Western Xia

The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (), was a imperial dynasty of China. It was also called the Great Xia () and Tangut Empire. The Tanguts and Tibets called the Western Xia .Stein (1972), pp. 70–71. The Western Xia was led by the Tangut people from 1038 to 1227. The dynasty was as big as northwestern modern China. The dynasty had parts of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, and southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia. It was  big.Wang, Tianshun [王天顺] (1993). Xixia Zhan Shi [The Battle History of Western Xia] 《西夏战史》. Yinchuan [银川], Ningxia ren min chu ban she [Ningxia People's Press] 宁夏人民出版社.Bian, Ren [边人] (2005). Xixia: xiaoshi zai lishi jiyi zhong de guodu [Western Xia: the kingdom lost in historical memories] 《西夏: 消逝在历史记忆中的国度》. Beijing [北京], Waiwen Chubanshe [Foreign Languages Press] 外文出版社.Li, Fanwen [李范文] (2005). Xixia tong shi [Comprehensive History of Western Xia] 西夏通史. Beijing [北京] and Yinchuan [银川], Ren min chu ban she [People's Press] 人民出版社; Ningxia ren min chu ban she [Ningxia People's Press] 宁夏人民出版社.

The capital of Western Xia was Xingqing (modern Yinchuan). A major Xia city was Khara-Khoto. The Mongols took Western Xia in 1227. Most of its records and architecture were destroyed. Historians did not know much about the dynasty until the 20th-century. Today the Tangut language and its script are extinct. There is not much Tangut literature left.

The Western Xia was in the area of the Hexi Corridor. The Hexi Corridor was a part of the Silk Road, which was an important trade route from northern China and Central Asia.Zhao, Yanlong [赵彦龙] (2005). "Qian tan xi xia gong wen wen feng yu gong wen zai ti [A brief discussion on the writing style in official documents and documental carrier] 浅谈西夏公文文风与公文载体." Xibei min zu yan jiu [Northwest Nationalities Research] 西北民族研究 45(2): 78-84.Qin, Wenzhong [秦文忠], Zhou Haitao [周海涛] and Qin Ling [秦岭] (1998). "Xixia jun shi ti yu yu ke xue ji shu [The military sports, science and technology of West Xia] 西夏军事体育与科学技术." Ningxia Daxue Xuebao [Journal of Ningxia University] 《宁夏大学学报》 79 (2): 48-50.

 Rulers 

 Temple Name  Posthumous Name  Personal Name  Reign DatesJǐngzōng  Emperor Wǔliè Lǐ Yuánhào  1038–1048Yìzōng Emperor Zhāoyīng Lǐ Liàngzuò 1048–1067Huìzōng Emperor Kāngjìng Lǐ Bǐngcháng 1067–1086Chóngzōng  Emperor Shèngwén Lǐ Qiánshùn 1086–1139Rénzōng   Emperor Shèngdé Lǐ Rénxiào 1139–1193Huánzōng Emperor Zhāojiǎn Lǐ Chúnyòu 1193–1206Xiāngzōng Emperor Jìngmù Lǐ Ānquán 1206–1211Shénzōng  Emperor Yīngwén Lǐ Zūnxū 1211–1223Xiànzōng  NoneLǐ Déwàng 1223–1226NoneNoneLǐ Xiàn 1226–1227

 Emperor  Era Name  DatesJǐngzōngTiānshòu Lǐfǎ Yánzuò 天授禮法延祚1038–1048 YìzōngYánsì Níngguó 延嗣寧國1049Tiānyòu Chuíshèng 天祐垂聖1050–1052Fúshèng Chéngdào 福聖承道 (Tangut  or )1053–1056Duǒdū 奲都1057–1062Gǒnghuà 拱化1063–1067 HuìzōngQiándào 乾道1068–1069Tiāncì Lǐshèng Guóqìng 天賜禮盛國慶 (Tangut )1070–1074Dà'ān 大安 (Tangut )1075–1085Tiān'ān Lǐdìng 天安禮定 (Tangut )1086 ChóngzōngTiānyí Zhìpíng 天儀治平 (Tangut )1086–1089Tiānyòu Mín'ān 天祐民安 (Tangut )1090–1097Yǒng'ān 永安 (Tangut )1098–1100Zhēnguān 貞觀 (Tangut )1101–1113Yōngníng 雍寧 (Tangut )1114–1118Yuándé 元德 (Tangut )1119–1127Zhèngdé 正德 (Tangut )1127–1134Dàdé 大德 (Tangut )1135–1139 RénzōngDaqing 大慶 (Tangut )1140–1143Rénqìng 人慶 (Tangut )1144–1148Tiānshèng 天盛 (Tangut )1149–1169Qiányòu 乾祐 (Tangut )1170–1193HuánzōngTiānqìng 天慶 (Tangut )1194–1206 XiāngzōngYìngtiān 應天1206–1209Huángjiàn 皇建 (Tangut )1210–1211ShénzōngGuāngdìng 光定 (Tangut )1211–1223XiànzōngQiándìng 乾定1223–1226Lǐ XiànBǎoqìng 寶慶1226–1227

 Administrative divisions 
 Region  Prefecture  Modern location Hexi Xingzhou (Xingqing, Ducheng)  Yinchuan Dingzhou  Pingluo County Huaizhou  East of Yinchuan Yongzhou  Yongning County Liangzhou (Xiliangfu)  Wuwei Ganzhou (Xuanhuafu)  Zhangye Suzhou  Jiuquan Guazhou  Guazhou County Shazhou  Dunhuang Henan Lingzhou  Northwest of Wuzhong Hongzhou  Southwest of Jingbian Youzhou  Otog Front Banner Yinzhou  East of Hengshan Xiazhou  North of Jingbian Shizhou  Hengshan Yanzhou  Dingbian County Nanweizhou  Tongxin County Huizhou  Jingyuan Other Xiningzhou  Xining Lezhou  South of Ledu Kuozhou  Southwest of Hualong Jishizhou  Xunhua Salar Autonomous County

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History of China

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 宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web): 西夏研究 (Xixia Research).
 宁夏新闻网 (Ningxia News Web): 文化频道 (Cultural Channel).

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