Cognitive bias

A cognitive bias happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology.Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". In Buss D.M. (ed). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746. 
Overview
Cognitive biases do happen. Primitive humans and animals do things which seem foolish later. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias. Cognitive bias is a natural consequence of our using "gut feelings" to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available. The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972. 
Causes
It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers. Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several repeatable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice. The heuristic people use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates. Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".

List of biases
 Name Information Framing Belief bias  Affinity bias  Implicit bias Priming bias Hindsight bias Anchoring biasAn example of the anchoring effect, is that a person can be more likely to buy a car if it is placed next to a more expensive model – the anchor.During negotiations, prices that are lower than the price of the anchor, may seem reasonable, or can even seem cheap to the buyer, even if those prices are (still) relatively higher than the actual market value of the car. Cho, I. et al. (2018) 'The Anchoring Effect in Decision-Making with Visual Analytics', 2017 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2017 - Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 116–126. . Status quo biasKahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. and Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies The Endowment Effect,
Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, Journal of Economic Perspectives. Dean, M. (2008) 'Status quo bias in large and small choice sets', New York, p. 52. Available
at: http://www.yorkshire-exile.co.uk/Dean_SQ.pdf . Self-serving bias Confirmation bias   Embodied cognition Overconfidence effect Related page: Dunning–Kruger effect. Fundamental attribution error   Physical attractiveness stereotypeA habit or tendency to assume that people who are
physically attractive, are desirable for other reasons, too.Lorenz, Kate. (2005). "Do Pretty People Earn More?" http://www.CNN.com.

 Other cognitive biases 
There are many other cognitive biases.

Anchoring biases include,
 Common source bias
 Conservatism bias
 Functional fixedness
 Law of the instrument

Apophenia has several types,
 Clustering illusion
 Illusory correlation
 Pareidolia

Availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias) The availability heuristic includes or involves the following:
 Anthropocentric thinking
 Anthropomorphism
 Attentional bias
 Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon
 Implicit association
 Salience bias See also von Restorff effect.
 Selection bias
 Survivorship bias
 Quantification bias Related subject: McNamara fallacy.
 Well travelled road effect

Related pages
 Apophenia
 Antiziganism
 Antisemitism
 Holocaust denial
 Antisemitic stereotypes
 Rwandan genocide denial
 Cambodian genocide denial

References

Category:Cognition
Category:Bias