List of Latin phrases (I)

I 
LatinTranslationNotesibidem (ibid.)in the same placeUsually used in bibliographic citations to refer to the last source previously referenced.idem (id.)the sameUsed to refer to something that has already been cited. See also ibidem.id est (i.e., or ie.)that is"That is (to say)" in the sense of "that means" and "which means", or "in other words", or sometimes "in this case", depending on the context; may be followed by a comma, or not, depending on style (American English and British English respectively). It is often misinterpreted as "in example" where instead, "e.g." should be used.id quod plerumque acciditthat which generally happensA phrase used in legal language to indicate the most probable outcome from an act, fact, event or cause.idem quod (i.q.)the same asNot to be confused with an intelligence quotient (IQ).Idus Martiaethe Ides of MarchIn the Roman calendar, the Ides of March refers to the 15th day of March. In modern times, the term is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC; the term has come to be used as a metaphor for impending doom.Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum (INRI)Literally "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"Direct quote from the Vulgate (Bible), John 19:19. The inscription was written in Latin, Greek and Aramaic at the top of the cross on which Jesus was crucified. (John 19:20)90pxigitur qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellumTherefore, whoever desires peace, let him prepare for warPublius Flavius Vegetius Renatus, De Re Militari; similar to si vis pacem, para bellum.igne natura renovatur integrathrough fire, nature is reborn wholeAn alchemical aphorism invented as an alternate meaning for the acronym INRI.igni ferroquewith fire and ironA phrase describing scorched earth tactics. Also rendered as igne atque ferro, ferro ignique, and other variations.ignis aurum probatfire tests goldA phrase referring to the refining of character through difficult circumstances, it is also the motto of the Prometheus Societyignis fatuusfoolish fireWill-o'-the-wisp.Ignorantia juris non excusat(or ignorantia legis non excusat or ignorantia legis neminem excusat) ignorance of the law is no excuseA legal principle whereby ignorance of a law does not allow one to escape liability.ignoratio elenchiignorance of the issueThe logical fallacy of irrelevant conclusion: making an argument that, while possibly valid, doesn't prove or support the proposition it claims to. An ignoratio elenchi that is an intentional attempt to mislead or confuse the opposing party is known as a red herring. Elenchi is from the Greek elenchos.ignotum per ignotiusunknown by means of the more unknownAn explanation that is less clear than the thing to be explained. Synonymous with obscurum per obscurius.ignotus (ign.)unknownimago Deiimage of GodFrom the religious concept that man was created in "God's image".imitatio deiimitation of a godA principle, held by several religions, that believers should strive to resemble their god(s).imperium in imperioan order within an order1. A group of people who owe utmost fealty to their leader(s), subordinating the interests of the larger group to the authority of the internal group's leader(s).  2. A "fifth column" organization operating against the organization within which they seemingly are.3. "State within a state"imperium sine finean empire without an endIn Virgil's Aeneid, Jupiter ordered Aeneas to found a city (Rome) from which would come an everlasting, neverending empire, the endless (sine fine) empire.imprimaturlet it be printedAn authorization to publish, granted by some censoring authority (originally a Catholic Bishop).in absentiain the absenceUsed in a number of situations, such as in a trial carried out in the absence of the accused.in actuin act"In the very act/In reality".in articulo mortisat the point of deathin camerain the chamberFiguratively, "in secret". See also camera obscura.in casu (i.c.)in the event"In this case".in cauda venenumthe poison is in the tailUsing the metaphor of a scorpion, this can be said of an account that proceeds gently, but turns vicious towards the end — or more generally waits till the end to reveal an intention or statement that is undesirable in the listener's eyes.in com. Ebor.In the county of YorkshireEboracum was the Roman name for York and this phrase is used in some Georgian and Victorian books on the genealogy of prominent Yorkshire families.in Deo speramusin God we hopeMotto of Brown University.in dubio pro reoin doubt, on behalf of the [alleged] culpritExpresses the judicial principle that in case of doubt the decision must be in favor of the accused (in that anyone is innocent until there is proof to the contrary).in duploin double"In duplicate".in effigiein the likeness"In (the form of) an image", "in effigy" as opposed to "in the flesh" or "in person".in essein existenceIn actual existence; as opposed to in