Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor

The Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor was created immediately after World War I.  The US Navy decided to recognize via the Medal of Honor two  manners of heroism. One in combat and one in the line of a sailor's profession.  The original upside-down star was designated as the non-combat version and a new pattern of the medal pendant, in cross form, was designed by the Tiffany Company in 1919.  It was to be presented to a sailor or Marine who "in action involving actual conflict with the enemy, distinguish[es] himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty" and without detriment to his mission. This pendant became the Tiffany Cross.

Description
The Tiffany Cross is suspended from the classic light blue Medal of Honor ribbon with 13 white stars. At the ribbon top is a bar with the word "VALOUR".  The medal is a gold cross pattée overlaying an oak and laurel wreath on the obverse side, with an antique anchor in each arm of the cross.  The center, overlaying the cross, is an octagon with the phrases "UNITED STATES NAVY" to the top and "1917·1918" to the bottom, on the perimeter separated by two stars.  The center of the octagon is the Great Seal of the United States.  The reverse side is flat, suitable for engraving.  Recipients medals often had intricate inscriptions.

Authorization
On 4 February 1919 Congress, in the same act that created the Navy Cross and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Congress provided:

Designed by Tiffany Company, this medal became the Tiffany Cross and eligibility was retroactive to 6 April 1917, when the United States entered World War I.

Inconsistent presentations
Despite the "actual conflict" guidelines, the Tiffany Cross was awarded to Floyd Bennett and Richard Byrd for arctic exploration, and to John Siegel for a rescue at sea. In the words of the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, the Tiffany Cross Program was "poorly regulated and documented."

Unpopularity and deauthorization
The Tiffany Cross was unpopular, perhaps because it so closely resembled the German Iron Cross. Recipients, such as Admiral Byrd, requested, received, and wore the classical inverted star design.  Byrd received his Tiffany Cross on 27 February 1927 from President Coolidge.  He received his classical Medal of Honor on 20 June 1930 from President Hoover.  His motives for the change are not remarked upon.  In 1942, the Navy returned to using only the original 1862 inverted 5-point star design, and ceased issuing the award for non-combat action.

Next lower award
During the Tiffany Cross's active status, the next lower naval award was the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, followed by the Navy Cross. By congressional action on 7 August 1942, in the same act that terminated the Tiffany Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal and the Navy Cross swapped places, with the Navy Cross also becoming solely a combat award.

List
The US Naval History & Heritage Command asserts that 28 sailors and Marines received the Tiffany Cross, but does not provide a list. However, a review of:
presentation photographs to Medal of Honor recipients,
photographs or paintings of recipients wearing a Tiffany Cross,
photographs of engravings on the medal's reverse side (many on the Naval History website),
museum displays of recipient medals,
recipient headstone markers,
newspaper accounts of the presentation ceremony and
application of the "actual conflict" criterion
make a nearly complete list.  There are at least three recipients (Byrd, Bennett, Siegal) who have been awarded the Tiffany Cross for non-combat actions. There may be other in-period recipients that have also have received one, but these aren't known, and would require investigation of similar nature for each.

Recipients

+Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor Awardees Image Name Service Date of Action Combat Action and Source 75px  USN  YesIngram was killed while attempting to release depth charges in the face of an oncoming torpedo. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence. His action meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  Dental Corps, USN  YesLyle exposed himself to hostile fire to treat a wounded man. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence. He has a museum display,On display at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD. and meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  USNR  YesSullivan secured a group of live depth charges. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence. He meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  USN  YesIzac gathered intelligence while a prisoner of war; he then escaped and brought the information to the Allies. There is a photograph of his medal's engraving. —  USMC  YesAlso served under the name Charles F. Hoffman.Janson single-handedly attacked and dispersed a machine gun detachment. He meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  Dental Corps, USN  YesOsborne was killed while rescuing wounded men from under heavy fire. There is a museum display of his medal. 75px  Medical Corps, USNR  YesPetty tended the wounded despite artillery and gas attacks, even after his gas mask was rendered useless. There is a photograph of the recipient wearing his Tiffany Cross. 75px  USMC  YesReceived both the Army and Navy versions of the Medal of Honor for the same action; one of nineteen people to receive two Medals of Honor.Cukela single-handedly attacked and captured a German strongpoint. There is a photograph of the recipient wearing his Tiffany Cross. 75px  USMC  YesKocak single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest and led a successful attack on a second nest. He meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  Medical Corps, USN  YesBoone exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and bring in supplies. There is a photograph of the recipient wearing his Tiffany Cross.One of the 13 recipients reported in the New York Times. 75px  USN  YesHammann escued a fellow pilot who had been shot down. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence. He meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  USN  YesHayden reached a wounded man, treated him, and carried him to safety despite intense fire. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence. The is a museum display of his medal,On display at the Legion of Valor Museum, Fresno, CA. and he meets the "actual conflict" criterion. —  USMC  YesKelly single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest under an artillery barrage. There is a painting of the recipient wearing his Tiffany Cross, and there is a museum display of his medal. 75px  USMC  YesPruitt single-handedly captured two machine guns and forty prisoners. There is a museum display of his medal,On display at the National Museum of the Marine Corps, Quantico, VA. and he meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  USNR  YesMadison continued to lead his ship after being severely wounded during a U-boat attack. There is a photograph of the recipient wearing his Tiffany Cross. —  USNR  YesBalch exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and establish a dressing station. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence. He has a museum display of his medal, and he meets the "actual conflict" criterion. 75px  USMC  YesRobinson continued to fire his weapon after being severely wounded in an aerial battle against twelve German planes. There is a photograph of his medal's engraving, and museum display of the medal. 75px  USMC  YesTalbot, with gunner Robert G. Robinson, shot down one plane in an aerial battle against twelve German aircraft. He is one of thirteen recipients receiving the Tiffany Cross from a single Department of the Navy  announcement issued 11 November 1920, many of whom present photographic evidence.  There is a museum display of his medal, and he meets the "actual conflict" criterion. —  USN  NoSeigel rescued two men from a burning vessel before being trapped and collapsing from the smoke. There is a museum display of his medal. 75px  USN  NoBennett's award if for his part in what was thought to be the first successful heavier-than-air flight to the North Pole and back. There is a photograph of the recipient receiving his medal. 75px  USN  NoByrd's award is for leading what was thought to be the first successful heavier-than-air flight to the North Pole and back. There is a photograph of the recipient receiving his medal. 75px  USMC  YesSchilt evacuated wounded Marines by plane while under fire. There is a photograph of the recipient wearing his medal.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime
List of Medal of Honor recipients during the Occupation of Nicaragua

Notes

References

Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of the United States
Category:1919 establishments in the United States
Category:1942 disestablishments in the United States