Criollo people

The Criollos (singular: Criollo) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America.  The word was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the American colony.  

The Criollo class was seen as lower than the Peninsulares.  Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain.  Criollos had higher status/rank than all other castes.   Other castes included people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.

The term Criollo is often translated into English as Creole.  However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.

Criollos and the wars of independence
Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs. They gave the American provinces great independence. The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.

Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown made the Penisulares more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.

By the 19th century, this loss of status led the Criollos to rebel against Spanish rule.   The revolution was also inspired by the examples of the American and French revolutions against their kings.  With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).

References

Category:Ethnic groups in South America
Category:History of South America
Category:16th-century establishments