Scops owl

Scops owls are in the family Strigidae. They are the genus Otus. Scops owls live in the Old World. Otus has more species in it than any other genus of owls. There are 59 species. Scops owls are brown, grayish, or reddish in color, but they can have lighter colors on the belly or face. This helps to make them hard to see when they sit in trees. Sometimes, owls in the same species look different from each other. Scops owls are small and move easily.  Female scops owls are usually larger than males in the same species.

Taxonomy
The genus Otus was first used in 1769. The Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant made it for the Indian scops owl (O. bakkamoena). The name comes from the Latin word  and the Greek word  ōtos meaning horned or eared owl (cf. οὖς,  ὠτός, "ear")...  Marie Jules César Savigny made the English name "Scops" in 1809. and it comes from the Greek  skōps meaning small owl..

History

Scientists have changed their minds over the years about which owls should be in Otus and which owls are only their relatives.  For most of the 20th century, scientists said screech owls were also scops owls.  But they changed their minds.  DNA evidence helped them decide

Now, screech owls are in their own genus, Megascops.  Screech owls live in the Americas, and they act differently, live in different places, have different body shapes, and have different DNA from scops owls.

By the mid-19th century, scientists knew that Otus had more than one genus in it. First, in 1848, scientists made a second genus for screech owls, Megascops. In 1850s, they made other genera for other owls that had been in Otus.  They made Macabra, Ptilopsis, Gymnasio, Gymnoglaux, and Pyrroglaux for different groups of owls.

In the early 20th century, scientists liked the idea of putting species in a few big groups instead of more small groups. The 3rd edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) checklist in 1910 put the screech owls back in Otus. Although not all scientists agreed about this, it was the most common way to think about owl groups for most of the 20th century. In 1988, some scientists tried to put back all the genera from 140 years earlier by treating them as subgenuses inside Otus. But this did not make sense.  It did not match the evolutionary and phylogenetic information.

In the late 20th century, scientists started to use DNA to tell how animals were related to each other. This changed things for Otus. In 1999, the first mtDNA cytochrome b study of these owls showed that the separate groups were really different genera and not only subgenera.  The scientists said that most of the genera proposed around 1850 were right or close to right. Not all scientists agreed at first, but they did more and more DNA studies.  In time, almost all scientists came to trust the DNA studies. In 2003, the AOU formally decided to take screech owls out of Otus and put them in the genus Megascops.

Species
The genus Otus has 59 species (including 3 extinct species):

