Dry toilet

A dry toilet is for depositing human excrement without using water, very different from flush toilets that use water. It may be for sitting or squatting. The urine may get mixed with the feces or be kept separate.

There are different types of dry toilets: composting toilet, urine-diverting dry toilet, Arborloo, container-based toilet, bucket toilet, pit latrine, incinerating toilet, or freezing toilet.

 Types 
All of these types of dry toilets work without flush water and without connections to sewers or septic tanks:
Composting toilet - usually with feces, urine, and sometimes food waste mixed together.
 Urine-diverting dry toilet – with urine kept separate to be used as a fertilizer for plants, while the feces stay drier.Esrey S.A., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hebert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U.,(eds). 1998. Ecological Sanitation. Sida. Stockholm.
 Arborloo – which is like a pit latrine but the pit is smaller and the outhouse is light and can be moved to another pit, while a tree is planted on the old pit.
 Container-based toilet - with excrement going into containers that are taken to places where it is processed.
 Bucket toilet – simply a pail, but can also have urine separate and feces covered with dry material.
 Pit latrine - a hole in the ground.
 Incinerating toilet, freezing toilet – these are more complicated and expensive.
Other dry toilets are being developed, some with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Shaw, R. (2014). A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs. EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. p. 40. .

 Uses 
There are four main reasons for using dry toilets:
 To save water and therefore money;
 To prevent water pollution;
 To recycle nutrients in agriculture, after treatment and storage to kill diseases;
 For places where sewers and wastewater treatment are not possible.
Dry toilets can be very presentable and are used in developed countries (for example, Sweden, Finland, and Norway), where they are often found at summer houses and national parks. They are more common in developing countries in places where flush toilets are not possible or not desired. Sewers often cost too much where the land is rocky or irregular and where houses are far from one another.

 Challenges 
Some people strongly believe that dry toilets are the best way deal with excrement, others argue that they cannot be done everywhere, and others simply do not want to change their habits. Dry toilets reduce water consumption and pollution, recover valuable nutrients for agriculture, and (when managed properly) eliminate diseases and chemicals efficiently.Flores, A. (2010). Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK 
It has been difficult to install and manage many dry toilets in cities (for example, in the Erdos Eco-City of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China).Rosemarin, Arno; McConville, Jennifer; Flores, Amparo; Qiang, Zhu (2012). The Challenges of Urban Ecological Sanitation: Lessons from the Erdos Eco-Town Project. Practical Action Publishers. p. 116. . Designs need to be fine-tuned and carefully constructed and managed. The users also need to learn about the benefits of dry toilets and how to properly use them.

 History 
Nearly all toilets were dry toilets, and excrement was valued in agriculture, until flush toilets were invented.

 Great Britain 
In Britain, dry toilets were still used in some areas (including cities) until the 1940s. It seems that these were often emptied directly onto gardens, where the excreta was used as fertiliser. Sewer systems did not come to some rural areas in Britain until the 1950s or later.Lewis, Dulcie (1996). Kent privies. Newbury: Countryside Books 1st.ed. edition (10 Oct. 1996). p. 128. .

 Australia 
Brisbane, Australia, was largely unsewered until the early 1970s, with many suburbs having dry toilets (called "dunnies") behind each house.


Related pages
 Sanitation
 Waste management

 References 

 Other websites 
 Global Dry Toilet Association of Finland   
 Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Discussion Forum
 Dry toilet publications in the library of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
 InodoroSeco Blog of experiences and ideas about dry toilets (in Spanish and English)

Category:Toilets