Chinese characters

Chinese characters are symbols used to write the Chinese and Japanese languages. In the past, other languages like Korean and Vietnamese also used them. The beginning of these characters was at least 3000 years ago, making them one of the oldest writing systems in the world that is still used today. In Chinese they are called hanzi (), which means "Han character". In Japanese they are called kanji, hanja in Korean, and chữ Hán in Vietnamese.

Chinese characters are an important part of East Asian culture. The art of writing Chinese characters is called calligraphy.

 Writing 
Chinese characters are a type of logogram, which are written symbols that represent words instead of sounds. Most earlier Chinese characters were pictographs, which are simple pictures used to mean some kind of thing or idea. Today, very few modern Chinese characters are pure pictographs, but are a combination of two or more simple characters, also known as radicals. While many radicals and characters show a word's meaning, some give hints of the word's pronunciation instead.

To better explain the different purposes and types of Chinese characters that exist, Chinese scholars have divided Chinese characters into six categories known as liushu (六书 / 六書), literally translated as the Six Books. The six types of Chinese characters are:
 Pictographs, xiàng xÍng (象形): characters that use a simple picture, or one radical, that directly represent concrete nouns, like persons, places, and things. Examples include:
Chinese
character

(traditional/

simplified)Pīnyīn
(Mandarin

pronunciation)MeaningLooks like山shānmountain3 peaks人rénperson/people/humanitya creature standing on 2 legs口kŏumouthan open mouth刀dāosword/knifea blade木mùwooda tree日rìsun/daythe sun with a cloud in the middle月yuèmoon/monththe moon in the shape of a crescent女nǚwoman/girl/femaleperson with large breasts子zi/zĭchilda child wrapped in a blanket馬 / 马mǎhorsea horse with a head, a mane, a body, a tail, and 4 legs鳥 / 鸟niǎobirda creature with a head and a wing with feathers目mùeyean eye with 2 eyelids水shuǐwaterthree streams of water
 Simple ideograms, zhǐ shì (指事): characters that use one radical, to represent abstract nouns, such as ideas and abstractions. Examples include:
Chinese
character

(traditional/

simplified)Pīnyīn
(Mandarin

pronunciation)MeaningLooks like一yīone1 line二èrtwo2 lines三sānthree3 lines大dàbig/large/greata person 人 holding out his/her arms as wide as possible天tiānheaven/sky/daylike 大, but one line above, so the greatest of the great小xiǎolittle/smallfingers holding onto a needle上shàngup/above/previousa plant's stem and leaf above the ground下xiàdown/below/nexta plant's roots本běnroota tree 木 with its roots showing underground末mòapexa tree 木 with one extra line on the top, so the very top
 Complex ideograms, huì yì (会意), or characters that use more than one radical to represent more complex ideas or abstractions. Examples include:
Chinese
character

(traditional/

simplified)Pīnyīn
(Mandarin

pronunciation)MeaningLooks like明míngbright/light/tomorrowa sun 日 and a moon 月 next to each other, indicating that tomorrow happens after the sun and moon passes好hǎogooda woman 女 and a child 子 next to each other, indicating that a woman with a child is good休xiūresta person 亻(人) next to a tree 木林línwoodstwo trees 木 next to each other森sēnforestthree trees 木 next to each other
 Phonetic loan characters, jiǎ jiè (假借), or characters that borrow a radical from other characters because they sound similar, not because they have the same meaning. These are called rebuses, or pictures/letters/numbers/symbols that are used to represent a word with the same pronunciation. For example, someone writes the sentence, "I'll see you tonight" as "⊙ L C U 2nite". Sometimes, a new character is made for the original word to not have any confusion between the different words.
Chinese
character

(traditional/

simplified)Rebus word
(Mandarin

pronunciation)Original wordNew character for the original word來/来lái "to come"lai "wheat"麥/麦 mài四sì "four"sī "nostril(s)"泗, can also mean "mucus/sniffle"北běi "north"bèi "back (of the body)"背要yào "to want"yāo "waist"腰少shǎo "few/little"shā "sand"沙 and 砂永yŏng "forever/eternity"yŏng "to swim"泳
Common examples of words using phonetic characters are the names of countries, such as Canada, which is pronounced Jiānádà (加拿大) in Chinese. While the third character 大 dà, which has the meaning "big/large/great", seems to describe Canada well, since it is a big country, the first two characters 加 jiā, meaning "to add", and 拿 ná, meaning "to take", have no obvious relation to Canada. Therefore, it is safe to say that these characters were chosen only because the pronunciation of each character sounds similar to the syllables of the English name of the country.

