Volcanic eruption

A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some of these "ejecta".

It is worth remembering that the Earth below its solid cruse is still very hot, even after its long existence (over 4,000 million years). 

Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and can kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

 Volcanic Explosivity Index 
The Volcanic Explosivity Index (commonly shortened VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions. It is used by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program to assess historic and prehistoric lava flows. It works in a way similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes: each interval in value is a tenfold increase in magnitude (it is logarithmic). Most volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2.

Volcanic eruptions by VEI index
 VEI Plume height Eruptive volume * Eruption type Frequency ** Example  0 <  Hawaiian Continuous Kīlauea 1   Hawaiian/Strombolian Months Stromboli 2   † Strombolian/Vulcanian Months Galeras (1992) 3   Vulcanian Yearly Nevado del Ruiz (1985) 4   Vulcanian/Peléan Few years Eyjafjallajökull (2010) 5 >  Plinian 5–10 years Mount St. Helens (1980) 6 >  Plinian/Ultra Plinian 1,000 years Krakatoa (1883) 7 >  Ultra Plinian 10,000 years Tambora (1815) 8 >  Supervolcanic 100,000 years Lake Toba (74 ka)  * This is the minimum eruptive volume necessary for the eruption to be considered within the category. ** Values are a rough estimate. Exceptions occur. † There is a discontinuity between the 2nd and 3rd VEI level; instead of increasing by a magnitude of 10, the value increases by a magnitude of 100 (from 10,000 to 1,000,000).


 Related pages 
 Volcanism
 Volcano