cheizvi pane ukuru hwechi 11 hunova hukuru pakubatana kwakasimba. Nepo nhau yeIIA chimiro chegumi nechimwe chiri denderedzwa. Muchiitiko cheHE inzvimbo yemutsetse, iyo inoita kuti nzvimbo-nguva ine mativi gumi nerimwe iratidze miganhu miviri ine mativi gumi. Muganhu wakasimba wokubatanidza wedzimwe dzidziso dzinobereka nzvimbo-nguva ine mativi gumi nerimwe. Iyi rondedzero ine mativi gumi nerimwe yedzidziso iri pasi inonzi  ⁇ M-dzidziso ⁇ . Nhoroondo yenguva-nzvimbo yetsamba inogona kuonekwa nemasvomhu nemabasa akaita seX ⁇ {\displaystyle X} ayo anotsanangura kuti mapepa emapepa maviri-mativi etsamba (X ⁇ , ⁇ ) anoratidzwa sei munguva-nzvimbo X ⁇ 1⁄4.

 Zvimiro zveM-dzidziso 
M-dzidziso inobatanidza zvakawanda zvikuru kupfuura tambo bedzi. Rine zvinhu zviri mumativi akakwirira neakaderera. Zvinhu izvi zvinonzi p-branes apo p inoratidza ukuru hwazvo (nokudaro, 1-brane yeshinda uye 2-brane ye membrane). Zvinhu zvepamusoro-soro zvaive zviripo nguva dzose mu superstring theory asi hazvina kumboongororwa pamberi peChipiri Superstring Revolution pamusana pechimiro chavo chisina kukanganisa. 

Zvinhu zvisiri zvekuvhiringidza zvep-branes zvinobva mukirasi inokosha yep-branes inonzi Dirichlet p-branes (Dp-branes). Zita iri rinobva pamiganhu yemiganhu yakapiwa kumagumo emitsetse yakazaruka mumitsetse mikuru yemhando I.

Tambo dzakazaruka dzorudzi rwokutanga dzinogona kuva nemigumo inogutsa mamiriro emuganhu weNeumann. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, magumo etsambo anokwanisa kufamba akasununguka asi hapana simba rinogona kuyerera richipinda kana kubuda mugumo wetsambo. The T duality rinoreva kuvapo rakavhurika tambo vane nzvimbo wakaiswa zviri kukura kuti vari T-kuchinjwa.

Kazhinji, mumirangariro yorudzi rwechipiri, tinogona kufungidzira tambo dzakazaruka dzine nzvimbo dzakananga dzezvikumbaridzo mumamwe mamirire. Ikoku kunopa mhedziso yokuti dzinofanira kugumira papasi rinodiwa. Pamusoro, iyi pfungwa inoratidzika kuva inoputsa kusachinja-chinja kwechidzidzo, zvichida kunoshamisa. Kugadziriswa kweiyi paradox ndeyekuti tambo dzinopera pane p-dimensional dynamic chinhu, iyo Dp-brane.

Kukosha kweD-branes kunobva pakuti zvinoita kuti zvidzidzo zvekufemerwa kwebrane zvive nyore kushandisa renormalizable 2D quantum field theory ye open string panzvimbo ye non-renormalizable world-volume theory yeD-brane pachayo. Nenzira iyi zvinova zvinobvira kuverenga zviitiko zvisiri zvokuparadza uchishandisa nzira dzokuparadza.

 Zvimwe 
Zvizhinji zvezvip-branes zvakazivikanwa kare zviri D-branes ! Mamwe akabatanidzwa neD-branes ne duality symmetries, kuitira kuti agonewo kuiswa pasi pesimba remasvomhu. D-branes yakawana zvinoshandiswa zvakawanda zvinobetsera, chinokosha zvikurusa chiri fundo yemakomba matema. 

Masayendisiti anogona kushandisa Strominger naVafa vakaratidza kuti unyanzvi hweD-brane hunoverenga maquantum microstates anowirirana nezvimiro zveburi dema rekare.

Muenzaniso wakareruka wakatanga kuongororwa waiva wemakomba matema ane simba riri kumucheto-kumucheto muzvikamu zvishanu. Strominger naVafa vakaratidza kuti pamitengo mikuru yemitoro iyo entropy S = log N, apo N yakaenzana nenhamba ye quantum states iyo system inogona kunge iri, inobvumirana neBekenstein-Hawking kufungidzira (1/4 nzvimbo yechiitiko chekuona). 

Mugumisiro uyu wakashandurwa kuva maburi matema ari mu4D pamwe chete neaya ari pedyo neextremal (uye anopenya zvakarurama) kana kuti anotenderera, kufambira mberi kunoshamisa. Hakusati kwaratidzirwa kuti pane kuputsika kunonetsa kwe quantum mechanics nemhaka yemakomba matema.