List of heads of state of Mexico

The Head of State in Mexico is the person who controls the executive power in the country. Under the current constitution, this responsibility lies with the President of the United Mexican States, who is head of the supreme executive power of the Mexican Union. 

 First Mexican Empire (1821–1823) 

 First Regency 
After the end of the Mexican War of Independence, a Provisional Board of Governing consisting of thirty-four persons was set up. The Board decreed and signed the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire and appointed a regency composed of six people.

 RegencyMembers Took office Left office Notes 100px 50px Agustín de Iturbide September 28, 1821 April 11, 1822  50px Juan O'Donojú September 28, 1821 October 8, 1821 Died in office. 50px Antonio Pérez Martínez October 8, 1821 April 11, 1822  50px Manuel de la Barcéna September 28, 1821 April 11, 1822  50px José Isidro Yañez September 28, 1821 April 11, 1822  50px Manuel Velázquez de León September 28, 1821 April 11, 1822 

 Second Regency 
 Regency Members Took office Left office Notes 100px 50px Agustín de Iturbide April 11, 1822 May 18, 1822  50px José Isidro Yañez April 11, 1822 May 18, 1822  50px Miguel Valentín April 11, 1822 May 18, 1822  50px Manuel de Heras April 11, 1822 May 18, 1822  50px Nicolás Bravo April 11, 1822 May 18, 1822 

 Agustín I 
 Emperor Coat of Arms Reign Start Reign Ended Royal House Consort 110px Agustín I(1783–1824) 100px May 19, 1822 March 19, 1823 Iturbide 110px Ana María(1786–1861)

 Provisional Government (1823–1824) 

The Provisional Government of 1823–24 was an organization that served as the Executive in the government of Mexico after the end of the Mexican Empire of Agustín I, in 1823.INEHRM Secretaría de Gobernación  The organization was responsible for convening the body that created the Federal Republic and existed from April 1, 1823 to October 10, 1824.

 Provisional Government Head of State Took office Left office Notes100px 50px Nicolás Bravo March 31, 1823 October 10, 1824  50px Guadalupe Victoria March 31, 1823 October 10, 1824  50px Pedro Celestino Negrete March 31, 1823 October 10, 1824  50px Mariano Michelena April 1, 1823 October 10, 1824 Substitute Member 50px Miguel Domínguez April 1, 1823 October 10, 1824 Substitute Member 50px Vicente Guerrero April 1, 1823 October 10, 1824 Substitute Member

 First Federal Republic (1824–1835) 

 № President Took office Left office Political Party Vice President Notes  100px Guadalupe Victoria(1786–1843) October 10, 1824 March 31, 1829 Independent Nicolás Bravo First constitutionally elected President of Mexico, and the only President who completed his full term in almost 30 years of independent Mexico.  100px Vicente Guerrero(1782–1831) April 1, 1829 December 17, 1829 Liberal Party Anastasio Bustamante He was appointed by Congress after the "resignation" of president-elect Manuel Gómez Pedraza.  100px José María Bocanegra(1787–1862) December 17, 1829 December 23, 1829 Popular York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)  He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Guerrero left office to fight the rebellion of his Vice President. 100px Pedro Vélez(1787–1848) December 23, 1829 December 31, 1829 Liberal Party  As president of the Supreme Court, he was appointed by the Council of Government as head of the executive triumvirate along with Lucas Alamán and Luis Quintanar.  100px Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853) January 1, 1830 August 13, 1832 Conservative Party  As Vice President he assumed the presidency after the coup against Guerrero.  100px Melchor Múzquiz(1790–1844) August 14, 1832 December 24, 1832 Popular York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)  He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Bustamante left office to fight the rebellion of Santa Anna.  100px Manuel Gómez Pedraza(1789–1851) December 24, 1832 March 31, 1833 Federalist York Rite Party(part of the Liberal Party)  He assumed the presidency to conclude the term he would have begun in 1829, had he not "resigned" prior to inauguration, as the winner of the elections of 1828.  100px Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858) April 1, 1833 May 16, 1833 Liberal Party  As Vice President he assumed the presidency in place of Santa Anna, along with whom he was elected in the elections of 1833.  100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) May 16, 1833 June 3, 1833 Liberal Party Valentín Gómez Farías He assumed the presidency as the constitutionally elected president. He alternated in the presidency with Vice President Gómez Farías four more times until April 24, 1834. 100px Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858) June 3, 1833 June 18, 1833 Liberal Party  100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) June 18, 1833 July 5, 1833 Liberal Party Valentín Gómez Farías  100px Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858) July 5, 1833 October 27, 1833 Liberal Party  100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) October 27, 1833 December 15, 1833 Liberal Party Valentín Gómez Farías  100px Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858) December 16, 1833 April 24, 1834 Liberal Party  He promoted several liberal reforms that led to the discontent of conservatives and the church. Santa Anna took office again and he went into exile. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) April 24, 1834 January 27, 1835 Liberal Party He cancelled the liberal reforms. On January 27, the Sixth Constitutional Congress dismissed Gomez Farias as Vice President.   100px Miguel Barragán(1789–1836) January 28, 1835 February 27, 1836 Liberal Party   He was appointed Interim President by Congress when Santa Anna left office to fight the Rebellion of Zacatecas. On October 23, Congress enacted the Constitutional Basis, which voided the Constitution of 1824 and the federal system. He served both as the last president of the First Federal Republic and the first of the Centralist Republic.