posse.in extensoin the extended"In full", "at full length", "completely", "unabridged".in extremisin the furthest reachesIn extremity; in dire straits. Also "at the point of death" (cf. in articulo mortis).in fide scientiamTo our Faith Add KnowledgeMotto of Newington College.in fideminto faithTo the verification of faith.in fieriin becomingThus, "pending".in fine (i.f.)in the endAt the end. The footnote says "p. 157 in fine": "the end of page 157".in flagrante delictoin a blazing wrong, while the crime is blazingEquivalent to the English idiom "caught red-handed": caught in the act of committing a crime. Sometimes carried the connotation of being caught in a "compromising position".in florein blossomBlooming.in foroin forumLegal term for "in court".in girum imus nocte et consumimur igniWe enter the circle at night and are consumed by fireA palindrome said to describe the behavior of moths. Also the title of a film by Guy Debord.in hoc sensu or in sensu hoc (s.h.)in this senseRecent academic abbreviation for the spatious and inconvenient "in this sense".in hoc signo vincesby this sign you will conquerWords Constantine claimed to have seen in a vision before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge. Motto of Sigma Chi fraternity, the Norwegian Army 2nd Battalion and the House of Di Santis.in hunc effectumfor this purposeDescribes a meeting called for a particular stated purpose only.in illo ordine (i.o.)in that orderRecent academic substitution for the spacious and inconvenient "..., respectively."in illo temporein that time"at that time", found often in Gospel lectures during Masses, used to mark an undetermined time in the past.in inceptum finis estlit.: in the beginning is the endor: the beginning foreshadows the endin limineat the outsetPreliminary, in law referring to a motion that is made to the judge before or during trial, often about the admissibility of evidence believed prejudicialin locoin the place, on the spotThat is, "at the place".The nearby labs were closed for the weekend, so the water samples were analyzed in loco.in loco parentisin the place of a parentA legal term meaning "assuming parental (i.e., custodial) responsibility and authority". Primary and secondary teachers are typically bound by law to act in loco parentis.in luce Tua videmus lucemin Thy light we see lightMotto of Valparaiso University.in lumine tuo videbimus lumenin your light we will see the lightMotto of Columbia University and Ohio Wesleyan University.in manus tuas commendo spiritum meuminto your hands I entrust my spiritAccording to Luke 23:46, the last words of Jesus on the cross.in medias resinto the middle of thingsFrom Horace. Refers to the literary technique of beginning a narrative in the middle of, or at a late point in, the story, after much action has already taken place. Examples include the Iliad, the Odyssey, Os Lusíadas, Othello, and Paradise Lost. Compare ab initio.in memoriaminto the memoryEquivalent to "in the memory of". Refers to remembering or honoring a deceased person.in necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritasin necessary things unity, in doubtful things liberty, in all things charity"Charity" (caritas) is being used in the classical sense of "compassion" (cf. agape). Motto of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen. Often misattributed to Augustine of Hippo.in nocte consiliumadvise comes over nightI.e., "Tomorrow is a new day." Motto of Birkbeck College, University of London.in nomine Dominiin the name of the LordMotto of Trinity College, Perth, Australia; the name of a 1050 papal bull.in nucein a nutI.e., "in potentiality." Comparable to "potential", "to be developed".in omnia paratusReady for anything.Motto of the United States Army's 18th Infantry Regimentin omnibus requiem quaesivi, et nusquam inveni nisi in angulo cum libroEverywhere I have searched for peace and nowhere found it, except in a corner with a bookQuote by Thomas à Kempisin partibus infideliumin the parts of the infidelsThat is, "in the land of the infidels", infidels here referring to non-Christians. After Islam conquered a large part of the Roman Empire, the corresponding bishoprics didn't disappear, but remained as titular sees.in pectorein the heartA Cardinal named in secret by the pope. See also ab imo pectore.in personaminto a personDirected towards a particular personin possein potentialIn the state of being possible; as opposed to in esse.in propria personain one's own person"Personally", "in person".in principio erat Verbumin the beginning was the Word (Logos)Beginning of the Gospel of Johnin rein the matter [of]A legal term used to indicate that a judicial proceeding may not have formally designated adverse parties or is otherwise uncontested. The term is commonly used in case citations of probate proceedings, for example, In re Smith's Estate; it is also used in juvenile courts, as, for instance, In re Gault.in remto the thingA legal term