Langston Hughes

James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright and short story writer. Hughes was one of the writers and artists whose work was called the Harlem Renaissance.

Hughes grew up as a poor boy from Missouri, the descendant of African people who had been taken to America as slaves. At that time, the term used for African-Americans was "negro" which means a person with black skin. Most "negroes" did not remember or think about their link with the people of Africa, even though it was a big influence on their culture and, in particular, their music. Hughes was unusual for his time, because he went back to West Africa to understand more about his own culture. Through his poetry, plays, and stories, Hughes helped other black Americans to see themselves as part of a much bigger group of people, so that now the term "African-American" is used with pride.

Hughes became a famous writer, but all his life he remembered how he started out, and he helped and encouraged many other struggling writers.
 Life 
 Childhood 
Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1901 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were James Hughes and Carrie Langston Hughes who was a teacher. Langston's father, James Hughes, was so upset about the racism towards African-Americans that he left his family and moved to Mexico.West.Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, 2003, p.160 During his childhood, Hughes was cared for by his grandmother, in Lawrence, Kansas while his mother worked to support the family. Langston's grandmother was a great story teller. She told stories that made him feel proud to be an African-American.

After his grandmother died, Hughes and his mother moved about 12 times until settling in Cleveland, and then, as a teenager went to live in Lincoln, Illinois with his mother, who had remarried. He was often left alone because his mother was at work. Even though his childhood was difficult and had lots of changes, he was able to use these things in the poetry that he started to write while he was at school. He never forgot the stories of his grandmother and tried to help other African-Americans when they were having problems. These were the people that he later wrote about in his own stories.

When Hughes went to school in Lincoln, there were only two African-American children in the class. The teacher talked to them about poetry. She said that what a poem needed most was rhythm. Langston later said that he had rhythm in his blood because, "as everyone knows", all African-Americans have rhythm. The children made him the "class poet".Langston Hughes, Writer, 65, Dead. (May 23, 1967). The New York Times

At high school in Cleveland, Ohio, Langston learned to love reading. He loved the poetry of the American poets Paul Laurence Dunbar and Carl Sandburg. He wrote articles for the school newspaper, he edited the school yearbook and he wrote his first short stories and plays.

 Hughes' father and Columbia University 
When Langston Hughes was 17, he went to spend some time with his father in Mexico. He was so unhappy while he was there that he thought about committing suicide. Hughes could not understand how his father felt. He said: "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much!"Langston Hughes, The Big Sea (1940), pp.54-56

Hughes later wrote this poem: 

"The night is beautiful,
So the faces of my people.

The stars are beautiful,
So the eyes of my people

Beautiful, also, is the sun.
Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people."My People: First published as Poem in Crisis (Oct.1923), p. 162, and The Weary Blues (1926). The title My People was used in The Dream Keeper (1932) and the Selected Poems of Langston Hughes (1959). Rampersad, Arnold & Roessel, David (2002). In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. p.36 & p.623, Knopt.

When he was finished at high school in Lincoln in 1920, he went back to Mexico, to ask his father to pay for him to go to university. Hughes' father was a lawyer and a wealthy landowner. He could afford to send his son to university but he made difficulties about it. He said that Hughes could only go to university if he went overseas and studied engineering. Hughes wanted to go to a university in the US. After a time, they made an agreement that he should go to Columbia University but study engineering, not an arts degree. He went to Columbia in 1921 but left in 1922, partly because of the racism in the university.Rampersad.vol.1, 1986, p.56

 Adult life 
Until 1926 Hughes did many different types of work. In 1923 he went as a crewman on the ship "S.S.Malone" and went to West Africa and Europe. He left the ship and stayed for a short time in Paris where he joined several other African-Americans who were living there. In November 1924, Hughes returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in Washington, D.C.. In 1925 he got a job as an assistant to Carter G. Woodson who worked with the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Hughes did not enjoy his work because he did not have enough time to write, so he left and got a job as a "busboy", wiping tables and washing dishes at a hotel. Hughes is sometimes called "The Busboy Poet". Meanwhile, some of his poems were published in magazines and were being collected together for his first book of poetry. While he was working at the hotel he met the poet Vachel Lindsay, who helped to make Hughes known as a new African-American poet.

In 1926 Hughes began studying at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He had help from patrons, Amy Spingarn, who gave him $300 and "Godmother" Charlotte Osgood Mason.Rampersad. vol.1,1986,p.156 Hughes graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929 and became a Doctor of Letters in 1943. He was also given an honorary doctorate by Howard University. For the rest of his life, except when he travelled to the Caribbean or West Indies, Hughes lived in Harlem, New York.