 Centralist Republic (1835–1846) 

 № President Took office Left office Political Party Notes  100px Miguel Barragán(1789–1836) January 28, 1835 February 27, 1836 Liberal PartyHe left office because of a serious illness. He died two days later.  100px José Justo Corro(1794–1864) February 27, 1836 April 19, 1837 Conservative PartyHe was appointed Interim President by Congress to conclude the presidential term.During his term, he enacted the Seven Laws andSpain recognized the Independence of Mexico. 100px Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853) April 19, 1837 March 18, 1839 Conservative PartyHe took office as constitutional elected president.He was elected in the elections of 1837 for an eight years term. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) March 18, 1839 July 10, 1839 He was appointed interim president by the Supreme Conservative Power when Bustamante left office to fight federalist rebellions.  100px Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854) July 11, 1839 July 19, 1839 Conservative PartyHe was appointed substitute president when Santa Anna left office.  100px Anastasio Bustamante(1780–1853) July 19, 1839 September 22, 1841 Conservative PartyHe reassumed the presidency.  100px Francisco Javier Echeverría(1797–1852) September 22, 1841 October 10, 1841 Conservative PartyHe was appointed interim president when Bustamante left office to fight a rebellion headed by Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, Santa Anna, and Gabriel Valencia.He resigned after the triumph of the rebellion. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) October 10, 1841 October 26, 1842  He was appointed provisional president by a Junta de Representantes de los Departamentos (Board of Representatives of the Departments). 100px Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854) October 26, 1842 March 4, 1843 Conservative Party He was appointed substitute president by Santa Anna when he left office. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) March 4, 1843 October 4, 1843  He reassumed the presidency as provisional president.  100px Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850) October 4, 1843 June 4, 1844 Conservative Party He was appointed interim president by Santa Anna when he left office. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) June 4, 1844 September 12, 1844  He reassumed the presidency after being elected constitutional president by Congress on January 2, 1844.  100px José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854) September 12, 1844 September 21, 1844 Liberal Party He was appointed substitute president by Congress to replace the interim president Valentin Canalizo. 100px Valentín Canalizo(1794–1850) September 21, 1844 December 6, 1844 Conservative Party He assumed the presidency as interim president. 100px José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854) December 6, 1844 December 30, 1845 Liberal Party He was appointed interim, and after, constitutional president by Senateafter Canalizo was arrested for trying to dissolve the Congress.  100px Mariano Paredes(1797–1849) December 31, 1845 July 28, 1846 Conservative Party He assumed office via a coup against De Herrera.On June 12, he was appointed interim president. Vice PresidentNicolás Bravo 100px Nicolás Bravo(1786–1854) July 28, 1846 August 4, 1846 Conservative Party He took office when Paredes left the presidency to fight the Americans in the Mexican–American War.He was deposed by a federalist rebellion led by Jose Mariano Salas and Valentin Gomez Farias.  100px José Mariano Salas(1797–1867) August 5, 1846 December 23, 1846 Conservative Party He assumed office as provisional president after the triumph of the federalist rebellion (Plan de la Ciudadela).He put in force the Constitution of 1824 on August 22.He served both as last president of the Centralist Republic and first of the Second Federal Republic.

 Second Federal Republic (1846–1863) 

 № President Took office Left office Political Party Notes  100px José Mariano Salas(1797–1867) August 6, 1846 December 23, 1846 Conservative Party After he restored the federalism, he called elections.Santa Anna won the election and was appointed interim president by Congress and Valentin Gomez Farias as vice president. 100px Valentín Gómez Farías(1781–1858) December 23, 1846 March 21, 1847 Liberal Party As vice president, he took office in place of Santa Anna, who was fighting the Americans in the Mexican–American War. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) March 21, 1847 April 2, 1847 Liberal Party He took office as elected interim president. Vice PresidentValentín Gómez Farías  100px Pedro María de Anaya(1795–1854) April 2, 1847 May 20, 1847 Liberal Party Santa Anna left office to fight in the Mexican–American War. Congress abolished the vice presidency and he was appointed as substitute president. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) May 20, 1847 September 15, 1847 Liberal Party He reassumed the presidency when De Anaya left office to fight in the Mexican–American War.  100px Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850) September 16, 1847 November 13, 1847 Liberal Party As president of the Supreme Court, he assumed the presidency after Santa Anna's resignation. 100px Pedro María de Anaya(1795–1854) November 13, 1847 January 8, 1848 Liberal Party He was appointed interim president by Congress when De la Peña y Peña left office in order to negotiate peace with the United States. 100px Manuel de la Peña y Peña(1789–1850) January 8, 1848 June 3, 1848 Liberal Party He reassumed office as provisional president when De Anaya resignedafter refusing to give any land to the United States. During his term, he signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 100px José Joaquín de Herrera(1792–1854) June 3, 1848 January 15, 1851 Liberal Party He was the second president to finish his term and peacefully turned over the presidency to the winner of the Federal Elections of 1850, General Mariano Arista.  100px Mariano Arista(1802–1855) January 15, 1851 January 5, 1853 Liberal Party He resigned on January 5, 1853 when Congress refused to give him extraordinary powers to fight the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio, the goal of which was to bring to Santa Anna once again to the presidency.  100px Juan Bautista Ceballos(1811–1859) January 5, 1853 February 7, 1853 Liberal Party As president of the Supreme Court, he was proposed by President Arista as his successor and confirmed the same day as interim president by Congress.  100px Manuel María Lombardini(1802–1853) February 8, 1853 April 20, 1853 Conservative Party He was appointed provisional president by Congress when Ceballos resigned because of the rebellion of Plan del Hospicio. 100px Antonio López de Santa Anna(1794–1876) April 20, 1853 August 9, 1855 Liberal Party He swore as President but ruled as dictator.He called himself "Su Alteza Serenisima" (Serene Highness).From this period, the only lasting thing is the Mexican National Anthem.  100px Martín Carrera(1806–1871) August 9, 1855 September 12, 1855 Conservative Party He was appointed interim president after the triumph of the Plan of Ayutlabut he took office until August 15.  100px Rómulo Díaz de la Vega(1800–1877) September 12, 1855 October 4, 1855 Conservative Party He served as de facto president after Carrera's resignation.  100px Juan Álvarez(1790–1867) October 4, 1855 December 11, 1855 Liberal PartyHe was appointed interim president by a council integrated with one representative of each state after the triumph of the Revolution of Ayutla.  100px Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863) December 11, 1855 December 17, 1857 Liberal PartyHe was appointed interim president by Juan Alvarez when he resigned.He assumed as constitutional president on December 1, 1857.  100px Benito Juárez(1806–1872) December 18, 1857 July 18, 1872 Liberal PartyAs president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the self-coup of Ignacio Comonfort against the Constitution of 1857. He was arrested and freed by Comonfort. He established a liberal constitutional government on January 18, 1858.The struggle between the Liberal and Conservative forces is known as Reform War.

 Presidents recognized by the Conservatives during the Reform War 

 President Took office Left office Political Party Notes 60px Ignacio Gregorio Comonfort de los Ríos(1812–1863) December 17, 1857 January 21, 1858 Liberal PartyAfter the declaration of Plan of Tacubaya, Congress declared that he was not longer president but he was recognized by conservatives as president with absolute powers. 60px Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898) January 11, 1858 December 24, 1858 Conservative PartyAfter disown Comonfort, Zuloaga was appointed president by the Conservative Party. 60px Manuel Robles Pezuela(1817–1862) December 24, 1858 January 23, 1859 Conservative PartyHe assumed the conservative presidency with the support of the Plan de Navidad. 60px Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898) January 24, 1859 February 1, 1859 Conservative PartyHe was restored to the presidency by counter-rebellion led by Miguel Miramón. 60px Miguel Miramón(1831–1867) February 2, 1859 August 13, 1860 Conservative PartyHe assumed the conservative presidency as substitute when Zuloaga left office. 60px José Ignacio Pavón(1791–1866) August 13, 1860 August 15, 1860 Conservative PartyAs president of the Supreme Court of the conservative government,he took office for two days when Miramón left office. 60px Miguel Miramón(1831–1867) August 15, 1860 December 24, 1860 Conservative PartyHe took office as interim president of the conservative government after he was electedby a group of "Representatives of the States" who supported the conservatives.He was defeated at the Battle of Calpulalpan, resigned the presidency and fled the country. 60px Félix María Zuloaga(1813–1898) May 23, 1860 December 28, 1862 Conservative PartyDespite having been defeated, the conservatives appointed Zuloaga as president until December 28, when they recognized the Regency who was seeking to reestablish the Mexican Empire.

