Berlin

Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany. It is the largest city in the European Union by population, with around 3.7 million people in 2024. Berlin residents come from about 190 different countries.

The city is in the eastern part of Germany in Central Europe and is surrounded by many forests and lakes. Berlin has an area of . The rivers Havel, Dahme and Spree run through Berlin. It has a temperate climate.

Berlin is home to many famous buildings and monuments, like the Siegessäule, the Brandenburger Tor, the Reichstag and the boulevard Unter den Linden. On the boulevard is the Humboldt University. The city has many nightlife options.

Berlin is an important city for the history of Germany. The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Germany lived in Berlin. The government of Germany was in Berlin for many years. Bombs destroyed many buildings in the city in World War Two. The city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin after World War Two. After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 very few people were allowed to cross from East Berlin into West Berlin. The wall divided the city until 1989 when the East German government decided to allow anyone to cross, and people decided to tear down the wall.

Berlin is a world city of culture, start ups, politics, media and science. There are a lot of technology companies in the city. They are important for the city's economy. Many planes and trains travel to and from Berlin because the city is an important place for tourism and business.

 History 
 1244: The first writings about a place called Berlin.
 1451: The Hohenzollern family moved to Berlin as the place to rule their country.
 1618–48: After the Thirty Years' War in Germany, the number of people that lived in Berlin dropped to only 6000.
 1701: Berlin became capital of Prussia.
 1709: Berlin and its neighbor city Cölln (not Köln/Cologne) are combined to form the new Berlin.
 1806: The army of Napoleon Bonaparte moved into Berlin.
 1871: Berlin became capital of the German Empire.
 1920: The Old Berlin and some neighbour towns are combined into "Greater Berlin" (Groß-Berlin).
 1945: The town is divided into four sectors, used by the allies of World War II. There is a Soviet Sector, an American Sector, a British Sector and a French Sector.
 1949: After foundation of the two Germanies, the town is still divided. There is now West Berlin and East Berlin.
 1961: The Berlin Wall was built by the communist government of East Germany around West Berlin.
 1990: After German reunification, the Berlin Wall is torn down, and there is only one Berlin again. The new Berlin becomes the capital of one Germany.
 2001: 23 boroughs of Berlin were changed into 12.
 2006: The FIFA World Cup Final is held in Berlin at Olympiastadion.

 People 

In 2018, Berlin had 3.75 million registered inhabitants in an area of . The city's population density was 4,206 inhabitants per km2. Berlin is the most populous city in Germany and the European Union. The entire Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of . More than 2.0 million households were counted in the city. Around 60 percent of them were single-person households.

There are more than 20 communities with a population of at least 10,000 people in 2019, including German, Turkish, Polish, Syrian, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Croatian, Chinese, Austrian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Indian and Iranian communities.

In 2019, there were 777,345 registered residents of foreign nationality and another 542,975 German citizens with a "migration background", meaning they or one of their parents immigrated to Germany after 1955. Berlin residents originate from about 190 different countries. 

Geography
Berlin is in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat terrain. It is part of the Northern European Plain. The river Spree and Havel are the two main rivers in the city. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The largest lakes being the Tegeler See, the Großer Wannsee and the Großer Müggelsee.

The Arkenberge hills in Pankow at  elevation are the highest point in Berlin. The Müggelberge (mountains) at  elevation is the highest natural point and the lowest is the Spektesee in Spandau, at  elevation.

 Boroughs 


 Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
 Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
 Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen
 Marzahn-Hellersdorf
 Mitte (central)
 Neukölln
 Pankow
 Reinickendorf
 Spandau
 Steglitz-Zehlendorf
 Tempelhof-Schöneberg
 Treptow-Köpenick

Education

Berlin is one of the most renowned centers of higher education and research in Germany and the world. Historically, 57 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities.

The city has four universities and more than 40 private, professional, and technical colleges in 2020. Around 200.000 students were enrolled in 2019. Among them around 20% have an international background.

The three largest universities combined have approximately 110,000 students. There are the Free University of Berlin (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) with about 35,000 students, the Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin) with 40,000 students, and the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) with 35,000 students. The Charité Medical School has around 9,000 students. The Berlin University of the Arts (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the ESMT Berlin is a leading business schools in Germany. The Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR) has an enrollment of about 11,000 students, the Berlin University of Applied Sciences and Technology (BHT) of about 12,000 students, and the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft (University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics, HTW) of about 14,000 students.

 Nobel Prize winners 

 1901 Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff 
 1901 Emil Adolf von Behring 
 1902 Emil Fischer
 1902 Theodor Mommsen 
 1905 Adolf von Baeyer 
 1905 Robert Koch 
 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson 
 1907 Eduard Buchner
 1908 Paul Ehrlich 
 1909 Karl Ferdinand Braun 
 1910 Otto Wallach 
 1910 Albrecht Kossel 
 1910 Paul Heyse 
 1911 Wilhelm Wien
 1914 Max von Laue 
 1915 Richard Willstätter 
 1918 Fritz Haber 
 1918 Max Planck 
 1920 Walther Nernst 
 1921 Albert Einstein 
 1925 Gustav Ludwig Hertz
 1925 James Franck 1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
 1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus 
 1929 Hans von Euler-Chelpin 
 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg 
 1932 Werner Heisenberg 
 1933 Erwin Schrödinger 
 1935 Hans Spemann 
 1936 Peter Debye
 1939 Adolf Butenandt
 1944 Otto Hahn 
 1950 Kurt Alder 
 1950 Otto Diels 
 1953 Fritz Albert Lipmann 
 1953 Hans Adolf Krebs 
 1954 Max Born 
 1956 Walther Bothe 
 1986 Ernst Ruska
 1991 Bert Sakmann 
 1994 Reinhard Selten 
 2007 Gerhard Ertl 
 2009 Herta Müller 
 2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier 

