Solnhofen Limestone

The Solnhofen limestone is the world's most famous fossil site. It is a lagerstätte of Upper Jurassic limestone which has preserved many fossils in great detail. The specimens of Archaeopteryx are perhaps the world's most valuable fossils, because they are the earliest fossils of a bird capable of flight.

The Solnhofen beds lie in the German state of Bavaria (Bayern), halfway between Nuremberg (Nürnberg) and Munich (München). They were originally quarried as a source of roof and floor tiles, then for lithographic printing.

 Paleoenvironment 
In the late Jurassic this area was an archipelago at the edge of the Tethys Sea. This included placid lagoons which had limited access to the open sea because they were surrounded by coral reefs. Water runoff from the land was low and, under the sun, evaporation was high. Salinity rose so high that the resulting brine could not support life, except at the top of the water column.

The lowest water was not only very salty, but hypoxic: very low in  oxygen. This was caused by the lack of water mixing. Many ordinary scavengers were absent from the lagoon floor. From the condition of the water, it follows that almost all of the fossilised animals were not living in the lagoon. They must have lived on land, in the air, or out to sea beyond the reef. Then when they died, they fell, drifted, or were washed into the lagoons from the air, ocean or land. Occasional storms at sea would have killed flying animals, and swept fish over the reef in a suspension of finely-dispersed lime. There the bodies sank into the dead zone and were preserved.

Once in the lagoon, bodies became buried in soft carbonate mud. Thus, many delicate creatures avoided consumption by scavengers or being torn apart by currents. The wings of dragonflies, the imprints of stray feathers, and terrestrial plants that washed into the lagoons were all preserved.

"The variety and number of fossils known is deceptive. The occurrence of fossils is quite low. Indeed, a worker can quarry for an entire day and find not a single one. The hundreds of years of quarrying are what make them seem so apparently common".

The range of fossil species gives a comprehensive picture of a local Jurassic ecosystem. At times, the lagoons almost dried out, exposing sticky carbonate muds that trapped insects and even a few small dinosaurs. Over 600 species have been identified. Seven genera and up to 29 species of pterosaur have been found. This suggests that in this ecosystem pterosaurs were more common and diversified than birds. The pterosaur sizes ranged from that of a sparrow to 1.2 m (4 ft) in length.

The fine-grained texture of the mud silt forming the limestone is ideal for making lithographic plates for printing illustrations. Extensive quarrying in the 19th century revealed many fossil finds, as commemorated in the name Archaeopteryx lithographica, all the specimens of which come from these deposits. The closest modern analogue to the Solnhofen conditions is said to be Orca Basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico, though that area is much deeper than the Solnhofen lagoons.Barthell K.W., Swinburne N.H.M. and Conway-Morris S. 1990. Solnhofen: a study in Mesozoic palaeontology. Cambridge (transl. and revised from Barthel K.W. 1978. Ein Blick in die Erdgeschichte. Ott.

 The biota 
The Solnhofen biota is composed of the animals and plants which lived in the area. All were found in the limestone quarries.

 Carbonate production 
The carbonate was produced mainly by: 
Cyanobacteria, and by single-celled protists such as
Coccolithophores (12 genera), and 
Foraminifera (five genera).
Both these groups produce calcium carbonate skeletal structures.

 Plants 
Some of remains of the land plants got down into the lagoon. They were almost all gynmosperms.
Gymnosperms
Pteridosperms: three genera
Ginkgos: two genera
Conifers: four genera

 Vertebrates 
Many fish

 Reptiles (Sauropsida) 
Dinosaurs and birds: Archaeopteryx, Wellnhoferia and Compsognathus
Pterosaurs:
Rhamphorhynchoidea: Rhamphorhynchus (14 species)  
 Anurognathidae: Anurognathus 
 Pterodactyloidea: Aurorazhdarcho, Ctenochasma, Cycnorhamphus, Germanodactylus, Gnathosaurus, Pterodactylus (19 species, most of which may be age stages), Scaphognathus
Turtles: four genera
Plesiosaurs: one genus
Lizards: four genera
Rhynchocephalia: five genera
Crocodilia: seven genera

 Invertebrates 
 Cnidarians 
Scyphozoa (jellyfish): seven genera
Hydrozoa: three genera
Corals (Anthozoa): one genera

 Echinoderms 
Crinoids: Saccocoma (the most common fossil in the limestone), and three other genera
Starfish (Asteroidea), two genera
Sea urchins (Echinoidea), eight genera
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), seven genera

 Molluscs 
Cephalopods: 
Squid and cuttlefish: Belemnotheutis and eight other genera
Belemnites: three genera
Nautiloids: one genus
Ammonites: ten genera
Bivalves: seven genera
Gastropods: five genera

 Insects 
Mayfly (Ephemeroptera): one species
Dragonfly (Odonata): 13 genera
Cockroach (Blattaria): three genera
Ensifera (locusts and crickets): three genera
Cicadas: four genera
Lacewings (Neuroptera): four genera
Beetles (Coleoptera): 14 genera
Heteroptera (bugs and water scorpions): five genera
Hymenoptera: one genus
Caddis fly (Trichoptera): two genera
Flies (Diptera): two genera

 Crustacea 
Malacostracans: 
Mysidae: two genera
Isopoda: two genera
Decapoda: 27 genera
Stomatopods
Barnacles (Cirripedia): two genera

 Other 
Horseshoe crab: Xiphosura

 Conclusions 
The data show some things about the biota of the region.
There was a great variety of life near the lagoon.
Beetles were already the most common kind of insect, and dragonflies were also common. Some other types of insect (hymenoptera and flies) were not so common as today.
 Pterosaurs were at the time much more successful than birds. They were much more common and diversified.
 The newly-evolved pterodactyls were already more diverse than the Rhamphorhynchoids, but the single genus Rhamphorhynchus was still very common.
No mammals were found here.

 Other websites 

 University of California Berkeley offers a brief introduction.
 Another brief description. 

 References 

Category:Bavaria
Category:Fossils
Category:Lagerstätten