 Second Mexican Empire (1863–1867) 

 Regency 
On June 22, 1863, a "Superior Governing Board" was established. On July 11, the Board became the Regency of the Empire.
 Regent Took office Left office Political Party Notes 50px Juan Nepomuceno Almonte July 11, 1863 April 10, 1864 Conservative Party 50px José Mariano Salas July 11, 1863 April 10, 1864 Conservative Party  50px Pelagio Antonio de Labastida October 19, 1863 April 10, 1864 Conservative Party 

 Maximilian I  
 Emperor Coat of Arms Reign Start Reign Ended Royal House Consort 110px Maximilian I(1832–1867) 100px April 10, 1864 June 19, 1867 Habsburg-Lorraine 110px Carlota of Mexico(1840–1927)

 Restored Republic (1867–1876) 

 № President Took office Left office Political Party Notes  100px Benito Juárez(1806–1872) December 18, 1857 June 11, 1861 Liberal Party The first term he was interim president during the Reform War.The second term resulted from his being appointed constitutional president by Congress.The third term was an extension of the second, a consequence of the invasion.The fourth and fifth terms followed the triumph of the Republic. June 11, 1861 November 30, 1865 December 1, 1865 December 7, 1867 December 8, 1867 October 11, 1871 October 12, 1871 July 18, 1872  100px Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada(1823–1889) July 18, 1872 November 30, 1872Liberal PartyAs president of the Supreme Court, he became interim president after the death of Juarez. He was overthrown by the Revolution of Tuxtepec and left office ten days before the end of his term. December 1, 1872 November 20, 1876  100px José María Iglesias(1823–1891) October 26, 1876 November 28, 1876 Liberal PartyAs president of the Supreme Court, he voided, on grounds of fraud, the reelection of Lerdo de Tejada after Congress had declared this reelection valid, and then declared himself interim president. When Lerdo de Tejada went to exile on November 20, he became constitutional interim president.

 Porfiriato (1876–1911) 

 № President Took office Left office Political Party Notes  100px Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915) November 28, 1876 December 6, 1876 Liberal PartyHe became provisional president when Iglesias went to exile.  100px Juan Nepomuceno Méndez(1824–1894) December 6, 1876 February 17, 1877 Liberal PartyHe was appointed substitute president by Díaz when he left office to fight the supporters of Lerdo de Tejada. 100px Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915) February 17, 1877 November 30, 1880 Liberal PartyHe reassumed the presidency. On May 2, he was appointed constitutional president by Congress.  100px Manuel González Flores(1833–1893) December 1, 1880 November 30, 1884 Liberal PartyHe was the winner of the federal elections of 1880. 100px Porfirio Díaz(1830–1915) December 1, 1884 November 30, 1888  National Porfirist PartyNational Reelectionist PartyHe was the winner of the federal elections of 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904 and 1910.He resigned during his 7th term after the triumph of the Mexican Revolution. December 1, 1888 November 30, 1892 December 1, 1892 November 30, 1896 December 1, 1896 November 30, 1900  December 1, 1900 November 30, 1904 December 1, 1904 November 30, 1910Vice PresidentRamón Corral(since 1904) December 1, 1910 May 25, 1911

 Revolution (1911–1928) 

 Parties

 № President Took office Left office Notes  100px Francisco León de la Barra(1863–1939) May 25, 1911 November 5, 1911According to the "Treaties of Ciudad Juárez", he assumed office as interim president. Immediately called for elections.   100px Francisco I. Madero(1873–1913) November 6, 1911 February 19, 1913He was the winner of the special election of 1911.He was overthrown by a coup known as the Ten Tragic Days in which Victoriano Huerta, Félix Díaz and the American ambassador Henry L. Wilson were involved. He was murdered two days later along with the vice president Pino Suarez. Vice PresidentJosé María Pino Suárez  100px Pedro Lascuráin(1856–1952) February 19, 1913As Secretary of Foreign Affairs, he assumed office as interim president according to the constitution. In about 45 minutes, he appointed Victoriano Huerta as Secretary of Interior and then resigned the Presidency.  100px Victoriano Huerta(1850–1916) February 19, 1913 July 15, 1914He assumed office via a coup against Francisco I. Madero. He was defeated by the constitutionalist army led by Governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza.  100px Francisco S. Carvajal(1870–1932) July 15, 1914 August 13, 1914He assumed office as Interim President after the resignation of Huerta.He resigned after the signing of the Treaties of Teoloyucan.

