Castoreum

Castoreum is the liquid released from the castor sacs of the beaver. It is a yellowish liquid. It is mixed together with the beaver's urine. It is used to mark territory.Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication" Journal of Chemical Ecology, Volume 8, Number 5 / May, 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457–464, Plenum Press. Both male and female beavers have two castor sacs. They have two glands in two empty spaces under the skin. They are between the pelvis and the base of the tail.Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999). Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Springer, 1, 282. . The castor sacs are not glands.Svendsen G.E. & Huntsman W.D. 1988. A field assay of beaver castoreum and some of its components, American Midland Naturalist,  120, 1, pp. 144-149, University of Notre Dame.

Today, castoreum is used to trap animals. It is used also to make perfumes.International Perfume Museum, Grasse France, Website: http://www.museesdegrasse.com/MIP/fla_ang/mat_prem_10.shtml  It is also used as a drug.

 Uses 
 Castoreum in perfume 
Castoreum is used in perfume-making. It is used to describe the solution from the alcohol-tinted and dried beaver castor.Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrique," http://www.hyraceum.com Dried beaver castor sacs are aged for two or more years. They are aged to soften. They are also aged for their harshness to vanish. In the science of perfume, castoreum is mainly used as a smell for leather. It is often used with other ingredients. There are some classic perfumes that use castor. They are Emeraude, Coty Chanel Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Carven, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" perfumes.

 Castoreum in medicine 
Modern use of castoreum is rare in medicine. However, the dried pair of castors may still be worth more than the beaver's fur."Beaver casoreum"  (pdf file) Castoreum appeared in medicine until the 1700s. It was used to treat many different sicknesses. Some of the sicknesses it helped treat are headache, fever, and hysteria.Compare Boericke, Materia Medica. The Romans believed the smells made by burning castoreum could bring about an abortion.Müller-Schwarze, D. The beaver: natural history of a wetlands engineer 43 Lixing Sun. 2003 Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of seizures. Medieval beekeepers used it to make more honey.

 Other uses 
Castoreum is also used to add to the flavor and smell of cigarettes."What's Inside: For a Refreshing Hint of Tear Gas, Light Up a Cigarette"

 References 

 Other websites 
 The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum 
 http://www.hyraceum.com

Category:Chemicals