Fulk, King of Jerusalem

Fulk V (1092–1143), called "le Jeune" (the younger), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1109 to 1129. He was the Count of Maine (jure uxoris) 1110–1129. Fulk was a crusader, Knight Templar and was the King of Jerusalem (jure uxoris) from 1131 to his death.

 Early career 

Fulk le Jeune, born in 1092, was the younger son of Fulk IV le Réchin and his fifth wife Bertrade de Montfort.Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A., Stargardt, 1984) Tafel 82 She was the daughter of Simon de Montfort, Count de Montfort l'Amaury.Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A., Stargardt, 1984) Tafel 11 As an infant he was probably taken with his mother to be raised at the French court. He was at the French court in 1106 when the news arrived of his half-brother, Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou's death. King Philip I then made his step-son, Fulk V, the Count of Anjou.Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London; New York: Macmillan & Co., 1887), p. 229 The French king then made Duke William of Aquitaine Fulk's guardian as Fulk was not yet old enough to rule on his own. However the duke put Fulk in prison. Nothing the king or queen threatened could get Duke William to release the boy. After a year his father, Fulk le Réchin finally paid the duke a ransom of several towns on the border with Poitou. Fulk le Réchin died two years later on April 14, 1109. Fulk V "je June" succeeded his father as the count of Anjou.

 Count of Anjou and Maine 

In 1110 Fulk V le Jeune married Eremburge of Maine. When her father, Count Elias, died a few months later, Fulk V became the Count of Maine in right of his wife. But this brought him into immediate conflict with King Henry I of England who also claimed Maine. For a time Fulk was the first Angevin count to directly rule Maine.Jim Bradbury, The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare (London; New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 38 In 1113 Henry I arranged to meet with Fulk V at Alençon.C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 231 There they arranged a peace agreement. To seal the agreement they made a marriage alliance. Fulk's infant daughter, Matilda, was promised in marriage to Henry's nine-year-old son, William Adelin. Fulk V remained the Count of Maine but he swore fealty to King Henry I as his overlord. Without his Angevin ally Fulk, King Louis VI of France was forced to make peace with King Henry I. King Louis confirmed the lordship (overlordship) of Maine to Henry I.Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. 3 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 444 Henry then attacked the lands of Robert de Bellême; joined by Fulk V. Bellême was defeated and Henry I returned to England.Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. 3 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 445 Fulk V returned to Anjou to deal with a revolt in Angers.Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London; New York: Macmillan & Co., 1887), p. 234

In 1116 Louis IV raided into Normandy again.Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London; New York: Macmillan & Co., 1887), p. 235 Louis had supported Henry I's nephew, William Clito as the Duke of Normandy. By 1117 King Louis IV of France, Count Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou were all supporting William Clito against Henry I of England. The next summer Henry I returned to Normandy and the war began. Fulk V defeated Henry I at La Motte-Gautier on the border of Maine. In October 1118 Fulk V again defeated Henry I at Alençon. Finally, after a series of defeats Henry I made peace with Fulk V. They sealed their truce by allowing the marriage of Fulk's daughter Matilda with Henry's son William William Adelin. Fulk V gave Maine as a dowry for his daughter Matilda. In 1120 Fulk V then made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He spent a year at Jerusalem.Peter Lock, The Routledge Companion to the Crusades (London; New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 146 According to Orderic Vitalis he joined the Knights Templar. When he returned to Anjou Fulk left 100 knights behind for a year to help defend the Kingdom. He continued to pay the Templars a substantial yearly donation for the rest of his life.Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. 4 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), p. 44
Fulk le Jeune returned to Anjou in early 1121. He learned that William Adelin, his new son-in-law William had drowned in the shipwreck of the White Ship.C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 277 The treaty with Anjou then died with Henry's son. Fulk's daughter Matilda was safe; she had not been on the White ship. Fulk demanded her return to Anjou.Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London; New York: Macmillan & Co., 1887), p. 240 But Henry delayed her return and kept part of her dowry. By 1122 she was back in Anjou. Fulk broke off all relations with Henry and made another marriage alliance with Henry's nephew and enemy, William Clito. William was to marry Fulk's daughter Sibyl. He again gave his new son-in-law the lordship of Maine as her dowry.Daniel Power, The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 379 As Henry dealt with his rebel Norman barons one by one, by 1124 Fulk V was William Clito's only supporter. Henry now did everything he could to get the pope to annul the marriage between William Clito and Sibyl.Henry I and the Anglo-Norman World; Studies in memory of C. Warren Hollister, eds: Donald F. Fleming; Janet M. Pope (Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2007), pp. 304-05 On 26 August 1124 Pope Calixtus II annulled the marriage of William Clito and Sibyl because they were too closely related.

In 1126 Fulk le Jeune's wife, Eremburge, Countess of Maine and Anjou died. In Germany,Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor died. His wife the Empress Matilda was Henry I of England's only living legitimate child. Henry called her back to England. Henry made all his English and Norman barons swear that in case Henry had no sons they would make Matilda the Queen of England succeeding him. In 1127 Henry made peace again with Fulk le Jeune and offered a new marriage alliance. Fulk's son, Geoffrey was to wed the Empress Matilda and Maine would be settled on the new couple. In June 1128, Henry I came to Rouen and there knighted Geoffrey of Anjou.C. Warren Hollister, Henry I (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 323-24 A week later the couple was married.

