Robert I of Scotland

Robert I of Scotland (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329) was King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329. He is better known as Robert the Bruce, or simply The Bruce. He is famous for beating the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn near Stirling in 1314.

 Early life 
Roberto the Bruce was born at Turnberry Castle kaka on 11 July 1274.Robert McNair Scott, Robert the Bruce; King of Scots (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1999), p. 9   He was the oldest son of the sixth Robert Bruce and Marjorie, the Countess of Carrick.    
Robert the Bruce's family originally came from France. They were from a place called Brus in Normandy, which is in the northern part of France.George Way; Romilly Squires, Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia (Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1994), p. 82  An ancestor also named Robert de Brus came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. Another Robert de Brus came to Scotland with David I of Scotland and his family became powerful lords.

In 1286, King Alexander III of Scotland died.The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland ed: James Balfour Paul, Vol. I (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1904), pp. 7-8 His granddaughter was supposed to become Queen of Scotland, but she died too. In 1292 the Bruce family and another family called the Balliols (BAY-lee-ols) asked King Edward I of England to decide who would become the new king. King Edward chose John Balliol.Herbert Maxwell, Robert the Bruce and the Struggle for Scottish Independence (New York; London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), pp. 63-4

In 1292 Robert's family decided that he should be the head of all the Bruces in Scotland.Robert McNair Scott, Robert the Bruce; King of Scots (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1999), p. 33 In 1297, King Edward I of England wanted Scotland go to war against France. Many Scottish leaders said no and rebelled against the English king. Robert joined this rebellion. Edward won most of the battles against the Scottish rebels. Finally Robert ended up doing what Edward wanted.Robert McNair Scott, Robert the Bruce; King of Scots (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1999), p. 42

 King of Scots 
In 1306, Robert the Bruce met a man called John Comyn III (KOHM-in) in a church. John Comyn also wanted to be King of Scotland. They had an argument and Robert killed John.Herbert Maxwell, Robert the Bruce and the Struggle for Scottish Independence (New York; London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906), pp. 129-30 Soon after, Robert went to Scone (skoon), and the Scottish lords brought out the royal clothes that they had hidden from the English. Then Robert was crowned King of Scots.John Barbour; John Pinkerton, The Bruce: Or, The History of Robert I. King of Scotland, Vol. 1 (London: Printed by H. Hughs, for G. Nicol, bookseller to His Majesty, 1790), p. 42

Robert the Bruce then fought a lot of battles to make Scotland free instead of always doing what the English king wanted. He fought King Edward I, and then his son, King Edward II. In 1314, Robert the Bruce's army defeated Edward II's army at the Battle of Bannockburn.Alan Young; Michael J. Stead, In the Footsteps of Robert the Bruce (Stroud: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1999), pp. 6, 124 

In 1315, Robert the Bruce sent his army to Ireland.Robert McNair Scott, Robert the Bruce; King of Scots (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1999), pp. 173-74 At that time the English were in control of Ireland. Robert fought with them and made his brother, Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland in 1316. The Scottish army did not treat the Irish people well, and they were forced to leave after Edward Bruce was killed in 1318.

Legacy
On June 7th, 1329, Robert the Bruce died.J. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland, Second Edition, ed. Bruce Lenman; Geoffrey Parker (London; New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1991), p. 78  After a life of fighting he had wanted to redeem himself by joining the Crusades. Realizing he could not accomplish this he sent his trusted friend Sir James Douglas to take his heart in a small silver box on crusade.Michael Brown, The Black Douglases (Scotland: Tuckwell Press, 1998), p. 27 James Douglas took the heart and with several knights left on their journey to honor Robert's request.Robert McNair Scott, Robert the Bruce; King of Scots (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc., 1999), pp. 226-28 But in fighting in Spain Sir James was killed and the heart was returned to Scotland. the Bruce's body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey.

Robert did not want any fighting over his kingdom after he died. He provided for his brother Edward Bruce to follow him as king. But after Edward died in 1318 Robert's heir became his son David who became king as David II of Scotland. Following David, Robert's grandson Robert II Stewart by his daughter Marjorie was heir to the throne king as Robert II of Scotland. He left behind him a well-ordered kingdom.J. D. Mackie, A History of Scotland, Second Edition, ed. Bruce Lenman; Geoffrey Parker (London; New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1991), p. 79

Family
In 1295 Robert married Isabella of Mar, daughter of Donald, 6th Earl of Mar.The Scots Peerage, Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland ed: James Balfour Paul, Vol. I (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1904), p. 8 Together they had a daughter:
 Marjory Bruce (died 2 Mar. 1316), she married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland

In 1302 Robert married his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh. She was the daughter of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster Together they had:
 Matilda Bruce, she married Thomas Isaac.
 Margaret Bruce, she married William Earl of Sutherland.
 David II of Scotland, King of Scotland after his father.
 John Bruce, died as a child.

Robert also had several illegitimate children.
 Robert, killed at Dupplin 12 Aug. 1332
 Nigel of Carrick, killed at Battle of Durham, 17 Oct. 1346
 Margaret, married to Robert Glen
 Elizabeth, married to Sir Walter Oliphant of Aberdalgie
 Christian of Carrick

 References 

Category:1274 births
Category:1329 deaths
Category:Kings and Queens of Scotland
Category:14th century in Scotland