Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust

In the Holocaust, Nazi Germany set up ghettos across Europe. These were separate, closed-off areas where the Nazis forced Jewish people to live, apart from everybody else. Some Roma people, Greeks, and Soviets were also forced into ghettos.  

Nobody was allowed to leave the ghettos without special permission. Living conditions were so terrible that they killed many people. Tens of thousands of Jews died in ghettos from starvation, disease, freezing to death, and the terrible conditions. In some ghettos, one in every five people died. Eventually, the Nazis used the ghettos to collect people before deporting them to concentration camps. 

The Nazis established around 1500 ghettos during the Holocaust. They liquidated nearly all of these ghettos between the 1930s and 1945. Sometimes this meant sending everyone to concentration camps and shooting people who resisted. In other cases, the Nazis executed all of the people inside the ghetto. 

 Purposes 
The Nazis used ghettos for many reasons:

 To segregate people (almost always Jews)
 To persecute and mistreat people
 To make people do forced labor
 To gather and hold people before deporting them to concentration camps
 To starve and kill people

 History 
Jewish people had often been forced to live in ghettos in Europe, with the first one being set up in Venice in the 1500s.

The first Nazi ghetto was established in Beuthen, Germany, in the 1930s. Between that time and the end of World War II in 1945, the Nazis and their collaborators established about 1500 ghettos. They stretched as far west as Amsterdam in German-occupied Netherlands; as far north as Pushkin in partially German-occupied Russian SFSR; as far east as Krasno-Vostochnyi, also in partially German-occupied Russian SFSR; and as far south as Kalavyrta in partially German-occupied Greece.thumb|A Jew in the Bedzin ghetto (1940; from a Nazi propaganda film)|leftIn 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland, and took control of areas where two million Polish Jews lived. This was four times as many Jewish people as Germany had in 1933. Two years later the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, where another few million Jews lived. To control this new population of Jewish people, the Nazis forced Jews into ghettos (also called "Jewish residential quarters").

By mid-1941, the Nazis had forced almost all Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland into ghettos. By the end of the war, almost every person who had lived in a ghetto had died or been executed by the Nazis.

The last ghetto to exist was the Theresienstadt "camp-ghetto" in the town of Terézin, in German-occupied Czechia. It was liberated on 8 May 1945, while the Nazis were liquidating the ghetto (deporting everyone inside, shooting anyone who resisted, and destroying the ghetto.)

 Conditions 
Conditions in the ghettos were terrible. They were often extremely crowded, and there was not enough food for everyone. The largest (the Warsaw ghetto) held more than 400,000 Jews crowded into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 square km). 

Starvation was widespread. Contagious diseases spread quickly because of the overcrowding and lack of sanitation. In the winter months, freezing to death was common. 

Historians estimate that tens of thousands of Jews starved, froze to death, or died from illness in the Nazi ghettos.

 Types of ghettos 
Historians have different opinions about how many ghettos existed in Nazi-occupied Europe. There were some smaller and lesser-known ghettos. (These include Voikovshtadt Ghetto in Kerch Raion, Crimea, and three little-known ghettoes in Stavropol Krai, Russia: the Krasno-Vostochnyi, Georgiyevsk, and Kislovodsk Ghettos.) There may still be ghettos whose names and locations have been forgotten.

 Closed ghettos 
Closed (or "enclosed") ghettos were surrounded by fences, walls, or barbed wire. A person could be executed for trying to escape from an enclosed ghetto - or for helping someone else escape.

The largest ghetto in Nazi-occupied Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto, was surrounded by a brick wall. The Minsk and Lwow Ghettos are examples of ghettos enclosed by barbed wire. In the Soviet Union, ghettos in Riga, Glebokie, Daugavpils, and Mir were enclosed. In May 1942 the residents of the Mir Ghetto were transferred to Mir Castle Ghetto, supposedly for better security.thumb|The Minsk Ghetto (Belarus, 1941)
 Open ghettos 
Open ghettos did not have physical barriers separating them from other parts of town. However, Jews were not allowed to come and go freely. There were rules about when and why they could enter and leave the ghetto.

In Poland, there were open ghettos in Dąbie and Zdunska Wola. In Ukraine, the Tuczyn and Uman Ghettos were open. So were the Bielefield Ghetto in Germany; the Mainewicze Ghetto in Volhynia; and the Gnivan Ghetto in GK Zhytomor.

