Sinhala script

Sinhala script (Sinhala: සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව; Siṁhala Akṣara Mālāva) is an Abugida, a script between a syllabic and alphabetic script. It is also known as Sinhalese script. It is written from left to right. It is used to write Sinhala, which is the official language of Sri Lanka. It is also used to write Sanskrit and Pali.Daniels (1996), p. 408. These languages are used for religious texts. The Sinhalese Akṣara Mālāva, one of the Brahmic scripts, comes from the Ancient Indian Brahmi script. It is also related to the ancient Kannada script.   

 History 
Sinhala script comes from Brahmi, and was imported from Northern India, around the 3rd century BCE.Daniels (1996), p. 379. Sinhala script developed in a complex way: Part independently but also strongly influenced by South Indian scripts at various stages. It is clearly influenced by the early Grantha script. Pottery from the 6th century BCE has been found in Anuradhapura, with lithic inscriptions dating from 2nd century BCE written in Prakrit.

Medieval Sinhalese first began to be used around 750 AD. It has a very strong influence from the Grantha script. As a result, Medieval (and modern) Sinhalese look similar to the South Indian scripts. By the 9th century CE, literature written in Sinhala script appeared and the script began to be used in other texts. As an example, the Buddhist literature of the Theravada-Buddhists of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, used Sinhala script.

Modern Sinhalese first appeared in the 13th century and is marked by the writing of the grammar book Sidat Sangara. In 1736, the Dutch were the first to print with Sinhala type on the island. The resulting type followed the features of the native Sinhala script that was written on palm leaves. The Dutch created type that was the same width throughout the letters (monolinear) with no separation between words in early documents. During the Colonial period, a new style of Sinhala also began to used which was high contrast and had different thicknesses. This high contrast type slowly replaced the monolinear type as the preferred style.

Today, the alphabet is used by over 16 million people to write Sinhala in very different situations, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.

Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of Sri Lanka Malay are recorded.

Types of alphabets
Sidath sangara alphabet
This alphabet was invented in the Dambadeniya period (1220–1345). This is the first specific Sinhala alphabet to be found in writing. 
Vowels (10)අආඉඊඋඌඑඒඔඕConsonants (20)කගජටඩණතදනපබමයරලවසහළඅං

 Śuddha set 
This alphabet includes the letters usually used everyday. It is enough to write almost every word in Sinhala. 
Vowels (12) අ  ආ  ඇ  ඈ  ඉ  ඊ උ  ඌ      එ  ඒ    ඔ  ඕ            Consonants (20)  ක   ග       ජ     ට   ඩ   ණ   ත   ද   න   ප   බ   ම   ය  ර  ල  ව       ස  හ  ළ  අං

 Miśra set 
The Śuddha set was not enough to spell Pali and Sanskrit words correctly. So, new letters had to be used. This alphabet first appears in Abraham Mendis Gunasekara's Comprehensive Grammar of the Sinhalese Language, a grammar book published in 1891.ඒබ්‍රහැම් මෙන්ඩිස් ඝුණසේකර (1891) A Comprehensive Grammar of the Sinhalese Language පි. 5 
Vowels (18)අආඇඈඉඊඋඌඍඎඏඐඑඒඓඔඕඖConsonants (36)කඛගඝඞචඡජඣඤටඨඩඪණතථදධනපඵබභමයරලවඅඃශෂසහළඅං

 National Institute of Education Alphabet 
The alphabet was adopted by the National Institute of Education in 1989. This is the alphabet commonly used in schools in Sri Lanka.
Vowels (18)අ ආ ඇ ඈ ඉ ඊඋ ඌ ඍ ඎ ඏ ඐඑ ඒ ඓ ඔ ඕ ඖඅං අඃ    Consonants (40)ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ඟච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ඦට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ඬත ථ ද ධ න ඳප ඵ බ භ ම ඹය ර ල ව  ශ ෂ ස හ ළ ෆ

Contemporary Sinhala Alphabet (Modern Sinhala Alphabet)
This alphabet was first published in 1990 by J.B. Dissanayake.දිසානායක, ජේ. බී. (1995). නුතන සිංහල ලේඛන ව්‍යාකරණය: 1 අක්‍ෂර වින්‍යාසය. පි. 95 Here, the vowels අ and ආ have two forms as open and closed. 
Vowels(18)අ (open)ආ(open)ඇඈඉඊඋඌඍඎඑඒඓඔඕඖඅ (closed)ආ(closed)Consonants (42)කඛගඝඞඟචඡජඣඤඥටඨඩඪණඬතථදධනඳපඵබභමඹයරලවශෂසහළෆඅංඅඃ

