House of Representatives (Netherlands)

The House of Representatives, Dutch: Tweede Kamer (literally Second Chamber), is the lower house of the States General, the parliament of the Netherlands.

It is comparable with the House of Representatives in other countries, because it is chosen by direct elections.

It consists of 150 members, who are chosen every four years or earlier when the government has been brought down.

In contrast with the First Chamber or Senate the Second Chamber has extensive legislative powers.

 House of Representatives 2021-2023 
The elections for the new House of Representatives were held on Wednesday 17 March 2021. The new House was installed on 31 March 2021. Twenty parliamentary groups had been present in the House since March 2022 (originally 17).

Parties with considerable gains were the progressive liberal party D66, the populist parties FVD and JA21, and newcomer Volt. Considerable losses had been suffered by the Christian democratic party CDA, the left parties GL and SP, the populist party PVV, and the senior party 50+.

BBB and BIJ1 had made their first appearance in parliament.

On 6 May 2021, Liane den Haan left 50+ and became an independent MP. On 13 May 2021, Wybren van Haga and two other MPs left FVD and became the Group Van Haga. On 12 June 2021, Pieter Omtzigt left the CDA and became an independent MP. In February 2022, Nilüfer Gündoğan was expelled from the Volt group and had been an independent MP since 22 March 2022.

President of the House of Representatives was Vera Bergkamp (D66).

 Party Dutch name Shortened Parliamentary leader Original seats Seats  after changesPeople's Party for Freedom and DemocracyVolkspartij voor Vrijheid en DemocratieVVDMark Rutte (2021-2022), Sophie Hermans (2022-2023)3434Democrats 66Democraten 66D66Sigrid Kaag (2021), Rob Jetten (2021), Sigrid Kaag (2021-2022), Jan Paternotte (2022-2023)2424Party for FreedomPartij voor de VrijheidPVVGeert Wilders1717Christian Democratic Appeal Member Omtzigt split from CDA.Christen-Democratisch AppèlCDAWopke Hoekstra (2021-2022), Pieter Heerma (2022-2023), Henri Bontenbal (2023)1514Socialist Party Socialistische PartijSPLilian Marijnissen99Labour Party Partij van de ArbeidPvdALilianne Ploumen (2021-2022), Attje Kuiken (2022-2023), Jesse Klaver (2023)99GreenLeft GroenLinksGLJesse Klaver88Forum for Democracy  Group Van Haga split from FVD.Forum voor DemocratieFVDThierry Baudet85Party for the Animals Partij voor de DierenPvdDEsther Ouwehand66ChristianUnion ChristenUnieCUGert-Jan Segers (2021-2023), Mirjam Bikker (2023)55Volt Netherlands Member Gündoğan split from Volt.Volt NederlandVoltLaurens Dassen32JA21JA21JA21Joost Eerdmans33Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde PartijSGPKees van der Staaij (2021-2023), Chris Stoffer (2023)33DENKDENKDENKFarid Azarkan (2021-2023), Stephan van Baarle (2023)3350PLUS Member Den Haan split from 50+.50PLUS50+Liane den Haan (2021), / (2021-2023)10FarmerCitizenMovementBoerBurgerBewegingBBBCaroline van der Plas11BIJ1BIJ1BIJ1Sylvana Simons11Group Van Haga Groep-Van HagaWybren van Haga/3Member Den Haan Lid-Den HaanLiane den Haan /1 Member Omtzigt Lid-OmtzigtPieter Omtzigt /1 Member Gündoğan Lid-GündoğanNilüfer Gündoğan/1  Total 150 150

 House of Representatives 2017-2021 
The general elections for this House of Representatives were held on Wednesday 15 March 2017. This House was installed on 23 March 2017 and dissolved on 31 March 2021.

When the results were announced, the Labour Party (PvdA) lost many seats, while the winner, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) led by Mark Rutte, also lost seats, but not as many.

