Ainu language

The Ainu language is the language of the Ainu people in northern Japan. It was not written until the 19th century. Since then, it has been written in katakana or the Latin alphabet.

In the 19th century, Ainu was spoken in Ezo (including Hokkaidō Island and the southern part of Chishima Islands), the southern part of Karapto (Sakhalin) and the northern part of Chishima Islands (Kuril Islands). Now it is only spoken in Hokkaidō.

Ainu had many dialects, including Chitose, Saru, and Karapto. Now only the Hokkaidō dialect survives. The dialects were so different from one another that a speaker of one dialect could not understand a speaker of another dialect.

Historically, speakers of Ainu lived near speakers of Japanese and Itelmen (from Kamchatka). The Nivkh, which was spoken in the northern part of Sakhalin, is another isolated language.

 Grammar 
Ainu has subject-object-verb word order, like Japanese. Ainu phrases have left-branching structures: the word for a property is before the word for a person or thing.

 Sample words 
The word ainu means "human being" and is the name used by the Ainu to refer to themselves. In contrast, kamuy means "god". The Ainu think that all existence that has mind and plays a role in this world are kamuy. Sparrows or standing trees are kamuy. In the Ainu perspective of the world, all goes well and human being can also be happy if ainu and kamuy help each other.

Most linguists think that the Ainu numeral system is based on twenty.

+ Numerals number  Ainu (in Saru dialect)  Nivkh  Japanese 1 siné  ñaqř  hi 2 tu  meqř  hu 3 re  ţaqř  mi 4 íne  nəkř  yo 5 asíkne  t‘oqř  itsu 6 iwán    mu 7 árwan    na 8 tupésan    ya 9 sinépesan    ko 10 wan  mxoqř  tō
 Ape - fire.
 Iyomante - A festival to send a bear's soul to heaven.
 Kunnechupu - The moon.
 Kotan - village.
 Konru - ice.
 Sumari - (pronounced as in "Shumari") - fox.
 Seta - dog.
 Tonoto - sake.
 Nonno- flower.
 Huci - (pronounced as in "Hoochi") - grandmother, Old women.
 Pone - bone.
 Pirka - Beauty, cute.
 wakka - "drinkable" water.

 Relations with other language families 
The Ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there are several theories about a genetic relation. Some linguists suggest a relation to Altaic languages while others suggest a link to Indo-European languages. Some similarities also exist with northern native american languages.https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/101415063_Tambovtsev.pdf

References

Bibliography


Category:Language isolates
Category:Languages of Asia
Category:Japan