used to indicate a court's jurisdiction over a "thing" rather than a "legal person". As opposed to "ad personam jurisdiction". Example: in tenant landlord disputes, the summons and complaint may be nailed to the door of a rented property. This is because the litigant seeks jurisdiction over "the premises" rather than "the occupant".in rerum naturain the nature of thingsSee also Lucretius' De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things).in retentisamong things held backUsed to describe documents kept separately from the regular records of a court for special reasons.in saeculoin the times"In the secular world", that is, outside a monastery, or before death.in salvoin safetyin silico(Dog Latin)in siliconCoined in the early 1990s for scientific papers. Refers to an experiment or process performed virtually, as a computer simulation. The term is Dog Latin modeled after terms such as in vitro and in vivo. The Latin word for silicon is silicium, so the correct Latinization of "in silicon" would be in silicio, but this form has little usage.in situin the placeIn the original place, appropriate position, or natural arrangement.in somnis veritasIn dreams there is truthin spein hope"future" (My mother-in-law in spe", i.e., "My future mother-in-law), or "in embryonic form", as in "Locke's theory of government resembles, in spe, Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers."in specialibus generalia quaerimusTo seek the general in the specificsThat is, to understand the most general rules through the most detailed analysis.in statu nascendiin the state of being bornJust as something is about to begin.in totoin all"Totally", "entirely", "completely".in triploin triple"In triplicate".in uteroin the wombin utrumque paratusPrepared for either (event)Motto of the McKenzie clan.in vacuoin a void"In a vacuum". In isolation from other things.in varietate concordiaunited in diversityThe motto of the European Union and the Council of Europein vino veritasin wine [there is] truthThat is, wine loosens the tongue(Referring to alcohol's disinhibitory effects).in vitroin glassAn experimental or process methodology performed in a "non-natural" setting (e.g. in a laboratory using a glass test tube or Petri dish), and thus outside of a living organism or cell. Alternative experimental or process methodologies include in vitro, in silico,  ex vivo and in vivo.in vivoin life" or "in a living thingAn experiment or process performed on a living specimen.in vivo veritasin a living thing [there is] truthAn expression used by biologists to express the fact that laboratory findings from testing an organism in vitro are not always reflected when applied to an organism in vivo. A pun on in vino veritas.incertae sedisof uncertain position (seat)A term used to classify a taxonomic group when its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.incredibile dictuincredible to sayA variant on mirabile dictu.Index Librorum ProhibitorumIndex of Prohibited (or, Forbidden) BooksA list of books considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church.indivisibiliter ac inseparabiliterindivisible and inseparableMotto of Austria–Hungary prior to its separation into independent states in 1918.Infinitus est numerus stultorum.Infinite is the number of fools.infirma mundi elegit DeusGod chooses the weak of the worldThe motto of Venerable Vital-Justin Grandin, the bishop of the St. Albert Diocese, which is now the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmontoninfra dignitatem (infra dig)beneath one's dignityinnocens non timidusinnocent but not afraidMotto on Rowe family coat of arms.instante mense (inst.)in the present monthFormerly used in formal correspondence to refer to the current month, sometimes abbreviated as instant; e.g.: "Thank you for your letter of the 17th inst." — ult. mense = last month, prox. mense = next month.intaminatis fulget honoribusUntarnished, she shines with honorFrom Horace's Odes (III.2.18). Motto of Wofford College.integer vitae scelerisque purusunimpaired by life and clean of wickednessFrom Horace. Used as a funeral hymn.inter alia (i.a.)among other thingsA term used in formal extract minutes to indicate that the minute quoted has been taken from a fuller record of other matters, or when alluding to the parent group after quoting a particular example.inter aliosamong othersOften used to compress lists of parties to legal documents.inter arma enim silent legesin a time of war, the law falls silentSaid by Cicero in Pro Milone as a protest against unchecked political mobs that had virtually seized control of Rome in the 60s and 50s BC. Famously quoted in the essay Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau as "The clatter of arms drowns out the voice of the law".  