Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication (NVC) uses signals without words. Language is not the only way to communicate, there are other means. Much nonverbal communication is unconscious: it happens without people thinking about it.

Nonverbal communication may use gestures and touch, body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact. NVC may be done by clothing and hairstyles. Dance is also a type of nonverbal communication.

Speech has nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice quality, emotion and speaking style, rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emojis and emoticons, such as :) and 😊

Nonverbal communication has three main aspects: the situation where it takes place, the communicators, and their behavior during the interaction.Knapp, Mark L. & Hall, Judith A. 2007. Nonverbal communication in human interaction. 5th ed, Wadsworth. p7 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines nonverbal communication also one of communication.Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 2

 Meaning of verbal & non-verbal 
Verbal means 'the use of words'. Thus, vocal sounds which are not words are nonverbal. Examples are grunts, or singing a wordless note. Sign languages and writing are understood as verbal communication, as both make use of words – although like speech, paralinguistic elements do occur alongside nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel – sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. Nonverbal communication is important because:
"When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgement includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal".Givens D.B. 2000. Body speak: what are you saying? Successful Meetings, 51.p4

 Functions of nonverbal communication 
Spoken language is often used for communicating information about external events, but non-verbal codes are more used in interpersonal relationships.Argyle, Michael et al. 1970. The communication of inferior and superior attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 9: 222-231. According to Argyle, there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:Argyle, Michael. 1988. Bodily communication. 2nd ed, Madison. 
 To express emotions
 To express interpersonal attitudes
 To accompany speech: it helps speakers manage their conversation.
 To present one’s personality
 To perform rituals (such as greetings)

 Paralanguage 
Paralanguage is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues. Paralanguage may change the meaning of words.

The linguist George L. Trager developed a classification of voice set, voice qualities, and vocalization.Floyd K. & Guerrero, L.K. 2006. Nonverbal communication in close relationships. Erlbaum, Mahwah N.J.
 The voice set is the context in which the speaker is speaking. This can include the situation, gender, mood, age and a person's culture.
 The voice qualities are volume, pitch, tempo, rhythm, articulation, resonance, nasality, and accent. They give each individual a unique 'voice print'.
 Vocalization has three subsections: characterizers, qualifiers and segregates.
 Characterizers are emotions expressed while speaking, such as laughing, crying, and yawning.
 A qualifier is the style of delivering a message – for example, yelling "Hey stop that!", as opposed to whispering "Hey stop that".
 Vocal segregates, such as "uh-huh", tell the speaker that the listener is actually listening.

 Visual communication 

 Clothes 
Clothes, and fashion generally, send messages. We judge others by what we see, at least when we first meet them. Fashion is a reflection of the time and place. The styles show as much about history and the time period as any history book. Clothes often show what people think, and how they live. Fashion is a nonverbal statement. It reflects our time, our beliefs and sometimes our religion.

 Body language 
Body language means how your body is held: the stance. It tends to show your attitude (state of mind) to what is going on round you. Others pick up the signs in a flash.

 Eye gaze 
Eye contact can indicate interest, attention, and involvement.p10 Gaze includes looking while talking, looking while listening, amount of gaze, and frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate.p153

 Emotions 
Showing strong emotions is powerful communication which is immediately understood. Many of the signals are the same in all cultures, as Darwin showed.Darwin, Charles 1872. The expression of emotions in man and animals. 200th anniversary edition edited by Paul Ekman. HarperCollins 1998. ISBN 975-0-00-638734-3 Examples of strong emotions shown visually are:
 Anger
 Fear
 Sadness
 Happiness
 Love
 Shame
These are listed in order of clarity. No one mistakes anger or fear, but more subtle emotions may sometimes be missed by the onlooker.

 Touch 
Touch, including handshake and hug, is classic nonverbal communication. It is perhaps the most intimate (closest) thing one person can do to another. What it means depends on the context. Here is a short-list of what we may do when we touch another person:
 Express our feelings for them
 Control them
 Teach them
 Play with them
 Make love to them
 Punish them

 Arts 
Most of the arts are forms of non-verbal communication:
 Performing arts
 Music
 Dance
 Plastic arts
 Art
 Painting
 Sculpture

 The animal world 
Animals other than humans do not have our kind of language, but they make use of non-verbal communication. With many, scent plays a greater role in their communication. Also, social animals can get to understand the meaning of tone of voice, and even understand key words. Say "walkies!" to the family dog...Hotchner, Tracie 2005. The Dog Bible: everything your dog wants you to know. Penguin.  With animals which are social and intelligent, humans can have a genuine relationship. In general, that means animals which are mammals or perhaps pet parrots. Communication of the non-verbal kind is strongly developed in mammals, and mammals are mostly social animals.

Many animals recognise each other's alarm signals (cross-species communication).Fichtel C. 2004. Reciprocal recognition of sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) and redfronted lemur (Eulemur fulvus rufus) alarm calls. Animal Cognition 7:45–52. Indeed, animal communication of one kind or another is almost universal amongst vertebrates.Bradbury J.W. and S.L. Vehrencamp. 2011. Principles of Animal Communication. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

 Related pages 
 Adaptive unconscious

 References 

 Further reading 
 Andersen, Peter 2004. The complete idiot's guide to body language. Alpha Publishing. ISBN 978-1592572489
 Demarais A. & White V. 2004. First impressions. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0553803204
 Driver J. 2010. You say more than you think. New York, NY: Crown.
 Pease B. & Pease A. 2004. The definitive book of body language. New York, NY: Bantam Books.