John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist. His ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a big impact on modern economic and political theory. His ideas also had a big impact on many governments' tax and economic policies. He said governments should use tax and banking measures to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is one of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics.

 Biography 
 Personal and marital life 
John Maynard Keynes was born at 7 Melville Road, Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University. His mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. His younger brother, Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a surgeon and bibliophile (book lover). His younger sister Margaret (1890–1974) married the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill.

Keynes first went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902. At first he studied mathematics. Later he studied economics under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. People think Professor Marshall prompted Keynes to change his studies from mathematics and classics to economics. Keynes received his B.A. in 1905 and his M.A. in 1908.

When Keynes was young, he had romantic and sexual relationships with men. One of his great loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908. Keynes was also involved with the writer Lytton Strachey. Keynes appeared to turn away from homosexual relationships around the time of the first World War. In 1918, he met Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina. Keynes and Lopokova married in 1925.

Keynes was a successful investor and he built up a big fortune. He nearly lost all of his money after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Later he re-built his fortune.

He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers.

Bertrand Russell said Keynes was the most intelligent person he had ever known. Lord Russell said: "Every time I argued with Keynes, I felt that I took my life in my hands, and I seldom emerged without feeling something of a fool".

 Career 
John Maynard Keynes got a job as a lecturer in economics at Cambridge University. The job was paid for by Alfred Marshall. Soon after, he was chosen to be on the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance. This allowed him to use his economic ideas in real life.

During World War I he worked for the Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to the Treasury on Financial and Economic Questions.

Keynes also attended the Conference on the Versailles Treaty to end World War I. He wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919, and A Revision of the Treaty in 1922. In his books he said that the reparations which Germany was being made to pay would ruin the German economy and would lead to further fighting in Europe. These predictions were shown to be true when the German economy suffered in the hyperinflation of 1923. Reparations were only completed in 2010.

Keynes's magnum opus (Latin for "Great Work", meaning his most famous book) was the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The General Theory was published in 1936. The ideas in that book were very different from classical economics.

Historians agree that Keynes influenced U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal, but disagree as to what extent. Spending more than the government earned in taxes (called deficit spending) was used in the New Deal from 1938. But the idea had been agreed to by President Herbert Hoover. Few senior economists in the U.S. agreed with Keynes in the 1930s. With time, however, his ideas became more widely accepted.

In 1942, Keynes was raised to the House of Lords. He became Baron Keynes of Tilton in the County of Sussex. When he sat in the House of Lords he was a Liberal member.

During World War II, Keynes wrote a book titled How to Pay for the War. He said the war effort should be paid for by higher taxes. He did not like deficit spending because he wanted to avoid inflation.

 Death 
Keynes died of a heart attack at his holiday home in Tilton, East Sussex. His heart problems were made worse by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. He died soon after he arranged a guarantee of an Anglo-American loan to Great Britain. Keynes' father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (born 1919) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. Keynes did not have children.

 Bibliography 
 1915 The Economics of War in Germany
 1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace
 Essays in Persuasion
 A Treatise On Probability
 Tract on Monetary Reform
 The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

 Influences on Keynes' works 
These people influenced Keynes:
 Knut Wicksell
 Arthur C. Pigou
 Alfred Marshall
 Adam Smith
 David Ricardo
 Dennis Robertson
 Karl Marx
 Thomas Malthus
 Michal Kalecki

Related pages

 Keynesian economics or Keynesianism
 Michał Kalecki
 Simon Kuznets
 Paul Samuelson
 John Hicks
 John Kenneth Galbraith
 G.L.S. Shackle
 Silvio Gesell

 References 

 General sources 
 The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By, Bernard C. Beaudreau, iUniverse, 2006, 
 Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Milo Keynes (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, 
 The Life of John Maynard Keynes, R. F. Harrod, London, Macmillan, 1951, 
 "Keynes, John Maynard," Don Patinkin, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, 1987, pp. 19–41. Macmillan  (US Edition: )
 John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1992,  (US Edition: )
 John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994,  (US Edition: )
 The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 
 John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946 (published in the United States as Fighting for Freedom), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001,  (US Edition: )
 Lytton Strachey, Michael Holroyd, 1995, 

 Other websites 
 Bio, bibliography, and links 

 The Keynesian Revolution 
 Bio at Time 100 - the most important people of the century 
 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace  (1919)
 John Maynard Keynes, The end of laissez-faire  (1926)
 John Maynard Keynes, An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (1933)
 John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)
 Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society
 Short bio with birth location 
 Escoffier, Jeffrey. "Keynes, John Maynard." In Glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc.: Chicago, 2004. 
 Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman   by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998-2007 )
 Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet  by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( June 6, 1998 )
 Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline

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