Islamic calendar

The Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar () is a calendar. It is used to determine Islamic holidays in most of Islam. It is a lunar calendar: it uses the phases of the Moon (rather than the Earth's orbit of the Sun) to count the passing of time. Its year has 12 months of 29 or 30 days, and lasts a total of 354 or 355 days. This means that each year of the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar such as the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called hijra years, because the first year of the calendar when the hijra occurred, that is when Prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina.

The current Islamic Calendar year is 1445 AH (AH =  = Year of the Hijra.)

Two Islamic countries (Iran and Afghanistan) use a different calendar, the Solar Hijri Calendar ("SH").

Months
The timing of the months in the Islamic calendar is determined by direct observation of the Moon. A new month can only begin after a "waxing crescent Moon" is observed shortly after sunset. The "waxing crescent Moon" is the phase of the Moon which starts right after a New Moon. A lunar month (one new moon to the next) lasts a little over 29.5 days. For convenience, a month is the Islamic calendar is either 29 days or 30 days, one after the other. So a 29-day month is followed by a 30-day month (29+30 is the same as 29.5+29.5). In most years, that means that a year of 12 calendar months last 354 days. But that "a little over" is 44 minutes every month so, to keep the calendar in step with reality, an extra day is needed nearly every third year, so these years are 355 days long.Emile Biémont, Rythmes du temps, Astronomie et calendriers, De Borck, 2000, 393p. 

Whether or not the first crescent moon is actually visible differs by location. For desert communities, cloud-cover is rarely a problem but that is not true for people who live in the rain forest. One option is to use the tabular Islamic calendar, which predicts the moment of waxing crescent moon assuming perfect visibility. This method is used routinely by some Islamic communities but regarded by others as just an aid to securing a successful observation.

The commencement of Islamic months occurs at sunset on the first day, coinciding with the visual sighting of the lunar crescent. Lasting approximately 354 days, the lunar year causes the months to cycle in reverse through the seasons, without adherence to the fixed dates of the Gregorian calendar. The months of the Islamic year are:

 Months Number  Month namein English  MeaningDays 1  Muḥarram  forbidden29 2  Safar  void30 3  Rabīʿ al-Awwal  the first spring29 4  Rabīʿ al-Thānī or Rabī’ al-Ākhir  the second spring30 5  Jumādá al-Ūlá  the first of dry land29 6  Jumādá al-Ākhirah  the last of dry land30 7  Rajab  honour29 8  Sha‘bān  scattered29 9  Ramaḍān  burning heat30 10  Shawwāl  raised29 11  Dhū al-Qa‘dah  the one of sitting29 12  Dhū al-Ḥijjah  the one of pilgrimage (Hajj)30

 References 

 Other websites 
 Islamic Calendar
 Islamic-Western Calendar Converter (Based on the Arithmetical or Tabular Calendar)

Category:Calendars
Category:Islamic calendar