Mbende Jerusarema

Kutamba muZimbabwe chinhu chakakosha chetsika, itsika, zvemweya nenhoroondo yemuZimbabwe . Kune matambiro akawanda anobuditsa pachena  tsika dzevanhu, kunyange  matambiro angave akachinja mumakore ose. Kusiyana kwemarudzi ndicho chinhu chikuru zvakare mukukuridzira  matambiro echivanhu cheZimbabwe. Madhanzi aya anozviratidzira ega, kunharaunda yese nekuti mimhanzi yese nekutamba zviitiko zvinosangana. Dhanzi kuzvizvarwa zveZimbabwe chishandiso chemweya, chine simba chinotakura tsika, uye kunyora zviitiko zvakakosha zvenhoroondo netsika dzavo.

 Background 
Nyika yeZimbabwe ine vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu; ruzhinji, vanenge 76%, vanogara kumaruwa. Iyi inyaya yakakosha zvikuru tichitarisa kuti zvingani zvirimwa zvinogadzirwa neZimbabwe: kofi, chibage, gorosi, shuga, tii, nedonje. Stark, A., (1986) Zimbabwe, a Treasure of Africa, Minneapolis, Minn: Dillon Press Urwu rutivi rwoupenyu rwokurima runooneka mumitambo mizhinji yavanoita Welsh-Asante, K. (2000), Zimbabwe Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices: an Aesthetic Analysis Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Mutauro wepamutemo chiNgezi, kunyange zvazvo maMuslim, Hindu, Bahá'í, uye marudzidziso edzinza egamuchidzanwa achiitwawo.  MuZimbabwe mune marudzi anosvika makumi maviri , vazhinji vacho vari vaShona (vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mashanu), Ndebele (vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni maviri). uye vamwe ndevaNdau, Venda, Tonga vanongotaura asi vashoma. Pane kusawirirana pakati pemapoka aya nekuda kwekusanzwanana pakati pevaShona neNdebele mumakore zana apfuura. Boka rimwe nerimwe rine nhoroondo yaro, tsika, uye kukosha mune zvematongerwo enyika, asi ivo vanogovana zvitendero zvakawanda zvechitendero netsika zvakare.  

 Mumhanzi 
Zviridzwa zvitatu zvakasiyana zveZimbabwe zvinosanganisira ngoma (ngomas), mbira, (hosho) uye marimba .  zvakasiyana, maumbirwo, kusimba kwemembrane, uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira madhiramu zvinoburitsa matoni akasiyana uye mbiru, sezvinongoita zvidimbu zvakasiyana zvehuni zvemarimba zvinogadzira toni dzakasiyana. Mbira zvichida ndicho chiridzwa chakakosha zvikuru chinoshandiswa. Rinodzurwa neminwe kuti ribudise mutinhimira wacho, uye rinowanzoshandiswa pamitambo yechitendero nemasvikiro kuitira kutaura nemidzimu yemadzitateguru. Mbira, uye nekudaro kutamba kwembira, kwave kuripo kwenguva yakareba, sekureva kwevanochera matongo. Mbiras dzakafukunurwa uye dzakatangira muzana ramakore rechigumi nembiri. Sheehan, S. (1993), Cultures of the World Zimbabwe, New York: Marshall Cavendish

 Hunhu Nechinangwa 
Madhanzi anogona kuitirwa kunakidzwa kana kutandara, panguva dzakawanda dzetsika dzinosanganisira kuva nemidzimu, kugadzirazve nhoroondo, Cheney, P. (1990) The Land and People of Zimbabwe. New York: Lippincott sechimiro cheunyanzvi, uye senzira yekupfimbana. Welsh-Asante, K. (2000), Zimbabwe Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices: an Aesthetic Analysis Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Kutamba kwemuZimbabwe kune chitendero   chakasiyana, chemunhu mumwe nemumwe nekuti mhando  yemimhanzi nekutamba inokanganiswa nemweya wevatambi.  Izvi zvinounza chinhu chakasarudzika, chemunhu kune tsika yekutamba, pamwe nekuchinjika mukududzira kwekutamba. Madhanzi anogona kuve ane simba kwazvo uye anogona kududzirwa zvakasiyana nemutambi wega wega uye nhengo yega yevateereri. Pane zvakawanda zvinosiyanisa dhanzi remuZimbabwe. Rhythm ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakutamba kwese kweAfrica. Mapolyrhythms akakosha zvakanyanya, sezvaari mumhanzi weZimbabwe, neAfrica yese. Muiti anogona kumhanyisa mafambiro avo nenzira inoita kuti mutinhimira mutsva wekutamba. Kune matambiro ese emuZimbabwe ari pasi pasi. Mabvi anowanzo chinjika, kana kuti akapfava, uye kune tsoka dzakati sandarara, kufambisa kufambisa kunomiririra kutenda kune mweya wenyika uri mupi wekubereka.  Sheehan, S. (1993), Cultures of the World Zimbabwe, New York: Marshall Cavendish Zvimwe zvinhu zvemadhanzi eZimbabwe zvinosanganisira kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, angularity (nemuviri wakakotama muchiuno), asymmetry, kunatsiridza, kuzungunuka, uye kufamba kuenda kunze kubva muhudyu. Madhanzi anonyatso fungira, anoonekwa mukuvandudza uye manzwiro anoratidzwa, uye semumhanzi weAfrica, kutora chikamu chinhu chakakosha. Vanhu vanoimba, vanoridza chiridzwa, kana kutamba pamwe chete; pane kashoma vaoni.  Zvemweya zvine simba pakutamba kwemuZimbabwe. Kutamba inzira yekuratidza hukama hwavo hwemweya, uye mamwe machechi eevangelical muZimbabwe anotopinzawo kutamba mukunamata kwavo. 

