History of Mongolia

Many empires have ruled modern Mongolia. Many of them were nomadic empires. TheXiongnu (3rd century BC–1st century AD), the Xianbei state ( AD 93–234), the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) are some of the empires in Mongolia. The Khitan people, made the Liao dynasty (916–1125). They ruled in Mongolia and parts of North China, northern Korea, and the present-day Russian Far East.

In 1206, Genghis Khan was able to unite the Mongol tribes. He turned the tribes into a powerful fighting force. Genghis Khan turned this area into the biggest contiguous (not interrupted by water) empire in history. This was the Mongol Empire (1206–1368). After the Mongol Empire fell, Mongolia was ruled by the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). This dynasty was based in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing). The Yuan emperors started Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia.

After the Yuan dynasty collapsed in 1368, the Yuan court went to the Mongolian Plateau. This started the Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1635). At this time, Mongolians returned to their shamanist traditions. Buddhism reappeared in Mongolia in the 16th and 17th centuries.

At the end of the 17th century, Mongolia became part of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. In the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, Mongolia became independent from Qing. They were not fully independent until 1921. In 1945, they were given international recognition. In 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic was formed. Mongolian politics began to be influenced by Soviet politics of the time. After the Revolutions of 1989, the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 led to a multi-party system and a new constitution in 1992. Mongolia eventually started to use a market economy.

 References 

Further reading
 Batbayar, Bat-Erdene. Twentieth Century Mongolia (Global Oriental, 2000).
 Batbayar, Tsedendambyn, and Sharad Kumar Soni. Modern Mongolia: A concise history (Pentagon Press, 2007).
 Bawden, Charles. "Mongolia: Ancient and Modern" History Today (Feb 1959) 9#2 p103-112. 
 Bold, Bat-Ochir. Mongolian Nomadic Society: a reconstruction of the 'medieval' history of Mongolia (Routledge, 2013).
 Buyandelgeriyn, Manduhai. "Dealing with uncertainty: shamans, marginal capitalism, and the remaking of history in postsocialist Mongolia." American Ethnologist 34#1 (2007): 127–147. online
 Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (1998) excerpt
 Christian, David. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260-2000 (John Wiley & Sons, 2018). excerpt
 Kaplonski, Christopher. Truth, history and politics in Mongolia: Memory of heroes (Routledge, 2004).
 Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. 
 Volkov, Vitaliĭ Vasil’evich. "Early nomads of Mongolia." in Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the Early Iron Age ed by Jeannine Davis-Kimball, et al. (1995): 318-332 online.
 Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World (2005) a best-seller excerpt.

Other languages
 Walther Heissig, Claudius Müller, Die Mongolen (exhibition catalogue in German), Munich 1989 (as Mongolen (catalogue))

 Other websites 

 John Stewart Bowman "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"
 Map of the Capital Districts of the Kidan Empire
 Map of the Kidan period
 Kidans and Jurjens
 Dual Manichaeism in Uighuria and Iran
 Realm of the Mongols
 Mongolia – Entry on Mongolia from the 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia
 Biography of Zanabazar and history of dissemination of Buddhism in Mongolia by Don Croner
 History of Mongolia : Chronology and details 
Face Music – History: Horsemen – Nomads
The Xiongnu Empire
Maps
History of Mongolia
PREHISTORY OF MONGOLIA
Fossils found in Khentii aimag of Mongolia might Prehistoric Rhinoceros
Dinosaurs from Mongolia as reported in 1924
Rock Art and Surface Archaeology of Mongolia: Baga Oigor and Tsagaan Salaa
Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai
High Altai - Central Asia - Petroglyphs - Prehistoric Rock Paintings
PREHISTORIC PARK - MYSTERIES OF PREHISTORIC MONGOLIA
Archeological Sensation: Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia
Mongolia and the Altai Mountains: Origins of Genetic Blending Between Europeans and Asians
Prehistoric bone hats found in Inner Mongolia
MONGOLIA -- TEN PREHISTORIC SITES DISCOVERED
Two prehistoric villages found in Mongolia
4000-year-old prehistoric portraits discovered in Inner Mongolia New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia
 New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia 
Palaeocritti - a guide to prehistoric animals
Ordos Man And Inner Mongolia 
The Rock Art of Inner Mongolia & Ningxia (China)