English literature

The term English literature means literature written in the English language. English is a language known by many millions of people. They can read literary works from any country in an English translation.

English literature began in Old English with the epic poem Beowulf, which dates from sometime between the 8th to the 11th centuries. It is not written in language people can understand today, but there are several good translations into modern English. It is the most famous work in Old English, despite being set in Scandinavia. The poem is written with no rhymes but with alliteration.Alliterative verse at Encyclopaedia Britannica. The next important landmark is the works of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400), especially The Canterbury Tales. That is in Middle English, from 1066 to the middle/late 1400s. Chaucer introduced into English poetry rhyme royal, which is a seven-line stanza rhymed ababbcc.James Wilson Bright, Raymond Durbin Miller, The Elements of English Versification, Boston 1910. s. 113.Rhyme royal at Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Modern English literature began in the 16th century. Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey wrote the first English sonnets.Sonnet at Encyclopaedia Britannica. Howard also invented blank verse.Blank Verse at Encyclopaedia Britannica. Edmund Spenser wrote The Faerie Queene, a long epic poem, while Philip Sidney wrote a sequence of sonnets Astrophel and Stella.
The next stage is Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, William Shakespeare and John Milton, sometimes described as Early Modern English (1470 to 1650).
Shakespeare is the author of the most famous sentence written in English: To be, or not to be, that is the question. It is the first line of Prince Hamlet's monologue from drama The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that was published in 1603.
The King James Version of the Bible was published in 1611.Christianity Today. John BunyanJohn Bunyan at Christianity Today. wrote The Pilgrim's Progress which is one of the most popular books ever published.
In the 18th century, the first modern novels were written by Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Laurence Sterne and Horace Walpole.
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats,Jane Austen, Emily Brontë, Charles Dickens, Robert Browning, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, D.H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf and Ted Hughes are all important English writers in modern English.

T.S. Eliot was perhaps the most important poet in 20th century who wrote in English. His best known work is the poem The Waste Land that was published in 1922.T.S. Eliot at Biography.com. Another book by him was The Four Quartets. The poet himself regarded it as his best work.

Not all English literature was written by writers born in England. English literature includes all the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Hilaire Belloc was French, Emma Lazarus was Jewish, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V. S. Naipaul is Trinidadian, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. The greatest Portuguese poet of the 20th century, Fernando Pessoa wrote some poems in English, too.Fernando Pessoa at Poetry Foundation.

