Kabhoni

(nemamwe malotlopi ayo)Ratidziko grafati: tema, inotaridzika sesimbi
 ngoda: inoburikidzaHuremu hwe Hatomu
Ar, std(C)[12.0096, 12.0116] conventional: 12.011Kabhoni muTafura ye NhangandeNumeri ye Hatomu6Bokaboka 14 (boka re kabhoni)Rupoterarupotera 2Blokubloku - pKonfigari ye 
mhodzigetsi[He] 2s2 2p2Mhodzigetsi padeko2, 4Mutumbi we mirikiFhezi pa STPgodo (solidhi)Poyindi ye Sublimation3915 K ​(3642 °C, ​6588 °F)Dhensiti (near r.t.) amufurosi: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
 grafati: 2.267 g/cm3
 ngoda: 3.515 g/cm3Poiyindi itatu4600 K, ​10,800 kPaNyenguko ye Kudziyagrafati: 117 kJ/molMolar heat capacitygrafati: 8.517 J/(mol·K)
ngoda: 6.155 J/(mol·K)Mutumbi we HatomuMiriro ye Oxidation−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 
 (a mildly acidic oxide)ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55Ito ye kunonda 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
 (more)Covalent radiussp3: 77 pm
sp2: 73 pm
sp: 69 pmUnye we 
Vhandewaarusi:170 pmDzimwe mirikiSpectral lines ye KabhoniNatural occurrenceprimordialChitangara che crystalgrafati: ​chiugonyanhatu
(tema)Chitangara che crystalngoda: ​isachiso-pakati ngoda-kyubhu
(face-centered diamond-cubic)

(clear)spidhi ye ruzha thin rodngoda: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)Thermal expansionngoda: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)Thermal conductivitygrafati: 119–165 W/(m⋅K)
ngoda: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)Mukweso we magetsigrafati: 7.837 µΩ⋅mRaya re Maginetihuguramagineti (diamagnetic)Molar magnetic 
susceptibilityngoda: −5.9×10−6 cm3/molModhulasi ya Youngngoda: 1050 GPaShear modhulasingoda: 478 GPaUwandu we modhulasingoda: 442 GPaRheshiyo ye Pwasoningoda: 0.1Kuoma mu u-Mohsgrafati: 1–2
ngoda: 10Numeri ye CAS hatomu kabhoni: 7440-44-0
 grafati: 7782-42-5
 ngoda: 7782-40-3NhoroondoKuvhumburwaVaijipita ne Vasumeri (3750 BCE)Akaziva kuti 
inhangande ndi:Antoine Lavoisier (1789)Enzanhara ikuru ye KabhoniEnzaharaUzhinjiHafu-Upenyu (t1/2)Modhi ye 
bvurunuroProdhakti11Csyn20 minβ+11B12C98.9%stable13C1.1%stable14Ctrace5730 yβ−14N
Kabhoni (kubva kuChiratini: carbo kureva "marasha"; muChishona unogona kunzi Chimurasha inhangande re mushonga rine chiratidzo C uye numeri ye hatomu 6. Isinavusimbi ne hombaina (tetravalent) ichiita kuti mhodzigetsi mana avepo kuti aumbe bhondi rigombedzwana re mushonga. Ndeyeboka rechigumi nemana retafura yerupotera. Kabhoni inongoumba inenge 0.025% chete yegoko reRinopasi. Enzanhara nhatu dzinongoitika, 12C ne13C ichidzikama, ukuwo 14C irhedhiyosomo (kureva radionucleotide), ichiora nehafu yeupenyu hwemakore angangoita 5,730. Kabhoni chimwe chezvinhu zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kubva kare-kare.

 Tsananguro 
Kabhoni iri pachinzvimbo 15 yenhangande yakanyanya kuwanda mugoko reRinopasi, uye iripachinzvimbo chechina chakanyanya kuwanda muchadenga nekuwanda mushure mesikamadzi ( hidhirojeni), chimuzuva (hiliyamu), uye ufemu (okisijeni). Kuwanda kwe Kabhoni, kusiyanisa kwemikumbanidzwa iri oganiki yayo, uye kugona kugadzika mirongo (polymers) pahujoto unowanzosanganwa nawo paRinopasi inoita kuti chinhu ichi chishande sechinhu chakafanana chehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa. Iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri panhangande dzinowanzo wanikwa mumwiri wemunhu ne masi (mass) (zvingaita 18.5%) mushure meokisijeni.

Mahatomu eKabhoni anogona kubatana pamwechete nenzira dzakasiyana, zvichikonzera akasiyana malotlopi eKabhoni. Malotlopi (kureva allotropes) anozivikanwa anosanganisira girafati, ngoda, amufurosi kabhoni uye fullerenes. Hunhu hwekabhoni hunosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo fomu yechilotlopi. Semuenzaniso, girafati ine opaque uye dema ukuwo ngoda rinonyanya kujeka. Girafati yakapfava zvekuti inogadzira mutsetse pabepa (saka zita rayo, kubva pashoko reChigiriki rekuti "γράφειν" zvinoreva "kunyora"), nepo ngoda riri iro rakaomesesa rinoitika zvakasikwa rinozivikanwa. Girafati ikondakita yakanaka yemagetsi nepo ngoda rine kondakitivhiti ye magetsi yakaderera. Pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, ngoda, mananochubhu ekabhoni, uye girafini (kureva graphene) zvine akanyanya kupisa ekupisa kwezvinhu zvese zvinozivikanwa. Ese malotlopi ekabhoni akasimba pasi pezvakajairwa mamiriro, uye girafati iri iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana fomu yethemodhinamiki (kureva thermodynamically form) pakudziya kwakajairwa nekumanikidza. Izvo zvinodzivirira kemikari uye zvinoda hujoto yakanyanya kuita kunyangwe neokisijeni.

Iyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro emikumbanidzwa eKabhoni asiri oganiki ndeye +4, nepo +2 inowanikwa muKabhoni monokusaidhi uye transition metal carbonyl complexes. Iwo makuru masosi ekabhoni asiri oganiki anosanganisa limestones, dolomites uye kabhoni dhioksaidhi, asi akakosha akawanda anoitika mu organic deposits yemarasha, peat, mafuta, uye methane clathrates. Kabhoni inoumba numeri huru yemakomboni, kupfuura chero chinhu chipi nechipi, ine makomboni anoda kusvika miriyoni gumi atsanangurwa kusvika pari zvino, asi nhamba iyoyo inongova chidimbu chidimbu chenhamba yezvinofungwa zvinobvira makomboni pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. Nechikonzero ichi, kabhoni yagara ichinzi "mambo wezvinhu".

 Zita 

 Unenaruvambo 
Zita rokuti Kabhoni rakabva kupashoko reChiratini rokuti carbo rinoreva kuti marasha.

 Mashoko ashandiswa 

 murasha- kureva Kabhoni zvichienderera nechirevo chezita kumutauro warakabva.
 Sinasimbi (non-metal)
 Sinarusimbi/sinavusimbi (non-metallic); rusimbi (metallic)
 Hombaina (tetravalent) tarisai hukomba hweNhangande
 Amufurosi (amorphous)
 Ruguramagineti/Huguramagineti (diamagnetic) Guramagineti (diamagnet) Gura (dia-)
 Miriki (property) kubva pashoko reChiswahiri, kana reChishona rikazivikwa ngariiswe pamusoro peiri.
 Pwasoni (Poisson)
 ito (eneji)

 Mabviro eruzivo 

 enwiki

Category:Kabhoni
Category:Nhangande dze Chemushonga