Morphine

Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a strong opiate pain killer drug. It is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. Like other opioids, e.g. diacetylmorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular. Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical-mental dependences develop very rapidly. 

Patients on morphine sometimes say they have insomnia, visual hallucinations and nightmares; Waller SL, Bailey M. Hallucinations during morphine administration. Lancet. 1987 Oct 3;2(8562):801.  if these occur then reduction in dosage or switch to an alternative opioid analgesic should be considered.

The word "morphine" is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.

 Medical uses 
Morphine is used legally: 
 As a pain killer in hospital settings for
 treating pain after surgery
 relieving pain associated with trauma
 In the relief of severe chronic pain, e.g.
 Cancer pain
 Pain from kidney stones
 Back pain
 As an adjunct to general pain killers
 In epidural anesthesia or intrathecal analgesia 
 For palliative care (i.e. to lessen pain without curing the underlying reason for it. This is often done for patients with incurable diseases)
 As a medication for severe cough
 In nebulised form, for treatment of dyspnoea. The evidence for efficacy is slim . Evidence is better for other routes .
 As an antidiarrheal in chronic conditions (e.g., for diarrhea associated with AIDS), although loperamide (a non-absorbed opioid acting only on the gut) is the most commonly used opioid for diarrhea.
 Morphine was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, which is generally believed to be the first ever isolation of a natural plant alkaloid in history. Sertürner began distributing it in 1817, and Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. At the time, Merck was a single small chemists' shop. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1857. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus (Greek: Μορφεύς), for its tendency to cause sleep.[2] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3]

References

Category:Opioids
Category:Analgesics
Category:4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Category:Alcohols