Mount Herzl

Mount Herzl ( or ), is the national cemetery of Israel in Jerusalem. It is named for Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. It contains Yad Vashem, Israel's main Holocaust museum, the National Military and Police cemetery, and the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel.

 Mount of Remembrance 
The Mount of Remembrance is the western summit of Mount Herzl. It is 806 meters above sea level. It is called Mount of Remembrance in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. Yad Vashem museum is on the top of the mountain.

Mount Herzl Plaza is the main ceremonial space in Mount Herzl. It is used for the Israeli Independence Day ceremony every year. The grave of Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism in on the northern side of the plaza. 

 Yad Vashem 
Yad Vashem is the national Holocaust museum of Israel. The museum includes the International School for Holocaust Studies, the International Institute for Holocaust Research, the Valley of the Destroyed Communities, the Hall of Names, and the Righteous Among the Nations Memorial Path.

The memorial path tells the story of the birth of the state of Israel, from the beginning of the Zionism until the declaration of the state. The path runs from the national Civil Cemetery to Yad Vashem. The path was designed by the architect Uri Abramson and was built by Israeli youth organizations in 2003.

The memorial path includes a Memorial for the Last of Kin a memorial site for Jews who had survived the Holocaust and later died in the 1948 Arab–Israeli war without a family. The monument was built in 2004 by the sculptor Micha Ullman in two parts. One part is a board with a shape of a roof with names. The second part is a sculpture of a fallen house.   

An annual Holocaust Remembrance Day ceremony is held at Yad Vashem

 National Civil Cemetery 
The National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel on the southern slope of Mount Herzl is for the graves leaders and important public persons of the state of Israel. Several past leaders of Israel are buried in the Great Leaders' Plot ), including past presidents Zalman Shazarand Chaim Herzogand Prime Misisters  Golda Meir, Yitzhak Rabin, and Yitzhak Shamir.

 Garden of the Nations 
The Garden of the Nations is a public garden. Each olive tree in the garden was planted by a visiting foreign leader and each tree has a plaque with the name of the leader who planted it.

 Herzl Museum and Educational Centre 
The Herzl Museum is a biographical museum. It tells the story of Theodor Herzl and his vision to create a Zionist country. The museum opened in 2005.

The Mount Herzl Center is next to the Herzl Museum. It opened in 2013. It teaches about Israel's history and Zionism. There is a small memorial garden to Norman Herzl next to the study center.

 Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial 
The Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial is the main memorial for all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 until today. The Memorial was opened in 1997, and every year, a ceremony is held on the plaza of the memorial.

Aliyah Bet Graves and Memorials
The Beta Israel Memorial is dedicated to the Ethiopian Jews, known as Beta Israel, that were murdered on their way to Israel. It was built in 2007 by the architect Gabriel Curtis. It replaced an earlier memorial that was built in 1989 in Jerusalem.

Mount Herzl also has memorials to those who died making the Aliyah Bet aboard the ships Salvador and Egoz.

 National Military and Police Cemetery 
The military and police cemetaries are on the northern slope of Mt. Herzl. The main Israel Defense Forces cemetery includes memorials to members of the IDF who died line of duty.  

The cemetary also contains memorial gardens to people who fought for the pre-Zionist state. 

There are sections for .

The Israel Police cemetery is for police officers who have died in the line of duty. Former police commissioners Pinhas Kopel, Shaul Rosolio, and Haim Tavori are buried here.

SS Erinpura Memorial
This memorial honours the 140 Jewish soldiers of the British Army 462 Transport Company who were lost when a German attack sank the SS Erinpura, a merchant vessel transporting troops from Alexandrina to Malta. The memorial includes concrete covered with stones in a corner of a pool with the names of the dead.

A ceremony to the fallen soldiers takes place in during Holocaust Remembrance Day.

Kaf Gimel Yordei HaSira
The 23 Seamens' () memorial is dedicated to a group of commandoes who died at sea in 1941. They were members of the Palmach, a paramilitary group in Palestine. Operation Boatswain was a mission to damage Vichy French oil refineries in Tripoli, Lebanon. The mission failed, and the bodies of the fighters were never found. The memorial is  next to the Garden of the Missing in Action. The memorial was built with exposed concrete in a shape of boat in a corner of a pool of water. The stone has the names of the 23 fighters, and that of an observing British officer who was lost with them.

 Garden of the Missing 
The Garden of the Missing in Action is dedicated to people who went missing in action so that their burial place is unknown. There are empty graves there that represent missing soldiers and officers who have fought in the Israeli Defense Forces. The names of people hwo have gone missing since 1914 are carved on a memorial wall. An annual Seventh of Adar ceremony for fallen soldiers whose resting place is unknown, held in Garden of the Missing.

INS Dakar
The INS Dakar Memorial is dedicated to the 69 sailors of the Israeli Navy submarine Dakar who died in the Mediterranean Sea in 1969.It is made of exposed concrete in a shape of a submarine; the lower half is submerged in the ground. On the front is a verse from the Bible,  "Your way went through the sea, your path through the turbulent waters; but your footsteps could not be traced."  Inside the memorial is a room with the names of names of all of men who went down with the Dakar.

Memorials for Jewish Soldiers in World War II
The memorial for the Jewish soldiers in the Soviet army in was built in 1989. The memorial is a wall with pink stones and red stones. It has the number "200,000" for the number of Jewish soldiers of the Russian army who died in the war. There is a Hebrew Bible verse inscribed from  "This [war] was only so that the generations of Isra’el who had previously known nothing of war might learn about it."

The memorial for Jewish soldiers in the Polish army in World War II was built next to the Soviet memorial in 1998, from pink stones with the symbols of the Polish army and the inscription of the years 1939-1945 next to stairs going to ceremonial plaza. It is inscribed with a Bible verse from  "they were swifter than eagles, stronger than lions."

Memorial for the defenders of the Old City of Jerusalem
This memorial, in the shape of an alley, is at the entrance to the Garden of the Missing in Action. It is dedicated to the Israeli soldiers who fought for the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. It is inscribed with two verses from the Bible:  "I am gathering [the people of Israel] from the far ends of the earth" and , "your bodies will flourish like newly sprouted grass."

 National Memorial Hall 
The National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen () is a memorial to all Israeli casualties of war since 1860. It opened on 30 April 2017.

In the center of the hall, there is an eternal flame dedicated to the unknown soldiers of Israel. 

 Ancient burial cave 
The Tomb of Nicanor, an ancient Jewish burial cave from the Second Temple period was found in the military cemetery in 1954. Architect Asher Hiram designed a new entrance for the cave, so it is included in the cemetery.

References

 Other websites 

 Commonwealth War Graves Commission - Mount Herzl
 Mount Herzl museum 
 Commemoration of civilians killed in hostilities


Category:1948 establishments in Israel
Category:Military monuments and memorials
Category:Military monuments and memorials in Israel
Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission