Plague doctor costume

The plague doctor's costume was the clothes worn by a plague doctor to protect him from diseases spread through the air. The costume was made up of a coat which went down to the ankles and a mask. The mask looked like a bird's beak. The beak was often filled with things which smelled sweet or strong (often lavender). Along with this, gloves, boots, a hat and something else to go over the jacket was worn.Pommerville (Body Systems), p. 15
 Bauer, p. 145
 Abrams, p. 257
 Byfield, p. 26
 Glaser, pp. 33-34

Description

The beak was held in front of the doctor's nose by straps. There were two holes in the mask, filled with glass at eye level, so that the doctor could see properly. The mask had two smaller holes for the doctor to breathe. It was a type of respirator which was often filled with strong, nice smelling things.Time-Life Books, pp. 140, 158
 Dolan, p. 139
 Ellis, p. 202
 Paton
 Martin, p. 121
 Sherman, p. 162
 Turner, p. 180
 Mentzel, p. 86
 Glaser, p. 34
 Hall, p. 67
 Infectious Diseases Society of America, Volume 11, p. 819
 Grolier, p. 700 Dried flowers (such as roses and carnations), herbs (such as mint), spices, camphor or a vinegar sponge could all be placed in the beak.O'Donnell, p. 135Stuart, p. 15  The mask was supposed to keep away bad smells. At that time, it was thought that bad smells caused infection. Doctors believed the herbs would take away the "evil" smells of the plague and stop them from getting it.Ellis, p. 202

The costume had a wide brimmed leather hood to show that they were doctors.Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, p. 83 They used wooden canes to point out areas needing medical attention. This was also used to look at patients without touching them.Doktor Schnabel von Rom, engraving by Paul Fürst (after J Columbina), Rome 1656. The canes were also used to keep people away, to take clothes off plague victims without having to touch them and to take a patient's pulse.Pommerville, p. 9

Wearing these clothes actually helped make sure that the doctors were not infected by fleas or rats. Fleas could not bite through the leather jacket and infected people could not touch the doctor, which was also because of his leather jacket.

 History 
Some modern writers have said that fourteenth-century plague doctors wore masks which looked like birds.Geographical: the monthly magazine of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume 63, April 1991, p. 19,  Plague doctors of the 14th century wore distinctive bird-like masks and were known as beak doctors.Pommerville (Body Systems), p. 15

Ellis, p.202
Byrne (Encyclopedia), p. 505
Sandler, p. 42
Paton
Ulrich's_Periodicals_Directory, ulrichsweb.com or email magazine at geographical.co.uk, Content Type : Academic / ScholarlyTime-Life Books, p. 158 Beak Doctor: during the Black Plague, a medical man who wore a bird mask to protect himself against infection.
Black plague definition: In 14th-century Europe, the victims of the "black plague" had bleeding below the skin (subcutaneous hemorrhage) which made darkened ("blackened") their bodies. Black plague can lead to "black death" characterized by gangrene of the fingers, toes, and nose. Black plague is caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) which is transmitted to humans from infected rats by the oriental rat flea.. medterm.com However, medical historians say that the plague doctor costume was invented by Charles de Lorme. In 1619 he used the idea of full head-to-toe protective clothing.Boeckl, p. 15 It was modelled after a soldier's armour.Carmichael, p. 57 This was made up of a bird-like mask and a long leather (Moroccan or Levantine) or waxed-canvas gown. The gown went from the neck to the ankles. The clothing which went on top of the gown, as well as leggings, gloves, boots and a hat, were made of waxed leather.Pommerville (Body Systems), p. 15
 Hirts, p. 66
 Reynolds, p. 23 The garment was impregnated with similar fragrant items as the beak mask.Kenda, p. 154

This poem was written in the seventeenth century. It describes the plague doctor's costume.G. L. Townsend, "The Plague Doctor",  J Hist Med Allied Sci, 20 (1965), 276. (The image is on p. 277).
As may be seen on picture here,
In Rome the doctors do appear,
When to their patients they are called,
In places by the plague appalled,
Their hats and cloaks, of fashion new,
Are made of oilcloth, dark of hue,
Their caps with glasses are designed,
Their bills with antidotes all lined,
That foulsome air may do no harm,
Nor cause the doctor man alarm,
The staff in hand must serve to show
Their noble trade where'er they go.Nohl, pp. 94, 95
 Sandler, p. 42
 Goodnow, p. 132
 Walker, p. 96

Jean-Jacques Manget, in his 1721 book Treatise on the Plague,  written just after the Great Plague of Marseille, talks about the costumes that plague doctors wore at Nijmegen in 1636-1637. A picture of the costume is at the front of the book.Manget, p. 3 The plague doctors of Nijmegen also wore beaked masks. Their robes, leggings, hats, and gloves were made of morocco leather.Timbs, p. 360

This costume was also worn by plague doctors during the Plague of 1656. This plague killed 145,000 people in Rome and 300,000 in Naples.The Plague Doctor The costume made people very scared because it was a sign that they would die soon.

 Culture 
The costume was worn by a commedia dell'arte character called Il Medico della Peste (the Plague Doctor). He wears a special plague doctor's mask.Killinger, p. 95 The Venetian mask was normally white. It was made up of a beak and round eye-holes. The eye-holes were covered with clear glass. It is one of the most unique masks worn during the Carnival of Venice.Carnevale

 Notes 

 References 






 Center for Advanced Study in Theatre Arts, Western European stages, Volume 14, CASTA, 2002,
 Dolan, Josephine,  Goodnow's History of Nursing , W. B. Saunders 1963 (Philadelphia and London), Library of Congress No. 16-25236

 Goodnow, Minnie,  Goodnow's history of nursing , W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, OCLC Number: 7085173


 Hall, Manly Palmer, Horizon, Philosophical Research Soceity, Inc., 1949
 Hirst, Leonard Fabian, The conquest of plague: a study of the evolution of epidemiology, Clarendon Press, 1953,
 Infectious Diseases Society of America, Reviews of infectious diseases, Volume 11, University of Chicago Press, 1989


 Nohl, Johannes, The Black Death: A Chronicle of the Plague, J. & J. Harper Edition 1969, Library of Congress No. 79-81867
 Manget, Jean-Jacques, Traité de la peste recueilli des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes, Geneva, 1721, online as PDF, 28Mb download 


 O'Donnell, Terence, History of life insurance in its formative years, American Conservation Company, 1936
 Paton, Alex, "Cover image", QJM: An International Journal of Medicine , 100.4, 4 April 2007. (A commentary on the issue's cover photograph of The Posy Tree, Mapperton, Dorset.)







 Time-Life Books, What life was like in the age of chivalry: medieval Europe, AD 800-1500, 1997

 Walker, Kenneth,  The story of medicine , Oxford University Press, 1955

 Other websites 

Category:Medical equipment
Category:History of medicine