Motion blindness

Motion blindness (also called Akinetopsia)  is a medical condition (although not a medical condition that is currently recognized by the World Health Organization) in which a person cannot see objects that are moving even though they can see the objects that do not move. The condition seems to be very rare, and related to the nerves. It may also be psychological. There is currently no treatment for this condition. A lot of information about this condition comes from different case studies done between 1913 and 2003. Most of what is known is from a single patient, called LM. LM was a 43 year old woman who was treated in a hospital in 1978, after she had suffered a stroke. 

Currently, motion blindness is thought to be caused by a change to the regions of the brain that are responsible for sight. This change is usually a result of damage done to the brain, and affects the way the brain "decodes" visual information. It is possible that only "visual" motion processing is affected because this is done in a separate area of the brain, which is different from the area that does motion processing in general. The same can happen to the perception of color, that is the patient can have a form of color blindness, which is known as achromatopsia. Unlike most other forms of color blindness, which are caused by changes in the eye, this one is caused by changes in the brain. 

Characteristics
People who suffer from motion blindness have normal vision: They can see different objects sharply, can tell the distance between them (that one is farther away than the other) and they see the different colors the objects might have. This applies to shapes, objects and faces.Shipp, S.,  B.M. de Jong, J. Zihl, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and S. Zeki (1994) "The brain activity related to residual motion vision in a patient with bilateral lesions of V5" Brain 117, 1023-1038.  They do not, however, see the objects move. Besides simple perception, akinetopsia also disturbs motoric tasks which rely on visual perception, such as reaching for objectsSchenk, Thomas, Norbert Mai, Jochen Ditterich, Josef Zihl (2000) "Can a motion-blind patient reach for moving objects?". European Journal of Neuroscience 12, 3351-3360. and catching objects.Schenk, Thomas, Amanda Ellison, Nichola Rice, A. David Milner (2005) "The role of V5/MT+ in the control of catching movements: an rTMS study". Neuropsychologia 43, 189-198. When doing tasks, feedback of one's own motion appears to be important.

Patients with akinetopsia have problems with many tasks in their daily life. One patient, LM, described pouring a cup of tea or coffee difficult "because the fluid appeared to be frozen, like a glacier". She did not know when to stop pouring, because she could not perceive the movement of the fluid rising. LM and other patients have also complained of having trouble following conversations, because lip movements and changing facial expressions were missed.Pelak, Victoria S., William F. Hoyt (2005) "Symptoms of akinetopsia associated with traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's Disease". Neuro-Ophthalmology 29, 137-142. LM stated she felt insecure when more than two people were walking around in a room: "people were suddenly here or there but I have not seen them moving". LM and others have described crossing the street and driving cars to also be of great difficulty.Zihl, J, D von Cramon, N Mai (1983) "Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage". Brain 106, 313-340.

Causes
Currently, three conditions are known that cause motion blindness:
Damage done to the brain, in the posterior of the visual cortex. LM's brain was damaged on both sides, in a symmetrical way. 
The condition can be simulated with transcranial magnetic stimulation of the area known as V5 of the visual cortex, in healthy people.Beckers G. and S. Zeki (1995) "The consequences of inactivating areas V1 and V5 on visual motion perception". Brain 118, pg 49-60 1995. The effect is temporary and will only last for a short time
People suffering from Alzheimer's disease may also suffer from motion blindness.Rizzo, M., and M. Nawrot (1998) "Perception of movement and shape in Alzheimer's Disease" Brain 121, 2259-2270. This could add to their marked disorientation. While Pelak and Hoyt have recorded an Alzheimer's case study, there has not been much research done on the subject as of yet.

References

Category:Vision