 Giant scops owl, Otus gurneyi
 White-fronted scops owl, Otus sagittatus
 Reddish scops owl, Otus rufescens
 Serendib scops owl, Otus thilohoffmanni
 Sandy scops owl, Otus icterorhynchus
 Sokoke scops owl, Otus ireneae
 Andaman scops owl, Otus balli
 Flores scops owl, Otus alfredi
 Mountain scops owl, Otus spilocephalus
 Javan scops owl, Otus angelinae
 Mindanao scops owl, Otus mirus
 Luzon scops owl, Otus longicornis
 Mindoro scops owl, Otus mindorensis
 São Tomé scops owl, Otus hartlaubi
 Torotoroka scops owl, Otus madagascariensis – formerly included in O. rutilus
 Rainforest scops owl, Otus rutilus
 Mayotte scops owl, Otus mayottensis – formerly included in O. rutilus
 Karthala scops owl, Otus pauliani
 Anjouan scops owl, Otus capnodes
 Moheli scops owl, Otus moheliensis
† Réunion scops owl, Otus grucheti – extinct, formerly placed in the genus Mascarenotus
† Mauritius scops owl, Otus sauzieri – extinct, formerly placed in the genus Mascarenotus
† Rodrigues scops owl, Otus murivorus – extinct, formerly placed in the genus Mascarenotus
 Pemba scops owl, Otus pembaensis
 Eurasian scops owl, Otus scops
 Cyprus scops owl, Otus cyprius – formerly included in O. scops
 Pallid scops owl, Otus brucei
 Arabian scops owl, Otus pamelae
 African scops owl, Otus senegalensis
 Annobón scops owl, Otus feae – formerly included in O. senegalensis
 Socotra scops owl, Otus socotranus
 Oriental scops owl, Otus sunia
 Ryūkyū scops owl, Otus elegans
 Moluccan scops owl, Otus magicus
 Wetar scops owl, Otus tempestatis
 Sula scops owl, Otus sulaensis
 Biak scops owl, Otus beccarii
 Sulawesi scops owl, Otus manadensis
Banggai scops owl, Otus mendeni
 Siau scops owl, Otus siaoensis
 Sangihe scops owl, Otus collari
 Mantanani scops owl, Otus mantananensis
 Seychelles scops owl, Otus insularis
 Nicobar scops owl, Otus alius
 Simeulue scops owl, Otus umbra
 Enggano scops owl, Otus enganensis
 Mentawai scops owl, Otus mentawi
 Rajah scops owl, Otus brookii
 Indian scops owl, Otus bakkamoena
 Collared scops owl, Otus lettia – formerly included in O. bakkamoena
 Japanese scops owl, Otus semitorques – formerly included in O. bakkamoena
 Sunda scops owl, Otus lempiji – formerly included in O. bakkamoena
 Philippine scops owl, Otus megalotis
 Negros scops owl, Otus nigrorum – formerly included in O. megalotis
 Everett's scops owl, Otus everetti – formerly included in O. megalotis
 Palawan scops owl, Otus fuliginosus
 Wallace's scops owl, Otus silvicola
 Rinjani scops owl, Otus jolandae'
 Palau scops owl, Otus podarginus – formerly placed in the monotypic genus Pyrroglaux Principe scops owl, Otus bikegilaTwo extinct species are sometimes placed in the genus:
† Madeiran scops owl, Otus mauli (extinct, c. 15th century)
† São Miguel scops owl, Otus frutuosoi (extinct, c. 15th century)

Possible species

On May 14, 1994, scientists heard what sounded like an Otus owl calling at about 1,000 meters above sea level south of the summit of Camiguin in the Philippines. No scientists had found any scops owls on that island before. Sometimes people discover new species of Otus. There may be another Otus owl living on the island.

Formerly placed here

The fossil record for scops owls does not tell us everything. Some older writings say many species of Otus owls are now extinct, but maybe those owls really belong in different genera: 
 "Otus" henrici was a barn owl of the genus Selenornis "Otus" providentiae was a burrowing owl, probably a paleosubspecies
 "Otus" wintershofensis may be close to extant genus Ninox and some material assigned to it belongs into Intutula "Scops" commersoni is a junior synonym of the recently extinct Mauritius owl. Scientists looked at pictures and descriptions that talk about ear tufts; and the subfossil material of this species had been erroneously assigned to tuftless owls.

Evolution
People found scops owl fossils that look like the Eurasian scops-owl on the Spanish island Majorca. The scops and screech owls probably both evolved during the Miocene (like many owls). They probably became separate groups 5 million years ago. Their common ancestor was probably a small owl with ear tufts and feathers on at least the upper tarsus (leg).

Ecology and behaviour

Scops owls voices sound like whistling or a row of high-pitched hoots, fewer than four hoots per second. The owls call like this for social interaction or to scare away other animals.  But different species of scops owls sound different from each other.  Human beings usually know scops owls are nearby because they hear them calling.  Human beings can tell scops owl species apart by their voices. Some, like the Serendib scops owl (Otus thilohoffmanni''), were discovered because birdcall experts could tell their voices were new to them.

Scops owls hunt from perches in landscapes with only a few trees. They live more in areas with old trees with hollows in them.  The animals they like to eat live in hollows. For example, insects, reptiles, and small mammals such as bats and mice and other small birds. The owls will also eat earthworms, amphibians, and aquatic animals without bones. Scops owls can hear very well, which helps them find animals to eat. They also have strong claws and a curved bill, both of which help them tear prey into small pieces that they can eat.

Most scops owls live alone, lay and sit on their eggs in a nest in a hole in a tree.  They do not dig the holes themselves. Instead, they go into holes that have been made by other animals. The female sits on the eggs and the male brings her food.  These birds are monogamous, and both parents take care of the chicks.

References

 Other websites 

Category:Birds of Africa
Category:Strigiformes
Category:Birds of Asia
Category:Birds of Europe