Index Librorum Prohibitorum

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum () was The Index, a list of books banned by the Catholic Church. They were banned if the Church thought they were heretical, anti-clerical (anti-church) or lascivious (obscene). It was censorship by the Catholic Church.

Early versions of the Index were published in Catholic Netherlands (1529); Venice (1543) and Paris (1551). By mid-century, with wars of religion in France and Germany, authorities thought control of the press could prevent the spread of heresy. This could be done by using a catalog of prohibited works, backed by ecclesiastic and civil authorities.

The first version published in Rome (the Pauline Index) was issued by Pope Paul IV in 1559.  From 1571 to 1917 the Sacred Congregation of the Index was in charge of updating the list. The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the Index was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.Encyclopaedia Britannica: Index Librorum Prohibitorum

The aim of the list was to protect the belief and morals of the faithful. This was done by preventing them from reading heretical and  immoral books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler's Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae, which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. The various editions of the Index also had the rules of the Church about the reading, selling and censorship of books. Even editions and translations of the Bible not been approved by the Church could be banned.Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1559, Regula Quarta ("Rule 4")

Enforcing the Index was the Inquisition. The burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno, whose entire works were placed on the Index on 8 February 1600,Index of Prohibited Books, Revised, Vatican Polyglot Press, 190 was (on the surface) for heresy, not for heliocentrism or other scientific views. However, those other views included a belief in 'other worlds', which was heresy.Paul Henry Michel. 1962. The cosmology of Giordano Bruno, R.E.W. Maddison, translator. Cornell University Press.Firpo, Luigi 1993. Il processo di Giordano Bruno.

Not until 1822 did the Church permit books to be printed which accepted the Earth's motion.Kuhn, Thomas 1957/1976. The Copernican revolution: planetary astronomy and the development of western thought. Harvard University Press, p198.

The developments since the abolition of the Index show "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century". A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the Index is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966. A list of the books that were on the Index can be found on the World Wide Web.Searchable database of Index Librorum Prohibitorum  at Beacon for Freedom of Expression

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Category:Catholicism
Category:Censorship
Category:Catholicism-related controversies