Kaei

was a  after Kōka and before Ansei.  This period started in February 1848 and ended in November 1854.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005).  "Kaei" Japan Encyclopedia, p. 444. During this time, the emperor was .Nussbaum, "Kōmei Tennō," p. 553. 

The nengō Kaei means "Celebration of Eternity"Keene, Donald. (1999).  Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era; Poetry, Drama, Criticsm, p. 393. or "Eternal Felicity"Satow, Ernest Mason. (1905).  Japan 1853-1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari, p. 11.

Events of the Kaei Era
 1849 (Kaei 2): Medical practice of vaccination first used by Dutch physician at Dejima.Whitney, Willis Norton. (1885). "Notes on the history of medical progress in Japan", Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, pp. 839-843.

 July 1853 (Kaei 6): Commodore Matthew Perry and the United States Navy anchor off Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 323.

 1854 (Kaei 7): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.Sewall, John. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. lxiv; Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds,  p. 178 n11.

 2 May 1854 (Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month): Fire destroyed the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.Ponsonby-Fane, p. 323; Satow,  pp. 9-10.

During the Kaei era, the shogunate bought guns and encouraged the manufacture of guns.Masúda, Norimoto et al. (1922).  Military Industries of Japan, p. 13.

Related pages 
 Edo period

 References 

 Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Kaei1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th  1848 1849  1850  1851  1852 1853  1854
Preceded by:KōkaEra or nengō:KaeiSucceeded by:Ansei

Category:Japanese eras
Category:1848 establishments
Category:1840s establishments in Japan
Category:1850s disestablishments
Category:19th-century disestablishments in Japan