Multinational corporation

Multinational corporations (MNC) or multinational enterprises (MNE) are organizations that make goods or services in more than one country. They include large corporations that make or sell things in lots of countries. MNCs are sometimes named 'international', 'transnational', or 'stateless' corporations.Roy D. Voorhees, Emerson L. Seim, and John I. Coppett 1992. Global logistics and stateless corporations. Transportation Practitioners Journal 59, 2: 144-51.

MNCs play an important role in globalization. The first business MNC was the "Knights Templar" , founded in 1120.The History Channel, Lost Worlds: Knights Templar, July 10, 2006, video documentary written and directed by Stuart Elliott.  After that came the British East India Company in 1600,http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/globalinc.jsp  "GlobalInc. An Atlas of The Multinational Corporation" Medard Gabel & Henry Bruner, New York: The New Press , 2003.  and the Dutch East India Company which started in 1602 and would become the largest company in the world for nearly 200 years.http://www.kb.nl/dossiers/voc/voc.html  VOC at the National Library of the Netherlands (in Dutch) These were made by national legislation to conduct international trade for their home countries.

 Conflict of laws 
Conflict of laws is about which legal system and which national jurisdiction applies to a given dispute.

The term comes from situations where here is disagreement as to where a dispute should be legally settled in court. The three branches of conflict of laws are:
 Jurisdiction – whether the forum court has the power to resolve the dispute at hand
 Choice of law – the law being applied to resolve the dispute
 Foreign judgments – the ability to recognize and enforce a judgment from an external forum within the jurisdiction of the adjudicating forum.

 Conflict of taxation 
Companies usually arrange their affairs to avoid or diminish taxation. This issue attracts much attention. Obviously, tax rates and tax regulations differ from country to country. If an organisation sets up subsidiaries in every country where it has significant business, few problems arise. The subsidiaries pay tax on whatever activities the company does in that place.

However, companies always try to minimise tax. Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. Out of the five largest American technology companies it pays the lowest taxes to countries where its revenue comes from. The company does this partly by licensing technology through subsidiaries in Ireland, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Netherlands.Metz, Cade. "Google slips $3.1bn through 'Double Irish' tax loophole." The Register, October 22, 2010. This reportedly sparked a 2012 French investigation into Google's "transfer pricing" methods.

Google Vice President Matt Britt in 2013 told the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales, hence owed no sales tax to the UK.

 Transnational corporations 
A transnational corporation (TNC) differs from a traditional MNC in that it does not identify itself with one national home. While traditional MNCs are national companies with foreign subsidiaries, TNCs spread out their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness. An example of a TNC is Nestlé who employ senior executives from many countries and try to make decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters. Another example of a Transnational Corporation is the Royal Dutch Shell corporation whose headquarters may be in The Hague, Netherlands but its registered office and main executive body where the decisions are made is headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

 References 

Category:Business law
Category:Companies