 Semantic-phonetic compounds, xíng shēng (形声), are characters where at least one radical hints at the word's meaning and at least one radical hints at the word's pronunciation. Most Chinese characters are these kinds of characters. For example, the character 媽 / 妈 mā means mother, and the character is made of 2 radicals, 女 and 馬 / 马.  The semantic radical 女 means female/woman/girl, since the word's meaning is related to the radical, and even though the meaning of the phonetic radical 馬 / 马 mǎ has little to do with the word's meaning, if any at all, it sounds similar to the word 媽 / 妈 mā，so it is used to help the reader remember the word's pronunciation. Other examples include:
Chinese
character

(traditional/

simplified)Pīnyīn
(Mandarin

pronunciation)MeaningSemantic radicalPhonetic radical (meaning)清qīngclear氵(水) water青 qīng (greenish-blue)睛jīngeye目eye青 qīng (greenish-blue)菜càivegetable/food dish艹 (艸) grass/plant采 cǎi (harvest)沐mùto wash oneself氵(水) water木 mù (wood)淋línto pour氵(水) water林 lín (woods)嗎 / 吗mayes-no question marker (word that ends the sentence of a yes-no question)口 mouth (interjections and particles often have this radical)馬/马 mǎ (horse)
 Transformed cognates, zhuan zhu (转注), or characters that used to be different ways of writing other characters, but have later taken on a different meaning.
Cognate wordOriginal wordNew pronunciation and meaning of cognate word考老 lăo "old"kào “test, exam”
Nobody knows exactly how many Chinese characters there are, but the biggest Chinese dictionaries list about fifty thousand characters, even though most of them are only variants of other characters seen in very old texts. For example, the character 回 (huí) has also been written as the variant characters 迴，廻，囬，逥，廽，and 囘, although most Chinese people only know and use the variant 回. Studies in China show that normally three to four thousand characters are used in daily life, so it is safe to say that someone needs to know three to four thousand characters to be functionally literate in Chinese, or be able to read everyday writing without serious problems.

Characters are a kind of graphic language, much different from languages that use an alphabet such as English. The correct way to tell between them is to remember the structure and meaning of every character, not pronunciation, because there is a very close relationship between meaning and structure of characters. Example: 房(house)=户+方. 房 is a shape-pronunciation character. 户 is for shape and 方 is for pronunciation. 户 means 'door'. 房 means 'A person lives behind a door'. 方 pronunciation is fang and tone is 1, and with the tone mark it is written as fāng. 房 pronunciation is also fang, but tone is 2, with the tone mark it is written as fáng.

 Chinese characters in other languages 
Chinese characters have been used to write other languages, particularly in Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese:

 Japanese 

In Japanese, characters that are borrowed from the Chinese language are called kanji. Kanji can be used to write both native Japanese words and Chinese loanwords. Japanese writing uses a mix of kanji and two kana systems. Kanji is mostly used to show a word's meaning, while hiragana and katakana are syllabaries that show the pronunciation of Japanese words, all three of which are often used in combination when writing Japanese. Generally, the educational level of a Japanese person is indicated by the number of Chinese characters understood by this person.

 Korean 

In Korean, they are called hanja. Throughout most of Korean history, hanja was the only writing system most literate Koreans knew. Even though hangul was invented in 1446, it was only used by commoners and not by academics or the government until Korea gained independence from Japan. Nowadays, while Koreans nowadays mostly write in hangul, the native Korean alphabet, people have found that some meanings cannot be expressed clearly by just hangul, so people need to use Chinese characters as a note with a bracket.

In North Korea, people write almost completely in hangul since Kim Il-sung abolished hanja from Korean. In South Korea, people mostly write in hangul, and they sometimes write hanja. Native Korean words are almost always written in hangul. Hanja are usually only used to write words that are borrowed from the Chinese language, and are usually only used when the word's meaning isn't obvious based on the context.

 Vietnamese 

In Vietnamese, they are called chữ Nôm. Many Chinese loanwords were used in Vietnamese, especially in old Vietnamese literature. While Vietnamese used many Chinese characters, they also invented tens of thousands of their own characters to write Vietnamese words. The radicals used in chữ Nôm were usually a mix of the words' meanings and pronunciations.

 Related pages 
 Simplified Chinese characters
 Traditional Chinese characters
 Wade–Giles, a romanization system used to write Chinese using the Roman alphabet

References

 Other websites 
 How to write Chinese characters