Kune mapoka makuru matatu umo matambiro eZimbabwe anogona kuiswa mumapoka. Yokutanga itsika. Ichi ndicho chikamu chakapamhama, uye chinosanganisira matambiro echinyakare, echinyakare. Yechipiri ndeyekurangarira. Madhanzi ekurangarira anoratidza maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro enguva iyoyo. Yekupedzisira ndeye griotic, iyo inosanganisira nhoroondo uye mitambo yemitambo. Madhanzi egriotic anonyanya kushandiswa kuratidza nhoroondo yemuromo uchishandisa kutaura nyaya, mimhanzi, uye nziyo dzekurumbidza kuratidza zviitiko zvakakosha zvenhoroondo. Welsh-Asante, K. (2000), Zimbabwe Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices: an Aesthetic Analysis Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Mutambo weClassic muZimbabwe unoonekwa se'unyanzvi hwepamusoro hwetsika', uye hwakakosha pakuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekunaka. Runako uye kuoma kwema rhythms uye mafambiro zvinhu zvakakosha zvakanyanya. Madhanzi echinyakare anochengeta chaiwo choreography, kuoma, uye mamiriro mukati mekuchinja nguva.  chinyorwa

 Kutamba kwechivanhu : Asante Welsh, (1985) 
Matambiro echivanhu muZimbabwe ari kuramba achichinja. Kutamba kwechinyakare kunofanirwa kuenderana nekuchinja kwenguva pasina kunyanyisa kuteevedzera  kunyika dzveku Madokero kuti tsika yechinyakare irambe iripo. Vanhu vemuZimbabwe vanokurudzira shanduko, asi vanoda kuzviita mukati mavo, kwete kushanduka kuburikidza netsika dzekunze. Madhanzi echinyakare anofanirwa kutenderedza shanduko kuti arambe echivanhu, uye arambe achishingirira muedzo wenguva. zviinangwa zvechinyakare kune zvemadhanzi akawanda zvachinja, chikonzero chekuita madhanzi chinoshanduka, zvisinei kuti zvinoreva uye kukosha kwekutamba zvinoramba zviripo. Welsh-Asante, K. (2000), Zimbabwe Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices: an Aesthetic Analysis Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Sezvineiwo, vanhu vemuZimbabwe vanotamba vachitsvaga vanhu vakakosha, semuenzaniso, patara panhandare yendege pakusvika kwevakuru veHurumende. Pachivanhu, kutamba kwemuZimbabwe hakuna kurongwa panhandare yemakonzati. Kutamba, kwakadai setsika yekuva nemweya, kunogona kutora maawa gumi nemaviri, kana mazuva pakureba. Nguva chinhu chakakosha zvikuru chekutamba uku nekuti mutambi anofanira kuwana nguva yekupinda munyika yemweya yezvaari, uye kupindazve munyika yenyama. Ichi chiitiko chemweya chakaoma kuita panhandare yekonzati ine nguva shoma, uye inowanzoitwa, kana kupfupikiswa mumaseti emhando yekonzati. Matambiro aya anonyanya kuitwa munzvimbo yakasikwa.  Mune matambiro echinyakare, kune rumwe rutivi, mamiriro ekutamba akachinja, uye anoonekwa se'chinyakare-sechinyakare'. Kutamba kunogona kutakura kukosha kwakafanana, uye kunosanganisira mafambiro mamwe chete, asi sezvo mamiriro achinja, kutamba hakuchatariswa sechinyakare. Aya madhanzi echinyakare anoshamisa vachengeti venhoroondo, uye vanyori venguva vanochinja nekuda kwechikonzero ichi. Sezvo matambiro anochinja kuratidza shanduko dzetsika sezvematongerwo enyika, mamiriro ekunze, kugariswa kwemaguta, uye pesvedzero dzekunze, dzinoratidza nguva yenhoroondo mutsika. Izvi zvinokonzeresa hukama hwakanyanya kune matambiro uye zviitiko zvavanomiririra nekuti vanhu vane chekuita nehupenyu hwavo hwemazuva ese uye matambudziko. 