Langston Hughes sometimes went out with women, but he never married. People who have studied his life and poetry are sure that he was homosexual. In the 1930s it was harder to be open about being gay than it is nowadays. His poetry has lots of symbols which are used by other homosexual writers. Hughes thought that men who had very dark skin were particularly beautiful. It seems from his poetry that he was in love with an African-American man. He also wrote a story which might tell of his own experience. Blessed Assurance is the story of a father's anger because his son is "queer" and acts like a girl.Nero, Charles I. (1997). "Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures." In Martin Duberman (Ed.), Re/Membering Langston, p.192. New York University PressYale Symposium, Was Langston Gay? commemorating the 100th birthday of Hughes in 2002Schwarz, pp.68-88

Hughes' life and work were an important part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas, who together started a magazine Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists. Hughes and these friends did not always agree with the ideas of some of the other African-American writers who were also part of the Harlem Renaissance because they thought their ideas were Middle class and that they treated others who had darker skin, less education and less money with discrimination.Berry, 1983 & 1992, p.60 All his life, Hughes never forgot the lessons that he learned about poor and uneducated African-Americans in the stories that his grandmother told.

In 1960, the NAACP awarded Hughes the "Spingarn Medal" for "distinguished achievements by an African American". Hughes became a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1961. In 1973, an award was named after him, the "Langston Hughes Medal", awarded by the City College of New York.

Hughes became a famous American poet, but he was always ready to help other people, particularly young black writers. He was worried that many young writers hated themselves, and expressed these feelings to the world. He tried to help people feel pride, and not worry about the prejudice of other people. He also tried to help young African-Americans not to express hatred and prejudice towards white Americans.

Hughes wrote: 

"The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express
our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame.
If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not,
it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too.
The tom-tom cries, and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people
are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure
doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow,
strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain
free within ourselves."
(A tom-tom is an African drum)

 Death 
On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in New York City at the age of 65 after having surgery for prostate cancer. His ashes are buried under the floor of the Langston Hughes Auditorium in the Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem.Whitaker, Charles.Ebony magazine In Langston Hughes:100th birthday celebration of the poet of Black America. April 2002. Over his ashes is a circle with an African design called "Rivers." At the centre of the design are words from a poem by Hughes: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers."

The Negro speaks of Rivers

I've known rivers:
I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the
flow of human blood in human veins.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young.
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep.
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it.
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln
went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy
bosom turn all golden in the sunset.

I've known rivers:
Ancient, dusky rivers.My soul has grown deep like the rivers.The Negro Speaks of Rivers: First published in Crisis (June 1921), p.17. Included in The Weary Blues, Langston Hughes Reader, and Selected Poems. In The Weary Blues, the poem is dedicated to W.E.B. Du Bois. The dedication does not appear in later printings of the poem. Hughes' first and last published poems appeared in The Crisis; more of his poems appeared in The Crisis than in any other journal. Rampesad, Arnold & Roessel, David (2002). In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. p.23 & p.620, Knopf

 Works by Langston Hughes 
 Poetry 
 The Weary Blues. Knopf, 1926
 Fine Clothes to the Jew. Knopf, 1927
 The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931
 Dear Lovely Death, 1931
 The Dream Keeper and Other Poems. Knopf, 1932
 Scottsboro Limited: Four Poems and a Play. N.Y.: Golden Stair Press, 1932
 Shakespeare in Harlem. Knopf, 1942
 Freedom's Plow. 1943
 Fields of Wonder. Knopf,1947
 One-Way Ticket. 1949
 Montage of a Dream Deferred. Holt, 1951
 Selected Poems of Langston Hughes. 1958
 Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz. Hill & Wang, 1961
 The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Times, 1967
 The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. Knopf, 1994
 Let America Be America Again 2005

 Fiction 
 Not Without Laughter. Knopf, 1930
 The Ways of White Folks. Knopf, 1934
 Simple Speaks His Mind. 1950
 Laughing to Keep from Crying, Holt, 1952
 Simple Takes a Wife. 1953
 Sweet Flypaper of Life, photographs by Roy DeCarava. 1955
 Simple Stakes a Claim. 1957
 Tambourines to Glory (book), 1958
 The Best of Simple. 1961
 Simple's Uncle Sam. 1965
 Something in Common and Other Stories. Hill & Wang, 1963
 Short Stories of Langston Hughes. Hill & Wang, 1996