International Standards Institution Sinhala Alphabet
Vowels (18)අ ආ ඇ ඈ ඉ ඊඋ ඌ ඍ ඎ ඏ ඐඑ ඒ ඓ ඔ ඕ ඖConsonants (43)ක ඛ ග ඝ ඞ ඟච ඡ ජ ඣ ඤ ඦඥට ඨ ඩ ඪ ණ ඬත ථ ද ධ න ඳප ඵ බ භ ම ඹය ර ල ව  ශ ෂ ස හ ළ ෆඅංඅඃ

 Unicode Sinhala Alphabet 
ස්වර (18)අආඇඈඉඊඋඌඍඎඏඐඑඒඓඔඕඖව්‍යංජන (45)කඛගඝඞඟචඡජඣඤඦටඨඩඪණඬතථදධනඳපඵබභමඹයරලවශෂසහළෆඅංඅඃක්‍ෂඥළු

 Structure 
alt=The word ශ්‍රී (Śrī) in the Sinhala script with its components marked is displayed here.|thumb|ශ්‍රී (Śrī) in the Sinhala script with its components marked.
It uses consonants as its base unit. To make different sounds, small strokes of lines called 'pili' (in Sinhala) are written before, after, above or below the base consonant. 

 Example 
ක = 'ka' sound (this is the base consonant)

ක +  ි = කි = 'ki' sound (a small arch like shape is placed on top of ක)

ක + ් = ක් = 'k' sound (a small flag like shape is placed on top of ක)

ක + ෙ = කෙ = 'ke' sound (a swirl is placed in front of ක)

Letters and how they are pronounced
alt=The Sinhala alphabet is shown here.|thumb|The Sinhala Alphabet 
Here, the letters of the National Institute of Education Alphabet are shown.  

Vowels
There are 18 vowels. 
 Vowels  අ  ආ  ඇ  ඈ  ඉ  ඊ  උ  ඌ  ඍ ඎ ඏ  ඐ  එ  ඒ ඓ ඔ  ඕ  ඖ Transliteration  a  ā  æ  ǣ  i  ī  u  ū  r̥  r̥̄  l̥  l̥̄  e  ē  ai  o  ō  au IPA  [a,ə]  [aː,a]  [æ]  [æː]  [i]  [iː]  [u]  [uː]  [ri,ru]  [riː,ruː]  [li]  [li:]  [e]  [eː]  [ɑj]  [o]  [oː]  [ɑw]

අ is pronounced like the u in cut
ආ is pronounced like the a in father
ඇ is pronounced like the a in cat
ඈ is pronounced like ඇ but the sound is held longer
ඉ is pronounced like the i in is
ඊ is pronounced like the ee in feet
උ is pronounced like the u in put
ඌ is pronounced like the u in flute
ඍ is pronounced like the ri in river (when it is combined with a consonant, it is pronounced like ru)
ඎ is pronounced like the ree in reel This vowel occurs rarely
ඏ is pronounced as li or lu. This vowel is no longer in use
ඐ is pronounced as ඏ but the sound is held longer. This vowel is no longer in use
එ is pronounced like the e in bed
ඒ is pronounced like the a in ancient
ඓ is pronounced like eye
ඔ is pronounced like the o in cot
ඕ is pronounced like the o in go
ඖ is pronounced like the ou in house

 Consonants 
There are 42 consonants. The consonants are divided into many groups based on how they are pronounced.

 Consonants  ක  ඛ  ග  ඝ  ඞ  ඟ  ච  ඡ  ජ  ඣ  ඤ  ඦ  ට  ඨ  ඩ  ඪ  ණ  ඬ  ත  ථ  ද  ධ  න  ඳ Transliteration  k  kha  g  gha  ṅa  ňg  c  cha  j  jha  ña  n̆ja  ṭ  ṭha  ḍ  ḍha  ṇ  ňḍ  t  tha  d  dha  na  ňd IPA  [k]  [ka]  [g]  [ɡa]  [ŋa]  [ᵑɡ]  [t͡ʃ~t͡ɕ]  [t͡ʃa]  [d͡ʒ~d͡ʑ]  [d͡ʒa]  [ɲa]  [nd͡ʒa]  [ʈ]  [ʈa]  [ɖ]  [ɖa]  [n]  [ᶯɖ]  [t]  [t̪a]  [d]  [d̪a]  [na]  [ⁿd]
 Consonants  ප  ඵ  බ  භ  ම  ඹ  ය  ර  ල  ව  ශ  ෂ  ස  හ  ළ  ෆ Transliteration  p  pha  b  bha  m  m̌b  y  r  l  v  śa  ṣa  s  h  ḷ  f IPA  [p]  [pa]  [b]  [ba]  [m]  [ᵐb]  [j]  [r]  [l]  [ʋ]  [sa]  [sa]  [s]  [ɦ]  [ɭ]  [fa, ɸa, pa]
The consonant ඥ (pronounced like ඤ - like the ny in canyon) is used today but it is not included in the National Institute of Education Alphabet.

References

Category:Writing systems
Category:Sinhala language
Category:Brahmic scripts