Kutamba kweMbira kunotambwa, kunoperekedzwa nechiridzwa chembira. Rakagadzirirwa zviitiko chaizvo, kazhinji zvechitendero, uye rinoshandiswa kutaura vanhu. Madhanzi ekuMbira anowanzo shandiswa kukwezva midzimu kuti ibude kuburikidza nemidzimu uye kutaura nevanhu. Kutamba uku kunotakurwa nevakuru vemarudzi, uye kune simba guru mutsika dzayo dzemweya.

Madhanzi echiDinhe matambiro echitendero anoitwawo kukwezva midzimu kuti itaure nevanhu. Mazhinji ekufamba kwehondo uye mafambiro emufaro anoshandiswa mukutamba uku. Kutamba uku kunoratidzawo mamiriro ekurima ehupenyu, uye maprops akadai anoratidza madingindira aya anogona kushandiswa zvakare. Kutamba kweDinhe kunoshandisa nziyo dzakasiyana kuperekedza kutamba, uye mamiriro erwiyo anoratidza kuti ndeipi mweya iri kuedza kubatanidzwa. Madhanzi ekwaMhande anoitwa nemarudzi epakati uye zvechivanhu zvakakosha pakutamba. Mutambo weMbakumba mutambo wepolyrhythmic unowanzoitwa mushure mekukohwa uye uchiri kushandiswa nhasi pakuvaraidza. Welsh-Asante, K. (2000), Zimbabwe Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices: an Aesthetic Analysis Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press

Kutamba kweJerusarema nekwaMuchongoyo ndiko kuviri kwakakosha, kunosiyana nekutamba muZimbabwe, uye zvose zviri kuperekedzwa nengoma. Madhanzi maviri aya ndeechinyakare, uye anogona kuzivikanwa nevanhu nekukurumidza pakufamba mashoma ekutanga ekutamba. Welsh-Asante, K. (2000), Zimbabwe Dance: Rhythmic Forces, Ancestral Voices: an Aesthetic Analysis Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Kutamba kweJerusarema kunomiririra tsika dzevaShona uye ine polyrhythmic ine denderedzwa, uye acrobatics uye kudzokorora kwakakurumbira. Kutamba kweJerusarema kudhanza kwechivanhu kunogona kuitwa pamhemberero, pamariro, pamakwikwi ekutandara, uye kunoitwawo sekutamba kwehondo. Welsh-Asante, K. (Jun., 1985) The Jerusarema Dance of Zimbabwe, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 381-403. Mariro ane chinangwa chikuru nokuda kwekutamba nokuti kutamba kunoshandiswa kubudisa vakafa uye kunyika yemidzimu yemadzitateguru umo vangadanwa mumitambo yetsika yomunguva yemberi. Zvipfeko zvechinyakare, zvinosanganisira masiketi euswa hwakaomeswa uye zvipfuva zvisina chinhu, zvinoshandiswa panguva yekutamba kweJerusarema, uye mavara matema kana rima rebhuruu nechena, ari mavara echinyakare evaShona, anopfekwa.  Kutamba kweMbende Jerusarema kwakadzoserwa paRepresentative List yeIntangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity muna 2008. Cimwenizve, Mbende/Jerusarema yakarambijwa ngo mamisionario o ciKristu mukati mo nguva yo utongi hwoutongi hwoutongi hwondhoyo ngo pamusoro po shwiro yo kucinja inotatija matambiro aya.  Mutambo weMuchongoyo unomirira tsika dzechiNdebele uye unoitwa mugadziriro yehondo uye mushure mehondo, zvikuru kana maNdebele akunda. Muchongoyo unoshandiswawo sechiito chekudzidzira zvechiuto, uye unoitwa netsvimbo nenhoo. Kutamba kwaMuchongoyo kunotambawo kutandara kwevanhu nekutandara, uye hakuna zvekunamata; pachinzvimbo chinoburitsa zviitiko zvenzanga. Siginicha yekufamba iri kudhinda, uye majesiti anoshamisa pamwe nechinhu chemimetic chakakosha. Iyo chipfeko ndeye neo-chinyakare, inoenderana nekuchinja nguva, asi ichiri yakafanana neyechinyakare chipfeko. Vanhurume munhoroondo vanoita kutamba uku; zvisinei vanhukadzi vanotora chikamu nekugadzira mimhanzi. 

Kune zvakare dhanzi remhande iro rinonyanyoitwa mudunhu reMidlands muZimbabwe.

 African dance
 Kutamba kwechombo
 Music of Africa
 Polyrhythm
 Marimba
 VaShona
 Ndebele vanhu
 Borrowdale dance

 References