In Eastern Belorussia, open ghettos existed in Beshenkovichi, Ostrovno Ghetto, and Chasniki. The Chasniki Ghetto was liquidated in mid-February 1942, six months after it was established.
 Partial ghettos 

In a few places, only part of the Jewish population had to live in ghettos. These included the Domaczewo, Horochow, Byten, and Letichev Ghettos.thumb|During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Nazis burnt the ghetto to the ground (April 1943)|left
 Destruction ghettos 

According to the Holocaust Encyclopedia:Destruction ghettos were tightly sealed off and existed for between two and six weeks before the Germans and/or their collaborators deported or shot the Jewish population [gathered] in them.In Belarus, destruction ghettos existed in Parichi and Orsha. In Ukraine, the Samgorodok Ghetto lasted just a few weeks in May 1942 before the Nazis liquidated it. Also in Ukraine, the Khar'kov (Kharkiv) Ghetto was well-known for being short-lived, makeshift, and overcrowded. In Crimea, there was a destruction ghetto in Dzhankoi.

 Ghettos in occupied Poland 

Ghetto location in prewar
and postwar PolandLocation names in other languages are available through the active links.PopulationDate of
creationDate of
liquidation (deporting or killing people)Final
destination(in alphabetical order) (year, month)(year, month) 1939–1940
The first ghetto (Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto) was set up on 8 October 1939, 38 days after the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Within months, the Warsaw Ghetto and the Łódź Ghetto, had been set up.Aleksandrów Lódzki3,5001939to Głowno ghettoBełżyce4,500to Budzyń ghetto → Sobibor and MajdanekBędzin Ghetto7,000–28,000Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, "Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji" (Extermination of Jews in the light of testimony) .   According to 1946 research by Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna in Katowice, wrote Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, there were around 30,000 Jews in Będzin following the invasion, including those who came in from neighbouring settlements. Between October 1940 and May 1942, the first 4,000 Jews were deported. In May 1942 additional 2,000 and in August, 5,000 more. Deportations between August 1942 and mid June 1943 amounted to additional 5,000. On 22 June 1943 the next transport of 5,000 Jews departed to Auschwitz, and finally, between 1–3 August 1943, the remaining 8,000 were sent away. The dispersed Jews who stayed, amounting to 1,000 persons, were deported between early October 1943 and July 1944. In total, about 28,000 Jews are believed to have been deported from the Będzin Ghetto. This information however, is not confirmed by the two main sources of the remaining data nor the Jewish Historical Institute, listing only 7,000 victims. to Auschwitz (7,000).Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database.  Warsaw.Błonie2,100to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,100)Bodzentyn7001940to Suchedniów ghetto → Treblinka.Iwona Pogorzelska,  Bodzentyn od 1869 roku do niepodległości.  Polska.pl. Accessed June 16, 2011.Brześć Kujawski6301940to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death campBrzesko4,000-6,000fall 1941Sept 1942to Auschwitz and BelzecBrzeziny6,000–6,800to Łódź Ghetto → ChełmnoBrzozów1,0001940to Bełżec extermination campBychawa2,7001940to BelzyceChęciny4,000to TreblinkaCiechanów5,000 1940to labour camps (1,500), Mława Ghetto → Auschwitz, many killed locally.Dąbrowa Górnicza4,000–10,0001940to AuschwitzDęblin–Irena Ghetto3,300–5,800to Sobibor and TreblinkaDziałoszyce15,000?to Płaszów and Bełżec extermination campGąbin2,000–2,3001940to Chełmno extermination campGłowno5,600to Łowicz ghetto and Warsaw Ghetto (5,600)Gorlice (labor camp 1st)?19401942to Buchenwald, Muszyna, Mielec, see Gorlice Ghetto (1941)Góra Kalwaria3,300to Warsaw Ghetto (3,000), 300 killed locallyGrodzisk Mazowiecki6,000to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000)Grójec5,200–6,000to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000) → TreblinkaIzbica Kujawska1,0001940to Chełmno extermination campJeżów1,6001940to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,600)Jędrzejów6,000to