Most of the opposition parties won seats. The populist Party for Freedom (PVV) of Geert Wilders did not win as many seats as were expected of them, but they became second in the number of seats they had. More seats were won by (especially) GreenLeft (GL), Democrats 66 (D66), the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), the Party for the Animals (PvdD), and 50PLUS (50+), along with the newly formed parties DENK and Forum for Democracy (FVD). The only other party to lose seats was the Socialist Party (SP), while the small Christian parties ChristianUnion (CU) and Reformed Political Party (SGP) did not gain or lose any seats.

President of the House of Representatives was Khadija Arib (PvdA).

 Party Dutch name Shortened Parliamentary leader Original seats Seats  after changesPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy Member Van Haga split from VVD.Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en DemocratieVVDKlaas Dijkhoff3332Party for FreedomPartij voor de VrijheidPVVGeert Wilders2020Christian Democratic AppealChristen-Democratisch AppèlCDASybrand van Haersma Buma (-2019), Pieter Heerma (2019-)1919Democrats 66Democraten 66D66Alexander Pechtold (-2018), Rob Jetten (2018-)1919GreenLeft GroenLinksGLJesse Klaver1414Socialist Party Socialistische PartijSPEmile Roemer (-2017), Lilian Marijnissen (2017-)1414Labour Party Partij van de ArbeidPvdALodewijk Asscher (-2021), Lilianne Ploumen (2021-)99ChristianUnion ChristenUnieCUGert-Jan Segers55Party for the Animals Member Van Kooten split from PvdD.Partij voor de DierenPvdDMarianne Thieme (-2019), Esther Ouwehand (2019-)5450PLUS Member Krol split from 50+.50PLUS50+Henk Krol (-2020), Corrie van Brenk (2020-)43Reformed Political Party Staatkundig Gereformeerde PartijSGPKees van der Staaij33DENKDENKDENKTunahan Kuzu (-2020), Farid Azarkan (2020-)33Forum for Democracy Forum voor DemocratieFVDThierry Baudet22Member Van Haga Lid-Van HagaWybren van Haga/1Member Van Kooten Lid-Van KootenFemke Merel van Kooten/1Member Krol Lid-KrolHenk Krol/1 Total 150 150

 General elections results since 1946 
Original seats in post-war Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer).www.nlverkiezingen.com<br/ >
Coalitian parties marked in olive.<br/ >
Prime Minister's party in bold.Prime Minister's party:<br/ >1956 elections: 1956-1958 PvdA, 1958-1959 KVP.<br/ >1965 elections: 1965-1966 KVP, 1966-1967 ARP.<br/ >1972 elections: 1972-1973 ARP, 1973-1977 PvdA.

 Party 2023 2021 2017  2012 2010 2006 2003 2002 1998 1994 1989 1986 1982 1981 1977 1972 1971 1967 1965 1963 1959 1956 1952 1948 1946PVV37172015249   PvdA25 !9938303342234537495247445343393743434850302729GL 25 !8144107810115639961610988576810 * CPN33276544376810 * EVP1 * PPR223372 * PSP1331224442VVD24343341312228243831222736262822161716161913986 * PvdV6NSC20   D66924191210367142412961786117BBB71   CDA5151913214144432934545445484948 586976767577 51 54 53  * ARP14131513131415121313 * CHU7101213131213998 * KVP27354250504949303232SP59141515259952   DENK333   PvdD365222   FVD382   SGP3333222232333333333333222CU35555634553233122111 * GPV222111122111 * RPF331122Volt23   JA2113   50+142   BIJ11   LPF826   LN2AOV6CD31DS'70   168BP131733others 111221Total coalition417876797680789397921038181109779782861069294127817661 Total 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 100 100 100

! PvdA and GL together 25 seats

 Related pages 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
 Senate (Netherlands)
 Politics of the Netherlands

 References 

  www.kiesraad.nl (elections results)

Category:States General of the Netherlands
Netherlands