Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse is a kind of child abuse when an adult or someone else with power (can also be a minor of any age) makes a child do any kind of sexual activities. In most cases, the position of power is important. The child is either unwilling or unable to consent. Children below the age of consent are unable to consent. In some cases activities such as  kissing and hugging may be included.Martin, J., Anderson, J., Romans, S., et al.  (1993). "Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey," Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 383-392.

Sexual abuse does emotional harm to children. Some of the effects do not show right away, and appear when the child has grown up.  These effects can include depression,Roosa M.W., Reinholtz C., Angelini P.J. (1999). "The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups,"  Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27(1):65-76. post-traumatic stress disorder,; lay summary anxiety,Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity ," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42. borderline personality disorder, a higher chance of later abuse,Terri L. Messman-Moore & Patricia J. Long, "Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment ," 15 Journal of Interpersonal Violence 489 (2000). and physical injury.Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, et al. (2000). "Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study. " Psychological Medicine, 30:41–52 Suicide is one of the effects with victims being six times more likely to commit suicide and eight times more likely to attempt suicide over and over again throughout their lives.

There are different types of offenders. When a child is sexually abused by a family member, it is called "incest," and causes even more serious long-term psychological trauma than abuse by a stranger, especially when the incest is done by a parent. Child sexual abuse may be committed by pedophiles (adults who are sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children) or by people who are not pedophiles; there are different reports on the number who are or are not pedophiles.

Child sexual abuse is not rare. Around a quarter of all women and a tenth of all men were sexually abused when they were children. Different places in the world have different rates of child sexual abuse. Disabled children are more likely to be sexually abused than non-disabled children. For most children who are sexually abused, the person who abused them is somebody that they know.  Around a third of child sexual abuse is by a relative of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins. Only around a tenth of child sexual abuse cases were abused by strangers, and the rest are other people whom the child knows such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors. Men are the offenders in most child sexual abuse; women are the offenders in around 10% of the cases.

 References 

 Further reading 




 Related pages 
Child pornography
Child abuse

 Other websites 


 Published articles 
 U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Executive Summary of the Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect,  1996. 
 Vigil, J. et al., A Life History Assessment of Early Childhood Sexual Abuse in Women,  Developmental Psychology, 2005.