Intonation (speech)

Intonation is the way the pitch of a voice goes up and down when speaking. It is not used to change the meaning of a single word. Instead, it is used for other reasons, such as:
 to show how the speaker feels (for example, happy or angry).
 to show the difference between a statement and a question.
 to point to important words.

All spoken languages use intonation. But not all languages use pitch to change the meaning of a word. Languages that use pitch to change a word's meaning are called tone languages. In these languages, intonation still exists along with the tones for words.

Intonation is a main part of prosody. Prosody also includes rhythm, stress, and speed of talking. How something is said can be as important as the words themselves. Intonation gives extra meaning that is not in the written words.

 Jobs of Intonation 
Intonation has a few important jobs in speaking. Sometimes it does more than one job at the same time.

 Showing Feelings or Attitude 
The best-known job of intonation is to show a speaker's feelings or attitude. A sentence can be understood as kind, not serious (sarcastic), happy, or angry just because of the pitch used.
 A parent says to a child, "well done."
 With a high voice that goes down, it shows they are really happy with the child.
 With a low voice that goes up slowly or stays flat, it can show sarcasm. This means the child did something wrong, like spilling milk.

 Grammar Job 
Intonation helps show the grammar of a sentence. A common example is showing the difference between sentence types. In many languages, like English, this is the main way to make questions.
 Statement: He found it on the street. (The voice usually goes down at the end.)
 Yes/No Question: He found it on the street? (The voice usually goes up at the end.)
 List Intonation: When listing things, a speaker's voice often goes up for each thing, but goes down on the last one to show the list is finished. "I need bread (↗), milk (↗), and cheese (↘)."

 Focus Job 
Intonation is used to put stress on the most important word in a sentence. The word that has the main change in pitch is the one that gets the focus. Changing the focus can change the whole meaning of what you are trying to say.
 I didn't steal the money. (Someone else did.)
 I didn't steal the money. (I am saying I did not do it.)
 I didn't steal the money. (Maybe I borrowed it.)
 I didn't steal the money. (I stole something else.)

 Conversation Job 
Intonation helps organize a conversation. It can show whose turn it is to talk, show if information is new or old, and group words into ideas. For example, a voice that goes up a little can mean a person is not finished talking. A voice that goes down shows they are done, and another person can speak.

 How It Works 
Intonation happens because of changes in the fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice. We hear this as pitch. The F0 is how fast the vocal cords in the throat move back and forth. Speakers can control their vocal cords to make different patterns of pitch. These patterns are called pitch contours. These patterns are not random. They follow rules for each language or dialect.

 Intonation and Tone 
It is important to know the difference between an intonation language and a tone language.

 An intonation language (like English, Spanish, or German) uses pitch for whole sentences to show feelings or for grammar. Changing the pitch does not change a word's meaning.
 A tone language (like Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, or Yoruba) uses pitch to change the meaning of a single word. For example, in Mandarin, the sound ma can mean "mother" (mā, high pitch), "hemp" (má, rising pitch), "horse" (mǎ, falling then rising pitch), or "to scold" (mà, falling pitch).

Tone languages also have intonation. The pitch for the whole sentence is put on top of the tones for each word. For example, asking a question in a tone language might still use a rising pitch at the end of the sentence. This changes the word tones a little bit.

 Writing Down Intonation 
Linguists (people who study language) have ways to write down and study intonation. An early way was to describe the main pitch change as a 'fall', 'rise', or 'fall-rise'.

A more modern way is called ToBI (Tones and Break Indices). It uses special marks to show high pitch (like H*) and how sentences end (like L-L% for a low-falling end). This helps linguists study pitch in a clear way.

 Related pages 
 Prosody
 Pitch (music)
 Pitch accent
 Stress (linguistics)
 Tone (linguistics)
 Pragmatics

 References 
Cruttenden, Alan (1997). Intonation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Ladefoged, Peter (2006). A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-1-4130-0688-9.
Gussenhoven, Carlos (2004). The Phonology of Tone and Intonation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01201-0.
Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-521-77445-1.
Beckman, M. E., & Ayers, G. M. (1997). "Guidelines for ToBI transcription". In The Ohio State University Research Foundation.

 Other books to read 
 Crystal, David (1969). Prosodic systems and intonation in English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07387-5.
 Trager, George L. & Smith, Henry Lee (1951). An outline of English structure. American Council of Learned Societies.

Category:Linguistics
Category:Phonology
Category:Phonetics
Category:Pronunciation