Nanjing Massacre

During the Nanjing Massacre in December 1937 and January 1938, the Imperial Japanese Army killed up to 300,000 Chinese people in Nanjing, China. Japanese soldiers committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during the massacre, including the rape of around 20,000 peoplep.1012.

The Nanjing Massacre happened during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which was the part of World War II fought between China and Japan. At the time, Japan was trying to take over China and Nanjing was the Chinese capital city. The Japanese Army reached Nanjing on 13 December 1937. The army's commander, Matsui Iwane, ordered the Japanese soldiers to destroy Nanjing.

Following these orders, the Japanese Army massacred Chinese people who were not soldiers and captured Chinese soldiers who did not have weapons. Japanese soldiers used extreme cruelty when killing, and also tortured and mutilated many people. They also forced people to work without pay, looted the city, and destroyed over a third of its buildings.

There is a lot of evidence about what happened during the Nanjing Massacre. It includes evidence from Chinese people and officials; from outsiders who were in Nanjing; from people who have studied the massacre; and from the Japanese themselves. It also includes the orders from Japanese Army leaders instructing soldiers to commit the massacre. The Nanjing Massacre was so bad that some call it a genocide (trying to wipe out an entire group of people).

The memory of the Nanjing Massacre still causes difficulty between the Chinese and Japanese governments and between Chinese and Japanese people. So do attempts to deny that the massacre happened, or to honor the soldiers who led it at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo.

Names

The Nanjing Massacre is also known as the . It was known at the time as the  or the . The name of Nanjing has not changed: it was  then and now, but people have changed the way they spell the sounds of Chinese names using the Latin alphabet. "Nanking" was the spelling used by the Postal Map, which usually tried to spell words the way local people said them around the year 1900. "Nanjing" is the pinyin spelling, which spells words the way they should sound in Mandarin Chinese.

The Mandarin Chinese name for the Nanjing Massacre is the Nánjīng Dàtúshā, which means the same thing. (Part-by-part, dàtúshā could mean "a big butchering and killing" but, taken all together, it is just the Chinese word for "massacre".) It is written  in traditional Chinese writing and  in the easier Chinese writing now used by mainland China and Singapore. 

The Japanese sometimes use similar names but often prefer to call it the Nankin Jiken, which just means "The Thing that Happened in Nanjing". It is written  in Japanese writing.

 The massacre 
The Nanjing Massacre lasted over six weeks. During this time, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army:Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999). The Massacre in History. Berghahn Books. pp. 223–224. .Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2008). Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood. pp. 298–299. .Chang, Iris (2007). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Penguin Books. p. 6. . 
 murdered Chinese civilians;
 murdered Chinese soldiers who had given up their weapons;
 stole and looted whatever they wanted;
 set buildings on fire to destroy them; and
 raped and tortured children and adults.

Mass murder of civilians

During the six weeks of the Nanjing massacre, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) massacred between 40,000 and 300,000 people.  It is difficult to know exactly how many people were killed in this mass murder, because the IJA burnt many bodies, buried others in mass graves, and dumped others in the Yangtze River.  Because of this, scholars and historians do not agree on exactly how many civilians were killed.Judgment (English Translation): Chapter VIII, Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities). International Military Tribunal for the Far East. November 1, 1948. Retrieved April 14, 2016.Marquand, Robert (August 20, 2001). "Why the Past Still Separates China and Japan". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved April 14, 2016.p. 1015

However, historians agree that the Imperial Japanese Army began massacring Chinese civilians the day they entered Nanjing.  On that day, John Rabe, a German businessman and Nazi Party member, wrote in his diary: "We come across corpses every 100 to 200 yards. The bodies of civilians that I examined had bullet holes in their backs. These people had ... been [running away] and were shot from behind."p. 67

In another mass murder, Japanese soldiers shot thousands of Chinese people with machine guns.  They left their bodies in a trench they named the "Ten-Thousand-Corpse Ditch."  Most historians think that more than 12,000 people were killed in this massacre.Yin, James (1996). The Rape of Nanking: An Undeniable History in Photographs. Chicago: Innovative Publishing Group. p. 103. .  The IJA also massacred about 100 Hui people (members of a minority group in China who are mostly Muslim).

Torture of civilians
For the entire six weeks of the Massacre, the Imperial Japanese Army kept killing Chinese civilians.  They killed in cruel, brutal ways and often tortured their victims before killing them.

For example, in 1984, ex-IJA soldier Kozo Tadokoro admitted: 

Another ex-soldier named Nagatoni admitted that Japanese soldiers tortured people to death by doing things like:
 Throwing them into pots of boiling water
 Burying them while they were still alive so they would suffocate
 Burying them with only their heads above ground so they would starve
 Throwing infants into the air and catching them on bayonets

In 2010, a Japanese woman named Tamaki Matsuoka made a documentary film about the Nanjing Massacre.  In the film, former IJA soldiers admit that they often raped Chinese women and massacred Chinese civilians.  However, out of the 250 former soldiers that Matsuoka interviewed, only three felt bad about what they had done.  One former solder, Sho Mitani, said: 

Rape
During the Massacre, the Japanese soldiers raped about 20,000 women  including children and the elderly.p. 1012  Soldiers would go from door to door, searching for girls. When they found one, they would take her and rape her as a group.  The soldiers shot anyone who tried to stop them.p. 77

Right after they raped the women, the Japanese soldiers would often kill them, sometimes by mutilating their sex organs.