TreblinkaKazimierz Dolny2,000–3,500to Sobibor, and TreblinkaKobyłka1,500to TreblinkaKoło2,000–5,000to Treblinka (2,000) and ChełmnoKoniecpol1,100–1,6001940to TreblinkaKonin1,500?to Zagórów & other ghettos → killed locallyKozienice13,000to TreblinkaKoźminek2,5001940 to ChełmnoKrasnystaw2,000to Bełżec extermination campKrośniewice1,500to Chełmno extermination campKutno7,000to ChełmnoLegionowo3,00019401942to TreblinkaŁańcut2,700to Bełżec extermination campŁask4,000to Chełmno extermination campŁowicz8,000–8,2001940to Warsaw Ghetto (all; with labor camp)"Getto w Łowiczu," at Miejsca martyrologii, Wirtualny Sztetl. Instytut Adama Mickiewicza.  Łódź Ghetto200,000to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camp, labour camps (1,000)Marki?1942to Warsaw GhettoMielec4,000–4,5001940to Bełżec extermination camp5,000–7,000to Treblinka, 1,300 killed locallyMława6,000–6,500to Treblinka and AuschwitzMogielnica1,5001940to Warsaw Ghetto (all) → Treblinka.Mordy4,500to TreblinkaMyślenice1,2001940to Skawina Ghetto (all) → BełżecNowy Dwór Mazowiecki2,000–4,000to Pomiechówek ghetto → AuschwitzNowy Korczyn4,0001940to TreblinkaOpoczno3,000–4,000to TreblinkaOtwock12,000–15,000to Treblinka, and AuschwitzPabianice8,500–9,000to Łódź Ghetto → Chełmno death campPiaseczno2,5001940to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,500)Piaski (transit)10,0001940to Bełżec extermination camp, Sobibor, Trawniki concentration campPiotrków Trybunalski Ghetto25,000Piotrków Trybunalski – Getto w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim.  Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of the Polish Jews. Accessed July 1, 2011. to Majdanek and Treblinka (22,000), killed locally alsoPłock7,000–10,0001939–1940to Działdowo ghettoPłońsk12,000to Treblinka, AuschwitzPoddębice1,500to Treblinka(?)Pruszków1,40019401941to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,400)Przedbórz4,000–5,000to Bełżec extermination camp and TreblinkaPuławy5,0001940to Opole Lubelskie → SobiborRadomsko18,000–20,000to Treblinka extermination camp (18,000)Radzymin2,500to TreblinkaSerock2,000to other ghettosSieradz2,500–5,000to Chełmno extermination campSierpc500–3,0001940to Warsaw Ghetto → TreblinkaSkaryszew1,8001940to SzydlowiecSkierniewice4,300–7,000to Warsaw Ghetto (all 7,000)Sochaczew3,000–4,000to Warsaw Ghetto (all 3,000)Stalowa Wola2,5001940to Bełżec extermination campStryj12,0001940–1941to Bełżec extermination campSzadek50019401940to other ghettosSzczebrzeszyn4,000to Bełżec death camp, killed locally alsoTomaszów Mazowiecki16,000–20,000to Treblinka (16,000), with 4,000 killed locallyTuliszków230Dec 1939to Kowale Pańskie → ChełmnoTurek5,0001940to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 5,000)Tyszowce1,500–2,0001940to Bełżec extermination campUchanie2,0001940to SobiborUlanów5001940to other ghettosUniejów5001940to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 500)Warka2,8001940to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,800)Warta1,000–2,400to Chełmno extermination campWarsaw Ghetto445,000to Treblinka extermination camp (300,000), and Majdanek, Trawniki, PoniatowaWłocławek4,000–13,500to Chełmno extermination campWłodawa10,500 Deportations to Sobibór took place in waves: 1,300 Jews in May 1942, 5,400 in October, 2,800 in November 1942, and 2,000 in April 1943. to Sobibor, also shot locallyWłoszczowa4,000–6,000to TreblinkaWodzisław4,000to TreblinkaWołomin3,000–5,5001940–1942to TreblinkaWyszogród2,700–3,000to TreblinkaZagórów2,000–2,500all killed locallyZamość12,000–14,000to Izbica Ghetto → Bełżec, MajdanekZduńska Wola8,300–10,0001940to Chełmno extermination campŻychlin2,800–4,000to Chełmno extermination campŻyrardów3,000–5,000to Warsaw Ghetto (all 5,000)1941