Outline
 Old English
 Beowulf
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
 The Battle of Maldon
 The Wanderer
 The Seafarer
 Middle English
 Ormulum
 Layamon's Brut
 Pearl (poem)
 Patience (poem)
 Cleanness
 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
 Piers Plowman
 Kildare Poems
 The Canterbury Tales
 English Renaissance (1500–1660)
 Elizabethan period (1558–1603)
 Poetry
 Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene
 Sir Philip Sidney: Astrophel and Stella, The Defence of Poetry, and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.
 John Donne
 Drama
 Thomas Kyd: The Spanish Tragedy (1592)
 Sackville and Norton: Gorboduc (1561)
 William Shakespeare
 Christopher Marlowe
 Ben Jonson
 Thomas Dekker
 John Fletcher
 Francis Beaumont
 Jacobean period (1603–1625)
 Drama
 Ben Jonson (1572–1637): Volpone (1605 or 1606) and Bartholomew Fair (1614).
 Beaumont and Fletcher: The Knight of the Burning Pestle.
 John Webster (c. 1580 – c. 1632): The White Devil (1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (1613).
 Thomas Middleton and William Rowley: The Changeling
 Poetry
 George Chapman (c. 1559 – c. 1634): Translated Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into English verse.
 Shakespeare's sonnets
 Metaphysical poets: John Donne (1572–1631), George Herbert (1593–1633), Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, and Richard Crashaw.
 Prose
 The most important prose work of the early 17th century was the King James Bible.
 Late Renaissance (1625–1660)
 Poetry
 Second generation of Metaphysical poets: Richard Crashaw (1613–1649), Andrew Marvell (1621–1678), Thomas Traherne (1636 or 1637–1674) and Henry Vaughan (1622–1695).
 The Cavalier poets: Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew and Sir John Suckling.
 John Milton (1608–1674): L'Allegro (1631), Il Penseroso (1634), the masque Comus (1638) and Lycidas (1638).
 Restoration Age (1660–1700)
 Poetry
 John Milton: Paradise Lost (1667).
 John Dryden (1631–1700): MacFlecknoe (1682).
 Alexander Pope (1688–1744).
 Prose
 John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress.
 Aphra Behn: Oroonoko (1688).
 Drama
 John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etherege
 William Congreve: The Way of the World (1700)
 John Vanbrugh's The Relapse (1696)
 The Provoked Wife (1697)
 18th century
 Augustan literature (1700–1745)
 Poetry
 James Thomson: The Seasons (1728–30)
 Edward Young (1681–1765): Night Thoughts (1742)
 Alexander Pope (1688–1744): Rape of the Lock (1712–17) and The Dunciad (1728–43)
 Drama
 George Lillo and Richard Steele
 Colley Cibber and John Rich
 John Gay: The Beggar's Opera
 Prose
 Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe (1719).
 Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels
 Henry Fielding (1707–1754)
 Samuel Richardson (1689–1761): Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740)
 Henry Fielding: Joseph Andrews (1742) and Shamela (1741).
 Tobias Smollett: Roderick Random (1748) and Peregrine Pickle (1751).
 Age of Sensibility (1745–1798)
 Samuel Johnson (1709–1784): A Dictionary of the English Language 
 Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774): The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), The Deserted Village (1770), The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1773)
 Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816): The Rivals (1775) and The School for Scandal
 Laurence Sterne (1713–1768): Tristram Shandy
 Frances Burney (1752–1840): Evelina.
 Graveyard poets:
 Thomas Gray (1716–1771): Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1751)
 Edward Young (1683–1765), The Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality (1742–45)
 James Thomson (1700–1748)
 James Macpherson (1736–1796)
 Edmund Burke: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
 Gothic fiction:
 Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto (1764)
 Ann Radcliffe: The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel.
 Mary Shelley (1797–1851): Frankenstein (1818)
 Romanticism (1798–1837)
 Poetry
 First generation:
 William Blake: Songs of Innocence (1789) and Songs of Experience (1794).
 Lake Poets:
 William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (1798)
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)
 Robert Southey (1774–1843)
 Thomas de Quincey (1785–1859): Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821)
 Walter Scott (1771–1832).
 Second generation:
 Lord Byron (1788–1824)
 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822): Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Adonais, Queen Mab
 Felicia Hemans (1793–1835)
 John Keats (1795–1821): "Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode on a Grecian Urn", and "To Autumn".
 Novel
 Sir Walter Scott: Waverley
 Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1815).
 Victorian literature (1837–1901)
 Novel
 Benjamin Disraeli: Sybil, or The Two Nations (1845)
 Charles Kingsley's Alton Locke (1849)
 Charles Dickens (1812–1870)
 William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–1863): Vanity Fair (1847).
 The Brontë sisters, Emily, Charlotte and Anne:
 Jane Eyre (1847) by Charlotte Brontë
 Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë
 The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Brontë
 Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865)
 Anthony Trollope (1815–1882)
 George Eliot, pen name of Mary Ann Evans: Middlemarch (1871–72)
 George Meredith (1828–1909): The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859), and The Egoist (1879)
 Thomas Hardy (1840–1928),: The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891).
 George Gissing (1857–1903): New Grub Street (1891).
 John Ruskin: The King of the Golden River (1841)
 George MacDonald (1824–1905): The Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes (1858)
 William Morris (1834–1896)]
 Wilkie Collins: The Moonstone (1868).
 Robert Louis Stevenson: Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886), and Kidnapped (1886).
 Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936): Plain Tales from the Hills, The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales, Soldiers Three, and Barrack-Room Ballads.
 H. G. Wells's (1866–1946): The Time Machine (1895), The War of the Worlds (1898) and Kipps (1905).
 Genre fiction
 Sheridan Le Fanu: Uncle Silas (1865), and Carmilla (1872)
 Bram Stoker: Dracula (1897)
 Arthur Conan Doyle: Sherlock Holmes
 H. Rider Haggard: King Solomon's Mines, in 1885. Contemporary European politics and diplomatic maneuverings informed *** Anthony Hope: The Prisoner of Zenda (1894)
 Children's literature
 Lewis Carroll: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass
 Robert Louis Stevenson: Treasure Island (1883).
 Rudyard Kipling: The Jungle Book, The Second Jungle Book, Kim and Captains Courageous.
 Beatrix Potter: The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902)
 Poetry
 Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892)
 Robert Browning (1812–1889)
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61)
 Matthew Arnold (1822–1888).
 Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882), who founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais.
 Arthur Clough (1819–1861)
 George Meredith (1828–1909)
 Yellow Book poets: Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Symons
 Rhymers' Club group: Ernest Dowson, Lionel Johnson and Irishman William Butler Yeats
 A.E. Housman: 'A Shropshire Lad (1896)
 W.S. Gilbert (1836–1911) and Sir Arthur Sullivan: H.M.S. Pinafore, and The Pirates of Penzance.
 Gerard Manley Hopkins: (1844–1889) Poems Drama
 James Planché
 Thomas William Robertson
 Gilbert and Sullivan: H.M.S. Pinafore (1878)
 Alfred Cellier and B.C. Stephenson 'Dorothy (1886)
 George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950)
 Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)
 Harold Pinter

 References 

 Bibliography 
 Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, Introduction to the History of English Literature (1863).

 Other websites 
 A Website of the Romantic Movement in English Literature 
 Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485) 
 Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603) 
 Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660) 
 BritishLit.com
 Norton Anthology of English Literature 
 A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology  Ed. José Ángel García Landa, (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
 Groves of Academe A literary theory and criticism discussion board