One survivor of the massacre said that sons were forced to rape their mothers, and fathers were forced to rape their daughters.Qi, Gio (August 1938). Shendu xueluilu. Xining Pingbao. Quoted in Chang, Iris (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. Penguin Books. p. 95. .  One group of soldiers gang-raped a pregnant woman, who gave birth only a few hours later (the baby did not seem to be hurt).Edgerton, Robert B. (1999). Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military. Basic Books. pp. 247-8. .  Japanese soldiers also raped Buddhist nuns and forced monks to rape women.

Witnesses' stories

On 19 December 1937, the Reverend James M. McCallum wrote in his diary:

Another witness to the rapes in Nanjing was Robert O. Wilson.  He was a surgeon at an American hospital in Nanjing.  On December 15 and 18, 1937, he wrote to his family:

Killing of prisoners of war
Starting in 1931, an international law called the Third Geneva Convention made it illegal to treat prisoners of war in certain ways.  It said these prisoners had rights  for example, the right to have a trial before being executed.  However, in August 1937, Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan, had decided that neither he nor the army would follow any international laws about how Chinese prisoners of war had to be treated.

Right after the IJA took over Nanjing, they started searching for ex-Chinese soldiers.  They took thousands of young men as prisoners.  Some of these men were never soldiers; the IJA just assumed they were.  Without any trials, the IJA took many of these young men to the Yangtze River and killed them with machine guns.

According to confessions made by former IJA soldiers, on December 13 and 14, 1937, a unit of IJA soldiers took 14,777 Chinese prisoners of war.  In the next few days, they took another 2,0003,000 prisoners.  In two days, the IJA massacred every one of these prisoners of warover 15,000 people.  In their confessions, the former IJA soldiers said their military leaders had ordered them to do this.

Over the six weeks of the massacre, the IJA killed a total of about 30,000 Chinese prisoners of war.p. 1015

Theft and arson
The Japanese Army destroyed most of the buildings in Nanjing by looting and burning them down.  They destroyed newly built government buildings as well as many civilians'  homes.  Soldiers also stole whatever they wanted.  Because the Imperial Japanese Army was so much stronger than the Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing, the Chinese could not fight back.  This meant the Japanese could take all of the city's valuable things for themselves.

End of the massacre
In January 1938, the Imperial Japanese Army announced that Nanjing was in "order" again.  In the first week of February, it created a government that would obey Japan.  After that, the IJA left.  The massacre was over.

Trial and punishment
On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allied Powers.  This ended World War II.Donnelly, Mark (1999). Britain in the Second World War. Routledge. p. xiv. .

Soon after this, the Allied Powers began creating international military courts. To try Japan's leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity, they created the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE).

International Military Tribunal for the Far East

Three of the Japanese Imperial Army's leaders in Nanjing were put on trial at the IMTFE:
 General Iwane Matsui, who was in charge of all of the Japanese soldiers at Nanjing
 General Akira Muto, who led soldiers during the worst part of the massacre
 Kōki Hirota, who was the Foreign Minister during the massacre.  He was accused of helping plan the massacre, and not doing anything to stop it

All three of these men were found guilty of "Class A" war crimes. This meant they had planned and led the war.  All three were sentenced to death and were executed.

The Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal

In 1946, the Chinese government created the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal.  This court tried General Matsui's lieutenant, Hisao Tani, for his part in the Nanjing Massacre.  It found him guilty and sentenced him to death.

Denial

The Nanjing Massacre is still very controversial in Japan.  Very few Japanese writers claim the Massacre never happened at all.Yoshida, Takashi (2006). The Making of the "Rape of Nanking": History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States. pp. 157–58. .  Most of the argument over the massacre has to do with how many Chinese people died.  Some scholars say that many fewer Chinese people died than most historians say.Fogel, Joshua A. (2008). The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography. University of California Press. pp. 46-8. .Dillon, Dana R. (2007). The China Challenge: Standing Strong Against the Military, Economic and Political Threats that Imperil America. Roman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 9–10. .  For example, Japanese writer Tanaka Masaaki says that only a few hundred civilians died in Nanjing.

As of 2014, Japan still honored fourteen "Class A" war criminalsincluding the three who were in charge of the Nanjing Massacreat a national shrine.

Evidence

There is a lot of proof that the Nanjing Massacre happened the way most historians and survivors say it did.  This proof includes:
 The memories of people who survived the massacre.
 The diaries and confessions of Japanese soldiers who took part in the massacre.
 Letters, diaries, and memories from people, like doctors and missionaries, who stayed to try to help.
 Photographs  and movies.
 For example, American missionary John Magee stayed in Nanjing so he could record what was happening on film and with photographs.
 Mass graves of people who were all killed in the same way.

Photo gallery

During the massacre

Trial and punishment

Memorials: The Nanjing Massacre Museum

 Related pages 
 World War II
 Second Sino-Japanese War
 Empire of Japan
 Imperial Japanese Army
 War crimes
 Crimes against humanity

Notes

 References 

Category:1937 in Asia
Category:1938 in Asia
Category:1930s in China
Category:20th-century crimes
Category:Crimes against humanity
Category:Second Sino-Japanese War
Category:War crimes
Massacre
Category:Genocides in Asia
Category:Human rights abuses in Asia
Category:Incidents of violence against women