Under the codename Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. The Nazis created new ghettos there and used mobile killing squads to murder Eastern European Jews.Augustów4,000to Treblinka and Auschwitz, shot locallyBełchatów5,500–6,000to Chełmno extermination campBiała Podlaska7,000–8,400to Majdanek, Sobibor, TreblinkaBiała Rawska4,000to TreblinkaBiałystok Ghetto40,000–50,000to Majdanek, TreblinkaBielsk Podlaski11,000–15,100to Treblinka, many killed locallyBiłgoraj2,500–3,0001941–1942to Bełżec extermination campBobowa658?Holocaust: "The Jews in the County of Cracau (sic)." The JewishGen ShtetLinks.  Accessed June 28, 2011. to Gorlice and Biecz ghettosBochnia14,000–15,000to Szebnie → Bełżec and AuschwitzBrześć Litewski Ghetto18,0005,000 shot locally before the ghetto was set up → Bronna Góra ravine Busko Zdrój2,0001941to TreblinkaChełm8,000–12,000to SobiborChmielnik10,000–14,000to TreblinkaChodel1,4001942to other ghettosChrzanów8,000to AuschwitzCiechanowiec4,0001941to TreblinkaCiepielów600Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. "Appendix A." p. 395. to Treblinka → Polish rescuers killed locally 6 Dec 1942."Życie za Życie" (Righteous of Ciepielów who paid the ultimate price)."  Urząd Gminy w Ciepielowie.  . Accessed July 6, 2011.Czeladź800to AuschwitzCzęstochowa Ghetto48,000to Treblinka extermination campĆmielów1,500–2,000?"Ćmielów – Historia," Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Wirtualny Sztetl (Museum of the History of the Polish Jews). Accessed July 6, 2011. 1941to Treblinka (900), rest murdered locallyDąbie9001941to Chełmno extermination campDobre500–1,0001941to TreblinkaDrohiczyn700to Bransk and Bielsk ghettosDrzewica2,0001941to TreblinkaDubienka2,500–3,000to other ghettosGłogów Małopolski(120)?19411942to Rzeszów ghetto → 5,000 shot locallyGniewoszów (open type)6,580 to Zwoleń (5,000); 1,000 → TreblinkaGoniądz1,000–1,300to Bogusze ghettoGorlice4,500to Bełżec extermination campGostynin3,5001941to Chełmno extermination campGrajewo3,000to Bogusze ghettoHrubieszów (open type)6,800–10,000to Sobibor and Budzyn labour camp, many shot locally, 2,000 fled.The Hrubieszow Genealogy Group. ShtetLinks Project. Accessed June 30, 2011.Iłża1,900–2,0001941to TreblinkaInowłódz500–6001941to Tomaszow Mazowiecki ghettoIwacewicze6001941 to Słonim Ghetto, all killed locallyIzbica Ghetto (transit)12,000–22,700. Pamięć Miejsca. Retrieved April 12, 2012. 1941 to Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor, 4,500 killed locallyJasło2,000–3,0001941to other ghettosJedwabne100–130to Łomża Ghetto → Treblinka, 340 killed locally.The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Stenograph, part 2.2.  A Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance, for the period from July 1, 2,000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding. See statement by Senator Jadwiga Stokarska.  Kalisz40019411942to other ghettosKałusz6,000to Bełżec extermination camp, several hundreds executed locallyKarczew700to Warsaw GhettoKielce Ghetto27,000to Treblinka, with 6,000 killed locallyKłobuck2,0001941to AuschwitzKnyszyn2,000to Bialystok GhettoKobryn8,000all killed locallyKock2,500–3,000to TreblinkaKodeń?to Miedzyrzec Podlaski GhettoKolbuszowa2,5001941to Bełżec extermination campKoluszki2,0001941to TreblinkaKońskie10,0001941to TreblinkaKorczyn2,0001941to Bełżec extermination campKraków Ghetto20,000 (pop. 68,500)to Bełżec extermination camp and Płaszów; 48,000 expelled in 1940.Kraków – History. Page 3. Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 12, 2011.Kraśnik5,000–6,0001940–1941to Bełżec extermination campKrynki5,000–6,000to Kiełbasin transit camp → TreblinkaNiemiecki obóz tranzytowy Kiełbasin w Grodnie (wul. Sołamawaj) (Kiełbasin transit camp), Virtual Shtetl, POLIN Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich 2015. Accessed November 15, 2015.Książ Wielki200?Jack Kugelmass, Jonathan Boyarin, Zachary M. Baker, From a ruined garden: the memorial books of Polish Jewry, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed June 27, 2011. 1941to Miechów ghettoKunów5001941to TreblinkaLimanowa2,0001941to Bełżec extermination campLipsk3,000to TreblinkaLubartów Ghetto3,269–4,500to Bełżec extermination campLublin Ghetto30,000–40,000to Bełżec extermination camp (30,000) and Majdanek (4,000)Lwów Ghetto115,000–160,000to Bełżec extermination camp and Janowska concentration campŁapy600to Białystok GhettoŁaskarzew1,3001941to TreblinkaŁęczyca3,000–4,3001941to Chełmno, many killed locallyŁomża Ghetto9,000–11,000to Auschwitz, many killed locallyŁosice5,500–6,0001941to TreblinkaŁuków10,000 1941to Treblinka (Oct: 7,000; Nov: 3,000) "Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day,"  at Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (www.HolocaustResearchProject.org). Accessed June 30, 2011.