Sudden infant death syndrome

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden and unexpected death of a human baby which is unexplained even after an autopsy and investigation.Willinger M; James L.S. & Catz C. 1991. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatric Pathology 11:677-684.Beckwith J.B. 1970. Discussion of terminology and definition of the sudden infant death syndrome. In Bergman A.B; Beckwith J.B. & Ray C.G. (eds) Proceedings of the second international conference on the causes of sudden deaths in infants. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1422. SIDS is sometimes referred to as cot death or crib death.

The name is only applied to cases where the baby is less than one year old. By definition, SIDS deaths occur under the age of one year. Most happen when the infant is 2 to 4 months of age. This is a critical period because the infant's ability to arouse from sleep is not yet mature.Kinney H.C. & Thach B.T. 2009. The sudden infant death syndrome. New Engl. J. Med. 361 (8): 795–805.  SIDS is defined as a syndrome. It happens more often in Developing countries.

Babies are at the highest risk for SIDS during their sleep. Male infants die more often than female infants; about 60% of the cases are male infants. Infants also die more often during winter months.

The reason for SIDS are unknown, but there are different theories:
Problems with blood flow to the brain
Problems with levels of serotonin
Effects of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism)
Toxic gases
Parents lacking education, so they do not wrap up the baby to sleep or lay them on their back
Vaccinations do not increase the risk of SIDS, and may reduce the risk slightly.Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and vaccines https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/sids_faq.html

Infanticide and child abuse cases may be misdiagnosed as SIDS due to lack of evidence. and caretakers of infants with SIDS are sometimes falsely accused. Accidental suffocations are also sometimes misdiagnosed as SIDS and vice versa. Grief support for families affected by SIDS is particularly important. The death of the infant is typically sudden, without witnesses, and requires an investigation.

A broader term, “sudden and unexpected infant death” (SUID) is used to describe all such deaths, regardless of cause. Cases of SUID that remain unexplained after a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and clinical history are classified as SIDS. Thus, SIDS is one of the causes of SUID and accounts for 80% of such deaths.

Risk factors
Nobody knows what causes SIDS. However, there are some known risk factors for SIDS.

Not every infant who has one of these risk factors dies from SIDS. Risk factors just make it more likely for a baby to have SIDS.

Tobacco smoke
SIDS happens more in infants of mothers who smoke while they are pregnant.Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Report on Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke (PDF) The higher the levels of nicotine in the infant's blood, the higher the risk of SIDS. Nicotine causes important changes in the way a fetus develops during pregnancy, which have been linked to SIDS as well as miscarriages.

Sleeping
Infants who are put to sleep on their stomachs or sides are more likely to die of SIDS. This risk is highest in infants who are two to three months old. The "Back to Sleep" movement has encouraged parents to put their infants to sleep on their backs to prevent SIDS.

Other things that increase the risk for SIDS while an infant is sleeping include: 
 A hot or cold bedroom
 Having many blankets in the infant's crib, or a lot of clothing on the infant
 Soft sleeping surfaces
 Having stuffed animals in the crib

Some researchers think these things can make it difficult for infants to control their body temperature, making them unable to control their breathing.

Infants are more likely to die of SIDS if they share a bed with parents or older children. This risk is highest:
 When the infant is less than three months old;
 When the mattress is soft;
 When one or more people share the infant's bed; and
 When people in the bed are using drugs or alcohol, or are smoking.

The American Academy of Pediatrics says that if parents share a room with an infant without sharing a bed, they can cut their infant's risk of SIDS in half.

Breastfeeding
Infants who are breastfed are less likely to die of SIDS. The more an infant has been breastfed, the less likely they are to die of SIDS.

Pregnancy and infant factors
SIDS is less likely to happen in infants of older mothers. Infants of teenage mothers are at the highest risk.

An infant is also at a higher risk of SIDS if:
 Their mother did not get good prenatal care while she was pregnant 
 The infant weighs less than normal when they are born (this is called low birth weight)CDC WONDER online database 
 The infant is born too soon (prematurely). Premature infants are four times more likely to die of SIDS
 The infant is anemic

Age
SIDS only happens at certain ages. The risk of SIDS is highest in infants from two to four months old. After the infant reaches one year old, the risk decreases and then eventually reaches zero.

Genetics
Genetics affect the risk of SIDS. Baby boys have about a 50% higher risk of SIDS than baby girls.See CDC WONDER online database and http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis,inds,mort&language=english  for data on SIDS by gender in the US and throughout the world. Scientists think this might be because of an allele that exists on the X chromosome. They think this allele helps protect against episodes where the brain does not get enough oxygen (transient cerebral anoxia). Baby boys would be more likely to be missing this allele because they have XY chromosomes.

Scientists think that about 10 to 20% of SIDS cases are caused by inherited defects in the ion channels that help the heart squeeze out blood.

Other
The risk of SIDS seems to be affected by things like how much education an infant's mother got, race, ethnicity, and poverty.Pickett, KE, Luo, Y, Lauderdale, DS. Widening Social Inequalities in Risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Am J Public Health 2005;94(11):1976–1981. 

Vaccinations do not increase the risk of SIDS. Most studies have shown that getting vaccinations cuts an infant's risk of a SIDS death in half.

SIDS may be more common in babies with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections, but scientists are not sure.

Preventing SIDS

Sleep positioning
Putting infants to sleep on their backs can help prevent SIDS. The number of SIDS deaths has fallen in countries where this is commonly done. Also, if parents share a room with their infant but do not share a bed, they can cut the risk of SIDS in half.

Bedding
Parents can help prevent SIDS by not using pillows, very soft mattresses, stuffed animals, or fluffy blankets in their infant's crib. Dressing the infant warmly and keeping the crib "naked" lowers the risk of SIDS.

If an infant has a blanket in the crib, they should be covered only up to their chest, with their arms left outside the blanket. This makes it harder for the infant to move the blanket over their head, which could cause breathing problems.

In colder places where infants need help staying warm, the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests using a "sleep sack." This is like a sleeping bag for a baby, but with holes for the baby's arms and head. The bag is closed around the baby with a zipper. This helps keep the baby warm without covering their head. Sleep sacks are especially helpful for babies with low birth weight, who have more trouble keeping themselves warm.

Vaccination
Many studies have shown that vaccines normally given to infants help prevent SIDS. For example, one very large research study showed that giving infants vaccines for diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis helps prevent SIDS.

Getting normal infant vaccines cuts infants' risk of SIDS in half, according to many studies.

 References 

Category:Syndromes
Category:Death
Category:Babies