 Culture 


Berlin is famous for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. It is a trendsetting city. Young people, creatives and entrepreneurs continue to settle in the city and make Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world. See also:  and 

 Landmarks 
 Alexanderplatz 
 Berliner Dom (Berlin's cathedral)
 Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway station)
 Brandenburg Gate
 East Side Gallery (Former Berlin Wall)
 Fernsehturm (TV tower - the highest building in Germany)
 Potsdamer Platz
 Reichstag building (home of the Bundestag)
 Rotes Rathaus (office of the Governing Mayor)
 Siegessäule (Statue of Victory)
 Tiergarten (Central Park)
 Unter den Linden (Main boulevard)

 Cuisine 

The Berlin cuisine and culinary offerings vary greatly. 23 restaurants in Berlin have been awarded one or more Michelin stars in 2021, which ranks the city at the top for the number of restaurants in Germany. 

Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes. Typical Berliner fare include popular street food like the Currywurst Buletten (meat balls) and the Berliner doughnut, known in Berlin as .Berlin  German Foods German bakeries offering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. One of Europe's largest delicatessen markets is found at the department store KaDeWe. Among the world's largest chocolate stores is Fassbender & Rausch.

Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. Immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the city, such as the varied fast-food version of the döner kebab. Asian cuisine like Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, Korean, and Japanese restaurants, as well as Spanish tapas bars, Italian, and Greek cuisine, can be found in many parts of the city.

 Institutions 
Berlin is home to three opera houses: the Deutsche Oper, the Staatsoper Unter den Linden and the Komische Oper.

Economy

In 2018, the GDP of Berlin totaled €147 billion. The city is the largest metropolitan economy in Germany and the third largest in the European Union. Berlin's economy is dominated by the service sector, with around 85% of all companies doing business in services. In 2019, the total labor force in Berlin was about two million. 

Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.

Research and development are important for the city. Berlin is part of the Eurozone.

Creative industries


The creative arts and entertainment business is an important part of Berlin's economy. The sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design, fashion, performing arts, publishing, R&D, software, TV and radio.

In 2014, around 30,500 creative companies operated in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region, predominantly medium-sized enterprises. Generating a revenue of 15.6 billion Euro and 6% of all private economic sales, the culture industry grew from 2009 to 2014 at an average rate of 5.5% per year.

Berlin is an important center in the European and German film industry. It is home to more than 1,000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. The Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are adjacent to Berlin in Potsdam. The city is also home of the German Film Academy (Deutsche Filmakademie), founded in 2003, and the European Film Academy, founded in 1988.

 Business 
Many German and international companies have business or service centers in the city. For several years Berlin has been recognized as a major center of business founders. In 2015, Berlin generated the most venture capital for young startup companies in Europe.

Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin are the City-State of Berlin, Deutsche Bahn, the hospital providers Charité and Vivantes, the Federal Government of Germany, the local public transport provider BVG, Siemens, Deutsche Telekom and the e-commerce firm Zalando.

 Sports 

In 2025, around 800,000 Berliners were registered in one of the more than 2,300 sport and fitness clubs. The city of Berlin operates more than 60 public indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Berlin is the largest Olympic training center in Germany. 

Berlin is a host city of major international sporting events. The city hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and was the host city for the 2006 FIFA World Cup final. The World Athletics Championships was held at Olympiastadion in 2009. In 2015 Berlin was the venue for the UEFA Champions League Final. Berlin hosted the 2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games. 

The annual Berlin Marathon – a course that holds the most top-10 world record runs – is an athletic competition in the city. The WTA Berlin is a woman's tennis tournament. The Berlin E-Prix is an annual motorsport race.

Several professional clubs representing the most important spectator team sports in Germany are based in Berlin. The football clubs 1. FC Union Berlin and Hertha BSC have the most members. Other professional team sport clubs include Alba Berlin (basketball), Füchse Berlin (handball), Eisbären Berlin (ice hockey) and Wasserfreunde Spandau 04 (waterpolo).

 Sister cities 
Berlin has partnerships with 17 cities. Each of the 12 boroughs also has their own sister cities.
  Los Angeles, United States of America (1967)
  Paris, France (1987)
  Madrid, Spain (1988)
  Istanbul, Turkey (1989)
  Moscow, Russia (1990)  Warsaw, Poland (1991)
  Budapest, Hungary (1991)
  Brussels, Belgium (1992)
  Jakarta, Indonesia (1993)
  Tashkent, Uzbekistan (1993)
  Mexico City, Mexico (1993)  Beijing, China (1994)
  Tokyo, Japan (1994)
  Buenos Aires, Argentina (1994)
  Prague, Czech Republic (1995)
  Windhoek, Namibia (2000)
  London, United Kingdom (October 2000)

References

Other websites

 Official page www.berlin.de
 Berlin Sightseeing Tours
 EXBERLINER – English City Magazine
 Berlin City Panoramas – panoramic views and virtual tours


Category:Olympic cities
Category:1237
Category:1230s establishments
Category:13th-century establishments in Germany