Łuck Ghetto25,000 all killed locally (most at Polanka) YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Lutsk. "Following the Soviet liberation of Łuck in February 1944, only about 150 Jews returned. By 1959, just 600 Jews were living in Lutsk. The fortified synagogue was turned into a movie theater and later into a sports hall. A residential area was constructed on the site of the Rabbinite and Karaite cemeteries."Maków Mazowiecki3,500–5,0001941to TreblinkaMichałowo1,5001941to Bialystok GhettoMiechów4,00019411942to Bełżec (1,000 killed locally)Nowe Miasto3,7001941to Treblinka (3,000), rest killed locallyNowogródek6,000? all killed locallyNowy Sącz Ghetto20,000to Bełżec extermination campNowy Targ2,5001941to Bełżec extermination campNowy Żmigród1,3001941all killed locallyOlkusz3,000–4,0001941to AuschwitzOpatów Ghetto10,0001941to TreblinkaOpole Lubelskie8,000–10,0001941to Sobibor and Poniatowa ghettoOsiek5001941to Ożarów ghetto → TreblinkaOstrowiec Świętokrzyski16,000to TreblinkaOzorków3,000–5,0001941to Łódź Ghetto → ChełmnoPajęczno3,00019411942to Łódź GhettoParczew7,0001941to TreblinkaPiątek?1941to Chełmno extermination campPilzno788? 1941to Bełżec extermination campPińczów3,000–3,5001941to TreblinkaPionki (labor camp)682 1941to Zwoleń ghetto → TreblinkaPołaniec2,00019411942to Chełmno extermination campPraszka?1941to Chełmno extermination campRabka3001941to Bełżec extermination campRadom Ghetto30,000–32,000to Treblinka extermination campRadomyśl Wielki1,300? 19411942to Bełżec extermination campRadoszyce3,200?Piotr Berghof, "Radoszyce, wspomnienie o żydowskich mieszkańcach miasteczka."  . Accessed June 27, 2011. 1941to TreblinkaRadzyn Podlaski2,000–3,0001941to TreblinkaRajgród1,2001941to BoguszeRawa Mazowiecka4,0001941to TreblinkaRejowiec3,00019411943to Auschwitz, Sobibor and MajdanekRopczyce8001941to Bełżec extermination campRyki1,800–3,5001941to Treblinka and SobiborRymanów1,600? 1941to Kraków Ghetto, Bełżec extermination camp, killed locallySędziszów Małopolski2,0001941to BełżecSiedlce Ghetto12,000–18,000to TreblinkaSiemiatycze7,0001941to SobiborSieniawa3,00019411942all killed locallySiennica700?1941to Treblinka (700)Skarżysko-Kamienna3,00019411942to Treblinka (2,500), the rest killed locallySkrzynno?1941to Opoczno ghettoSłonim Ghetto22,000Słonim – History. Jewish community. Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews.   Accessed July 7, 2011. The prewar Polish city of Słonim was overrun by the Red Army in September 1939 and confiscated as part of Western Belarus. The influx of refugees from Nazi-occupied Poland increased its Jewish population to 27,000. Over 1,000 were deported to Siberia by the NKVD. Following German invasion of USSR, the ghetto was set up in August 1941, but mass executions began already on 17 July (1,200 men shot just outside the city). A second shooting action took place on 14 November 1941 with 9,000 killed. The ghetto was burned to the ground with all its inhabitants between 29 June and 15 July 1942 following a revolt. Only about 500 managed to escape. all killed locally (Jul-41: 1,200; Nov: 9,000; Jul-42: 10,000)Słuck3,000–8,500all killed locallySokołów Małopolski3,0001941to BełżecSokołów Podlaski4,000–7,000to TreblinkaSokółka8,000–9,000to Kiełbasin → TreblinkaSolec8001941to Tarlow ghettoStanisławów Ghetto20,000killed locally → to BełżecStarachowice6,000to TreblinkaStary Sącz1,0001941to BełżecStaszów7,0001941to TreblinkaStopnica5,0001941to Treblinka, many killed locallyStrzemieszyce Wielkie1,800 1940–1941to Będzin Ghetto (500), Auschwitz (1,400)Strzyżów1,300 1941to Rzeszów ghetto, killed locally → BełżecSuchedniów5,0001941to TreblinkaSulejów1,5001941to TreblinkaSzczuczyn2,0001941to Bogusze transit camp, killed locallyŚniadowo6501941to Zambrow ghettoTarczyn1,6001941to TreblinkaTarnobrzeg (ghetto & camp)500"Tarnobrzeg. Warto zobaczyć" (Tarnobrzeg worth seeing) , Wydawnictwo Bezdroża. Accessed June 27, 2011. to Dębica ghetto → BełżecTarnogród2,600–5,0001941to Bełżec from ghetto & camp, many killed locallyTarnopol Ghetto20,000to Bełżec, many killed locallyTarnów40,00010,000 killed locally, Bełżec (10,000), AuschwitzTomaszów Lubelski1,400–1,5001941to BełżecTyczyn?1941to Bełżec extermination campWadowice1,400Wadowice – Historia. Wirtualny Sztetl.  . Accessed June 27, 2011. 1941to AuschwitzWąwolnica2,5001941to Bełżec extermination campWęgrów6,000–8,3001941to TreblinkaWieliczka7,0001941to Bełżec extermination campWielun4,200–7,0001941to Chełmno extermination camp, killed locallyWieruszów1,4001941to Chełmno extermination campWilno Ghetto30,000–80,000 killed locally (21,000 before ghetto was set up)"Chronology of Vilna Ghetto,"  at Vilnaghetto.com without additional confirmation of quantitative data. Accessed June 24, 2011.Wiślica2,0001941to Jędrzejów ghettoWolbrom3,000–5,0001941to Bełżec, many killed locallyWysokie Mazowieckie5,0001941to Zambrow ghettoZabłudów1,800"The Deportation of the Zabludow Jews to Treblinka Death Camp."  2003 Tilford Bartman, Jerusalem, Israel. 10th Calvary camp near Białystok → Treblinka (1,400)Zambrów3,200–4,0001941to Auschwitz, mass killings locallyZawiercie5,000–7,0001941to Auschwitz (5,000)Zelów?1941to Chełmno extermination campZwoleń (open type)6,500–10,000 1941to Treblinka extermination camp (8,000)Żarki3,2001941to TreblinkaŻelechów5,500–13,0001941to Treblinka1942
On January 20, 1942, at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin, Reinhard Heydrich informed senior Nazi officials that "the final solution of the Jewish question" was deportation from the ghettos and subsequent mass extermination of the Jews. German companies in Nazi-occupied Poland built six death factories (extermination camps) within two to six months.Andrychów700to Auschwitz concentration campAnnopol?to Kraśnik ghettoBaranów Sandomierski2,000to Dębica ghetto, (all)Biecz700–800to Bełżec extermination campCzortków4,000to Bełżec extermination campDąbrowa Tarnowska2,400–3,000to Bełżec extermination camp and AuschwitzDębica1,500–4,0001942to Bełżec extermination campDrohobycz Ghetto10,000to Bełżec extermination campDubno9,000?all killed locallyFrysztak Ghetto1,600 1942to Jasło ghetto → killed in Warzyce forestHrubieszów (labor camp)200 to Budzyn, killed locally, see Hrubieszów # 122 above (6,800)Jasienica Rosielna1,5001942to Bełżec extermination campKołomyja (ghetto & camp)18,0001942to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locallyKoprzywnica1,8001940to TreblinkaKowale Pańskie3,000–5,0001939–19421942to Chełmno extermination campKowel17,000all killed locallyKraśnik (ghetto & camp)5,0001940–1942to Bełżec extermination campKrosno600–2,500to Bełżec extermination campLesko2,0001942to Bełżec extermination campLubaczów4,200–7,000to Sobibor, many killed locallyŁachwa Ghetto2,350killed locally, 1,500 in an uprising."Lachwa, Polesie province, Poland.", The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945Łęczna3,000to Sobibor, many killed locallyMiędzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto20,000"The History of  Miedzyrzec Podlaski."  Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia Area in Israel. Accessed July 5, 2011. to Treblinka (17,000), hundreds killed locally."Mezritch (Międzyrzec) Podlaski in the Jewish sources."  Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Accessed June 16, 2011.Ożarów4,500to TreblinkaPińsk Ghetto26,200to Bronna Góra (3,500), the rest killed locallyPrzemyśl22,000–24,000to Bełżec extermination camp, Auschwitz, JanowskaPrzeworsk1,400? to Bełżec extermination campPrzysucha2,500–5,000Przysucha, województwo Mazowieckie, Polska. Haapalah Index and Source Database. Accessed July 5, 2011. to Treblinka (5,000)Przysucha – History. Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 5, 2011.Sambor Ghetto8,000–9,000to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locallySosnowiec Ghetto12,000to AuschwitzStarachowice (labor camp)13,00019421942to Treblinka, see also Starachowice ghettoStryj4,000–12,0001942all killed locallySucha Beskidzka400Gmina Sucha Beskidzka, powiat suski. Targeo.  . Accessed June 27, 2011. 19421943to AuschwitzSzydłów1,000to Chmielnik ghettoTarnogród (labor camp)1,00019421942see Tarnogród ghetto → Bełżec extermination campTomaszów M. (labor camp)1,0001942to Starachowice,Stefan Krakowski, Tomaszow Mazowiecki, Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed June 24, 2001. see also Tomaszów Mazowiecki Ghetto (1940)Tuchów3,000to Bełżec extermination campZdzięcioł Ghetto4,500killed locally during Zdzięcioł massacres

 Ghettos in the Soviet Union 
After Operation Barbarossa, many ghettos appeared in Nazi-controlled parts of the Soviet Union. 

 In modern-day Belarus 
There were many ghettos in Belorussia: the region we now call Belarus.

In Ostryna, a ghetto was opened in October 1941. Five hundred Jews from a neighboring village, Nowy Dwor, were also forced into the Ostryna Ghetto.

Some ghettos in Belarus were large. The Minsk Ghetto (1941-1944) held around 100,000 Jews. Another in Grodno held about 25,000.

In Korelicze (now Karelichy), a ghetto operated for just a few months, from February to May 1942. When the ghetto was liquidated, its Jewish residents were sent to the Nowogrodek Ghetto.

There were also ghettos in Białystok, Pruzhany, Shklov, and Smilovitsky.

 In modern-day Ukraine 
In Krymno (now Krymne), a ghetto was formed in May 1942 and liquidated just a few months later, starting on September 6.

There were several destruction ghettos in Ukraine. The Berdichev (Berdychiv), Zhytomor (Zhytomyr), and Vysotsk Ghettos existed for just a few weeks. 

There were also ghettos in:

 Bobrka
 Brailov
 Chelmnik
 Kalinovka
 L'vov
 Medzhybizh
 Mogliev Podolski
 Proskurov

 Zhornishche

Other areas

In Lithuania, there were ghettos in Wilno, Kaunas, and Siauliai. There was a ghetto in Liepaja, Latvia. The Red Army liberated the Il'ino Ghetto (in modern-day Russia on January 25, 1942, saving 200 Jews.

References

Category:Racism in Europe
Category:Antisemitism
Category:The Holocaust
Category:Discrimination
Category:Antisemitism in Europe
Category:Antisemitism in Germany