Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan: (བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།;) are Buddhist teachings from Tibet. It encompasses all three vehicles but mainly Vajrayana and Mahayana Buddhism. The other two are Han Buddhism and Theravada. It is most widely practiced around the Himalayas, Central Asia, and Siberia. 

It includes all of the Buddhist teachings (or "three vehicles"). All traditions of Tibetan Buddhism practice the vows of moral discipline (Pratimoksha) of the hearer's vehicle (Shrāvakayāna); the vows of universal liberation or Bodhisattva vow and philosophy of the great vehicle (Mahāyāna); and the pledges and special methods of the secret mantra vehicle or Vajrayāna. 

 History 
In the 7th century, Songtsen Gampo married two Buddhists: Tang Dynasty Princess Wencheng and Nepali Princess Bhrikuti. They helped spread Buddhist teachings to Tibet. Buddhism was merged with local Bön religions of the Zhangzhung to create a new kind of Buddhism: Tibetan Buddhism. The Tibetans also began translating texts from SanskritBerzin, Alexander, A Survey of Tibetan History and Chinese; and began writing some of their own texts. In the 8th century, an Indian teacher called Padmasambhava brought some more Buddhism while Trisong Detsen was king of Tibet. He also wrote a number of important texts. 

In the 11th century, Tibetan Buddhism strong influenced the peoples of Central Asia, Mongolia and Manchuria. It was very popular during the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty of China.

 Schools of Tibetan Buddhism 
Tibetan Buddhism has four main schools. Two of these schools hold practice as more important and two hold scholasticism (study of philosophy) more important. The four schools are:
 Nyingma, The Ancient Ones, the oldest and original order founded by Padmasambhava. This school is of the practice tradition.
 Kagyu, Oral Lineage, has one major subsect (Dagpo Kagyu) and one minor subsect (Shangpa Kagyu). This school is of the practice tradition.
 Sakya, Grey Earth, headed by the Sakya Trizin, founded by Khon Konchog Gyalpo, a disciple of the great translator Drokmi Lotsawa. This school is of the scholarly tradition.
 Gelug, Way of Virtue, also known as Yellow Hats, whose spiritual head is the Ganden Tripa and whose temporal head is the Dalai Lama, who was ruler of Tibet from the mid-17th to mid-20th centuries. This school is of the scholarly tradition.

NyingmaKagyuSakyaGelugJonangOld Translation New TranslationNew TranslationNew TranslationNew TranslationDeveloped in the 8th centuryTransmitted by Marpa in the 11th century. Dagpo Kagyu was founded in the 12th century by Gampopa.Sakya Monastery founded in 1073.Dates to 1409 with the founding of Ganden monasteryDates to the 12th centuryRed HatRed HatRed HatYellow HatRed HatEmphasizes Dzogchen and its textsEmphasizes Mahamudra and the Six Dharmas of NaropaFavor the Hevajra Tantra as the basis of their Lamdre systemFocuses on Guhyasamāja Tantra, the Cakrasamvara Tantra, and the Kalacakra TantraFocuses on Kalacakra Tantra and RatnagotravibhāgaKey lineage figures are Śāntarakṣita, Garab Dorje, Vimalamitra, Padmasambhava, and Longchenpa.Key lineage figures are Maitripada, Naropa, Tilopa, Marpa, Milarepa, and Gampopa.Key lineage figures are Naropa and Ratnākaraśānti, the founder Drogmi, Khon Konchog Gyalpo, Sakya Pandita and Gorampa.Key lineage figures are Atisa, his disciple Dromtön, the founder of Gelug, Je Tsongkhapa, and the Dalai Lamas.Key lineage figures are Yumo Mikyo Dorje, Dolpopa and Taranatha

 Teachings
Some of the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism are Mahamudra, the Six Yogas of Naropa, and Dzogchen.

 Language 
Classical Tibetan is the main language for Tibetans. But texts have also been translated into Mongolian,  Manchu, and Chinese.Orzech, Charles D. (general editor), 2011. Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill, p. 540.

Monasteries (places of worship)
Monasticism was the foundation of Buddhism in Tibet. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, however nearly all of these were destroyed by  Chinese Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. Most of the major monasteries have been at least partly restored while many others remain in ruins.

Today
Today, Tibetan Buddhism has spread throughout the Eastern world excluding Southeast Asia. It is practiced in the Tibetan Plateau, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Siberia, Russian Far East, northeast China, Arunachal Pradesh. It is the state religion of Bhutan.The 2007 U.S. State Department report on religious freedom in Bhutan notes that "Mahayana Buddhism is the state religion..." and that the Bhutanese government supports both the Kagyu and Nyingma sects. State.gov The Indian regions of Sikkim, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal are also home to large Tibetan Buddhist populations. There are also communities in South India.Samuel 2012, p. 240. 

Tibetan Buddhism has expanded to the West and throughout the world. Celebrity practitioners include Brandon Boyd, Richard Gere, Adam Yauch, Jet Li, Jackie Chan, Sharon Stone, Allen Ginsberg, Philip Glass, Mike Barson and Steven Seagal. 

Related pages
Dalai Lama

References
Notes

Sometimes called "Hinayana" or Fundamental Vehicle

Citations

 Other websites 
 The Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library 
 The Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center
 Famous Monasteries of Tibet 
 Tibetan Buddhism: History and the Four Traditions 
 Lotsawa House | Tibetan Buddhist Texts | Translations 
Tibetan Buddhism in the West by Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche 
Shambhala Sun - Tibetan Buddhism 
Documentary feature film about how to follow a Vajrayana Buddhist teacher 
 LamRim.com - Tibetan Buddhist Internet Radio
 Tibetan buddhist temple in Japan 

Category:Buddhism
Category:Tibetan Buddhism