About this same time Fulk le Jeune had received representatives of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem.Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London; New York: Macmillan & Co., 1887), p. 246 king Baldwin II had no sons but he had four daughters. He offered the hand of his oldest daughter, Melisende, to Fulk le June along with the crown of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk was well known in Jerusalem from his earlier visit and the money he sent the Knights Templar every year. In Jerusalem Melisende became officially the heiress of the kingdom. She would rule as Queen at her father's death.Hans Eberhard Mayer, 'The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: English Impact on the East', Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 39 (1985), p. 143 After the wedding of his son Geoffrey, Fulk le Jeune and his children all met at the Fontevraud Abbey where his daughter Matilda became a nun.Kate Norgate, England Under the Angevin Kings (London; New York: Macmillan & Co., 1887), p. 248 They said their farewells and Fulk le Jeune set off for Jerusalem. Geoffrey V, nicknamed "la Bel" was to rule Anjou in his father's absence.

In the spring of 1129 Fulk le Jeune arrived in Jerusalem.Malcolm Barber, The Crusader States (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), p. 146 He and Melisende were married. As a part of their marriage contract at the death of her father, King Baldwin II, Fulk and Melisende were to rule Jerusalem together.Hans Eberhard Mayer, 'Angevins versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 133, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), p. 1 As a dowry Fulk and Melisende received the two most valuable ports in the kingdom, Tyre and Acre. Fulk brought a large number of knights and foot soldiers with him from Anjou.

 King of Jerusalem 
In 1131, on the death of Baldwin II of Jerusalem, Fulk was crowned king. Melisende was crowned Queen at the same time. But from the beginning of their rule Fulk attempted to ruled alone. He tried to keep Melisende from having an active part in ruling Jerusalem. Fulk began replacing governors and counsellors with his own followers from Anjou.Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. 4 (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1856), pp. 106-07 Many had served several of the Kings of Jerusalem. Their loss of favor with the new king caused a great deal of resentment. Between 1133 and 1134 a revolt started among the nobility of Jerusalem led by count Count Hugh II of Jaffa's.Hans Eberhard Mayer, 'Angevins versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 133, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), p. 2 Fulk called on Count Hugh to appear before him but Hugh refused. Fulk then took away Hugh's fief of Jaffa's. Hugh was angry and joined with their enemies the Fatimid Egyptians. But his followers left Hugh and came back to King Fulk. Hugh next submitted to King Fulk and was exiled for three years. The revolt was broken. During the revolt however, the Seljuks of Damascus were able to take back Banyas.William Barron Stevenson, The crusaders in the East (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University press, 1907), p. 132 But Fulk realized he could not exclude Melisende and from then on allowed her to share in ruling the kingdom.

In 1132 Pons, Count of Tripoli was defeated by Seljuks and was under siege at the castle of Montferrand (Baarin). Fulk rushed to his aid and forced the enemy to retreat.William Barron Stevenson, The crusaders in the East (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University press, 1907), pp. 131-32 In 1134 Fulk raided into Hauran (in present-day Syria and Jordan). But he was forced to retreat when Seljuks countered by attacking Jerusalem. In September the two sides agreed to a peace.William Barron Stevenson, The crusaders in the East (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University press, 1907), pp. 132-33

In 1136 Fulk began building castles around the fortress city of Ascalon.Hans Eberhard Mayer, 'Angevins versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 133, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), p. 5 This was to prevent raids on Jerusalem by the Egyptian Fatimids. He also built a castle at Beth Gibelin and placed it in the care of the Knights Hospitaller. Also in 1136 the Grand Master (leader) of the Knights Templar, Hugues de Payens, died. Fulk used his influence with the Templars to get one of his own Angevins, Robert of Craon, elected Grand Master.Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood; A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 36 In 1137 Fulk was besieged at Montferrand. The Patriarch of Jerusalem marched an army to relieve the fortress. But Fulk did not know his own army was coming to his rescue.William Barron Stevenson, The crusaders in the East (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University press, 1907), p. 138 The Seljuks knew of this and quickly offered Fulk favorable terms. King Fulk surrendered the castle in exchange for his own freedom.

In 1137 while the Christians and Muslims were engaged with each other a new force was entering the area. John, the Byzantine Emperor was moving against Antioch.John Julius Norwich, Byzantium; The Decline and Fall (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), p. 76 He decided to take back the city and began attacking the walls. Too powerful for Fulk to deal with he decided to surrender Antioch to the Emperor.John Julius Norwich, Byzantium; The Decline and Fall (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), pp. 77-78 The Prince of Antioch, Raymond of Poitiers, had to surrender to the Emperor in person. Then, with the Byzantine flag above the city and Raymond still the Prince, the Emperor returned to Constantinople. Fulk, the King of Jerusalem, lost his control over Antioch.

On 10 November 1143 Fulk died in a hunting accident falling from his horse. After Fulk's death Melisende took control of Jerusalem.Peter W. Edbury; John Gordon Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge; New York: University of Cambridge Press, 1990), p. 80 She ruled as queen and as regent for their oldest son Baldwin III.

 Family 

In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Together they had:
 Geoffrey V (1113–1151), succeeded his father as count of Anjou.
 Elias II (died 1151), succeeded his father as the count of Maine.
 Sibylla (1112–1165), married first William Clito. She married second Thierry, Count of Flanders.
 Matilda (died 1154), married William Adelin. As his widow she became a nun and later abbess at Fontevraud Abbey.

His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem, the daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene. Together they had:
 Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem.
 Amalric I, King of Jerusalem.

 Notes 

 References 

Category:1090s births
Category:1143 deaths
Category:Counts of Anjou
Category:Crusaders
Category:Kings and Queens of Jerusalem