This phrase has also been jokingly translated as "In a time of arms, the legs are silent."inter caeteraamong othersTitle of a papal bullinter spem et metumbetween hope and fearinter urinas et faeces nascimurwe are born between urine and faecesAttributed to St. Augustine.inter vivosbetween the livingSaid of property transfers between living persons, as opposed to inheritance; often relevant to tax laws.intra muroswithin the wallsThus, "not public". Source of the word intramural. See also Intramuros, Manila.intra vireswithin the powersThat is, "within the authority".invictus maneoI remain unvanquished Motto of the Armstrong Clan.Iohannes est nomen eiusJohn is his name / Juan es su NombreMotto of the Seal of the Commonwealth of Puerto Ricoipsa scientia potestas estknowledge itself is powerFamous phrase written by Sir Francis Bacon in 1597.ipse dixithe himself said itCommonly said in Medieval debates referring to Aristotle. Used in general to emphasize that some assertion comes from some authority, i.e., as an argument from authority, and the term ipse-dixitism has come to mean any unsupported rhetorical assertion that lacks a logical argument. Originally coined by Cicero in his De Natura Deorum (I, 10) to describe the behavior of the students of Pythagoras.ipsissima verbathe very words themselves"Strictly word for word" (cf. verbatim). Often used in Biblical Studies to describe the record of Jesus' teaching found in the New Testament (specifically, the four Gospels).ipsissima vocethe very 'voice' itselfTo approximate the main thrust or message without using the exact words.ipso factoby the fact itselfOr "by that very fact".ira deorumwrath of the godsLike the vast majority of inhabitants of the ancient world, the ancient Romans practiced pagan rituals, believing it important to achieve a state of pax deorum (peace of the gods) instead of ira deorum (wrath of the gods): earthquakes, floods, famine, etc.ira furor brevis estWrath (anger) is only a brief madnessita verothus indeedA useful phrase, as the Romans had no word for "yes", preferring to respond to questions with the affirmative or negative of the question (e.g., "Are you hungry?" was answered by "I am hungry" or "I am not hungry", not "Yes" or "No).ite missa estGo, it is the dismissalLoosely: "You have been dismissed". Concluding words addressed to the people in the Mass of the Roman Rite."Ite Missa Est" from the Catholic Encyclopediaiter legisThe path of the lawThe path a law takes from its conception to its implementation.iugulare mortuosto cut the throat of corpsesFrom Gerhard Gerhards' (1466–1536) [better known as Erasmus] collection of annotated Adagia (1508). It can mean attacking the work or personality of deceased person. Alternatively, it can be used to describe criticism of an individual already heavily criticised by others.iuncta iuvanttogether they strivealso spelled juncta juvant; from the legal principle quae non valeant singula, iuncta iuvant ("What is without value on its own, helps when joined")iura novit curiathe court knows the lawA legal principle in civil law countries of the Roman-German tradition that says that lawyers need not to argue the law, as that is the office of the court. Sometimes miswritten as iura novat curia (the court renews the laws).iure matrisin right of his motherIndicates a right exercised by a son on behalf of his mother.iure uxorisin right of his wifeIndicates a right exercised by a husband on behalf of his wife.iuris ignorantia est cum ius nostrum ignoramusit is ignorance of the law when we do not know our own rightsius accrescendiright of accrualCommonly referred to as "right of survivorship": a rule in property law that surviving joint tenants have rights in equal shares to a decedent's property.ius ad bellumlaw towards warRefers to the laws that regulate the reasons for going to war. Typically, this would address issues of self-defense or preemptive strikes.ius cogenscompelling lawRefers to a fundamental principle of international law considered to have acceptance among the international community of states as a whole. Typically, this would address issues not listed or defined by any authoritative body, but arise out of case law and changing social and political attitudes. Generally included are prohibitions on waging aggressive war, crimes against humanity, war crimes, piracy, genocide, slavery, and torture.ius in bellolaw in warRefers to the "laws" that regulate the conduct of combatants during a conflict. Typically, this would address issues of who or what is a valid target, how to treat prisoners, and what sorts of weapons can be used. The word jus is also commonly spelled ius.ius primae noctislaw of the first nightThe droit de seigneur.iustitia fundamentum regnijustice - fundamental of kingdomMotto of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office of the Czech Republic.iustitia omnibusjustice for allThe motto of Washington, D.C.iuventuti nil arduumto the young nothing is difficultMotto of Canberra Girls' Grammar School.iuventutis veho fortunasI bear the fortunes of youthMotto of Dollar Academy.

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