 Non-fiction 
 The Big Sea. New York: Knopf, 1940
 Famous American Negroes. 1954
 Marian Anderson: Famous Concert Singer. 1954
 I Wonder as I Wander. New York: Rinehart & Co., 1956
 A Pictorial History of the Negro in America, with Milton Meltzer. 1956
 Famous Negro Heroes of America. 1958
 Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP. 1962

 Major plays 
 Mule Bone, with Zora Neale Hurston. 1931
 Mulatto. 1935 (renamed The Barrier, an opera, in 1950)
 Troubled Island, with William Grant Still. 1936
 Little Ham. 1936
 Emperor of Haiti. 1936
 Don't You Want to be Free? 1938
 Street Scene (opera)|Street Scene, contributed lyrics. 1947
 Tambourines to glory. 1956
 Simply Heavenly. 1957
 Black Nativity. 1961
 Five Plays by Langston Hughes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963.
 Jericho-Jim Crow. 1964

 Works for children 
 Popo and Fifina, with Arna Bontemps. 1932
 The First Book of the Negroes. 1952
 The First Book of Jazz. 1954
 The First Book of Rhythms. 1954
 The First Book of the West Indies. 1956
 First Book of Africa. 1964

 Other 
 The Langston Hughes Reader. New York: Braziller, 1958.
 Good Morning Revolution: Uncollected Social Protest Writings by Langston Hughes. Lawrence Hill, 1973.
 The Collected Works of Langston Hughes''. Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2001.

 Notes 

 References 
 The references which follow are those used in the writing of the original article.
 Aldrich, Robert (2001). Who's Who in Gay & Lesbian History. Routledge. 
 Bernard, Emily (2001). Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925-1964. Knopf. 
 Berry, Faith (1983.1992,). Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem. In On the Cross of the South, p. 150; & Zero Hour, p. 185-186. Citadel Press 
 Hughes, Langstong (2001). Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights (Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Vol 10). In Christorpher C. DeSantis (Ed). Introduction, p. 9. University of Missouri Press 
 Hutson, Jean Blackwell; & Nelson, Jill (February 1992). "Remembering Langston". Essence magazine, p. 96.
 Joyce, Joyce A. (2004). A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes. In Steven C. Tracy (Ed.), Hughes and Twentieth-Century Genderracial Issues, p. 136. Oxford University Press 
 Nero, Charles I. (1997).Queer Reprensentations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. In Martin Duberman (Ed.), Re/Membering Langston, p. 192. New York University Press 
 Nero, Charles I. (1999).Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. In Larry P. Gross & James D. Woods (Eds.), In Free Speech or Hate Speech: Pornography and its Means of Production, p. 500. Columbia University Press 
 Nichols, Charles H. (1980). Arna Bontempts-Langston Hughes Letters, 1925-1967. Dodd, Mead & Company. 
 Hans Ostrom|Ostrom, Hans (1993). Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne. 
 Hans Ostrom|Ostrom, Hans (2002). A Langston Hughes Encyclopedia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. 
 Arnold Rampersad|Rampersad, Arnold (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes Volume 1: I, Too, Sing America. Oxford University Press 
 Arnold Rampersad|Rampersad, Arnold (1988). The Life of Langston Hughes Volume 2: I Dream A World. In Ask Your Mama!, p. 336. Oxford University Press 
 Schwarz, Christa A.B. (2003). Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. In Langston Hughes: A "true 'people's poet",pp. 68–88. Indiana University Press 
 West, Sandra L. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. In Aberjhani & Sandra West (Ed.), Langston Hughes, p. 162. Checkmark Press 

Related pages
 Harlem Renaissance
List of poets from North America

 Other websites 

 Poems by Langston Hughes at PoetryFoundation.org
 A selection of Langston Hughes's more political poetry
 The Negro Artist and The Racial Mountain by Langston Hughes
 Beinecke Library,Yale University, Langston Hughes at 100 
 Langston Hughes in Lawrence, KS: Photographs & Biographical Resources
 Phat African American Poetry Book
 Langston Hughes Papers on deposit at Yale 
 America's Library, Library of Congress, Langston Hughes 
 I Hear America Singing, PBS.ORG 
 Obituary of Langston Hughes, The New York Times 
 Atrium where the ashes of Langston Hughes reside in the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem
 List of previewable works on Google Book Search by and concerning Langston Hughes

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