 Presidents recognized by the Convention of Aguascalientes 

 President Took office Left office Notes 60px Eulalio Gutiérrez(1881–1939) November 6, 1914 January 16, 1915He was appointed provisional president. 60px Roque González Garza(1885–1962) January 16, 1915 June 10, 1915He was appointed provisional president after Gutierrez left Mexico City. 60px Francisco Lagos Cházaro(1878–1932) June 10, 1915 October 10, 1915He assumed office as provisional president when González Garza resigned.

 Restoration of democracy 

 Parties

 № President Took office Left office Notes  100px Venustiano Carranza(1859–1920) Head of the Executive PowerFirst Chief of the Constitutional ArmyHe served as Head of the Executive Power after the resignation of Carvajal.He convoked a Constitutional Convention which enacted the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. He won the federal elections of 1917 and took office as Constitutional President on May 1, 1917.He was killed during the Rebellion of Agua Prieta. August 13, 1914 April 30, 1917  President of Mexico May 1, 1917 May 21, 1920   100px Adolfo de la Huerta(1881–1955) June 1, 1920 November 30, 1920He was appointed provisional president by Congress.  100px Álvaro Obregón(1880–1928) December 1, 1920 November 30, 1924He was the winner of the federal elections of 1920.  100px Plutarco Elías Calles(1877–1945) December 1, 1924  November 30, 1928He was the winner of the federal elections of 1924.

 Maximato (1928–1934) 

 Party

 № President Took office Left office Notes  100px Emilio Portes Gil(1890–1978) December 1, 1928  February 4, 1930After the assassination of president-elect Alvaro Obregón, he was appointed interim president by Congress.  100px Pascual Ortiz Rubio(1877–1963) February 5, 1930 September 4, 1932He was the winner of the federal elections of 1929.He resigned due to the intervention of Calles in his government.  100px Abelardo L. Rodríguez(1889–1967) September 4, 1932 November 30, 1934He was appointed substitute president by Congress to conclude the 1928–1934 term.

 Modern Mexico (1934–present) 

After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the federal election of 1934 all the presidents have completed their six-year terms.

 Parties

 № President Took office Left office Elections  100px Lázaro Cárdenas del Río(1895–1970) December 1, 1934  November 30, 1940 1934  100px Manuel Ávila Camacho(1896–1955) December 1, 1940  November 30, 1946 1940  100px Miguel Alemán Valdés(1900–1983) December 1, 1946  November 30, 1952 1946  100px Adolfo Ruiz Cortines(1889–1973) December 1, 1952  November 30, 1958 1952  100px Adolfo López Mateos(1910–1969) December 1, 1958  November 30, 1964 1958  100px Gustavo Díaz Ordaz(1911–1979) December 1, 1964  November 30, 1970 1964  100px Luis Echeverría(1922-2022) December 1, 1970  November 30, 1976 1970  100px José López Portillo y Pacheco(1920–2004) December 1, 1976  November 30, 1982 1976 (uncontested)  100px Miguel de la Madrid(1934–2012) December 1, 1982  November 30, 1988 1982  100px Carlos Salinas de Gortari(born 1948) December 1, 1988  November 30, 1994 1988  100px Ernesto Zedillo(born 1951) December 1, 1994  November 30, 2000 1994  100px Vicente Fox(born 1942) December 1, 2000  November 30, 2006 2000  100px Felipe Calderón(born 1962) December 1, 2006  November 30, 2012 2006  100px Andrés Manuel López Obrador(born 1953) December 1, 2018 September 30, 2024 2018  100px Claudia Sheinbaum(born 1962) October 1, 2024 Incumbent 2024

Living former Presidents
As of , there are six living former Presidents of Mexico. The most recent death of a former President was that of Luis Echeverría (1970–1976), on July 8, 2022.

 Presidents who died in office 

 President Term of office Date of death NotesBenito Juárez1859–18641867–1872 July 18, 1872 (age 66) He is the only President of Mexico who died as a result of a non-violent cause while in office.Venustiano Carranza1914–1920 May 21, 1920 (age 60) He is the only President of Mexico to be assassinated in office.

 Timeline 

References

Other websites
 Lista de gobernantes de México Official List 

*List