Vienna

Vienna (;  ; Central Austro-Bavarian: Wean ; Viennese German and Austrian German: Wian []) is the capital and largest city of Austria. It is also one of Austria's nine states.

It is in the east of the country on the River Danube. More than 1,800,000 people live there (2016). It is an administrative district (Bundesland) of its own.

Before World War I, it was the capital of the Austra-Hungary. The city  centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Name

In regard to the etymology of the city's name, scholars do not agreem. Some claim that the name comes from vedunia, meaning "forest stream"; From that word, came the Old High German word uuenia (wenia in modern writing), and the New High German word wien and its dialectal variant wean.

History
The history of the city goes back to the Roman Empire. The Romans started a military camp called Vindobona. The camp was in today's first district on the Danube river. The name came from the Celts, so there was probably a Celtic settlement before the Roman invasion. The Romans stayed until the 5th century. In the Middle Ages, the settlement was still in use. The present name was mentioned in 881 in the Salzburger Annalen, where a battle ad weniam is mentioned.

In 976, the House of Babenberg became the rulers of the area. They made Vienna their capital in 1155. Vienna was already an important city. In 1156, Austria became a duchy, and the duke who ruled the Duchy lived in Vienna. In 1221, Vienna got municipal rights. It Is the second-oldest city in Austria (Enns, in Upper Austria, is the oldest).

In 1278, the Duchy came to the Habsburg family. Rudolf IV started the university in 1365 and while he was duke the nave of the Gothic St. Stephan's Cathedral was built. Quarrels within the Hapsburg family caused an economic decline in Vienna. In 1438, Vienna became the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor.

The Reformation turned Vienna into a Protestant city, but during the Counter-Reformation, Vienna and the rest of Austria mostly returned to being Roman Catholic.

In 1529, Vienna was first besieged by the army of the Ottoman Empire, which had a border only 150 km east of Vienna. Thay hurt Vienna economically but led to people fortifying the city (improving its defences). After a second siege, the Ottoman Empire could not take Vienna, and the city started getting larger.

During the Baroque era, Vienna was rebuilt. Many residences for the nobility were built. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an important architect in Vienna.

In the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, Vienna was the home of important composers like Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert.

After the revolution in 1848 Franz Joseph I. became emperor of the Austrian Empire, which was founded in 1806 after the liquidation of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled until 1916, and Vienna became a center of arts, culture and architecture. The city grew because the suburbs became part of the city. After 1858, the walls of the city were destroyedm, and the Ringstraße replaced them. Along that street houses of the rich citizens were built, as were public buildings like the city hall and the Burg theatre. Industrialisation started at the beginning of the 19th century and made more people live there. In 1870, Vienna had one million people, and in 1910, two million people. With the creation of a large working class and the poverty in Vienna, the Labour Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei) became stronger.

Karl Lueger was the most important mayor in the time of Emperor Franz Josef. During his time important community plans were realised and  made Vienna a modern city. However, Lueger was a radical anti-Semite. He was admired by the young Adolf Hitler, who spent some years before the First World War in Vienna. At the time, Vienna was an important place for the arts. Composers like Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek were important for the development of modern music. Also, psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna by Sigmund Freud. The so-called Jugendstil in arts was part of Vienna's modern arts scene. Founding fathers of modern architecture lived and worked also in Vienna at the time (Otto Wagner and Adolf Loos)

After the end of the First World War, Austria-Hungary was dissolved, and Vienna became capital of the Republic of Austria. In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany. In Vienna the suffering of the Jewish inhabitants began. Many their properties was given to Austrians (Arisierung).

After the Second World War, which destroyed 20% of Vienna's buildings, Vienna was divided into four parts. The city was controlled by the Allies like the rest of Austria. In 1955 the Austrian State Treaty between the Allies and Austria was signed in Vienna's Belvedere. The country's neutrality helped Vienna become an important city for international organisations. The first was 1957 the International Atomic Energy Organisation (IAEO) and 1965 the OPEC followed. 1980 the Vienna International Center was opened and Vienna is now the third UN-city together with New York and Geneva.

 Districts 
There are 23 districts in Vienna. They are:

 Innere Stadt (city centre)
 Leopoldstadt
 Landstraße
 Wieden
 Margareten
 Mariahilf
 Neubau
 Josefstadt
 Alsergrund
 Favoriten
 Simmering
 Meidling
 Hietzing
 Penzing
 Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus
 Ottakring
 Hernals
 Währing
 Döbling
 Brigittenau
 Floridsdorf
 Donaustadt
 Liesing
Sightseeing
Vienna has many things worth seeing. Here are a few of them.
St. Stephen's cathedral and St. Stephen's Square:
 Today, St. Stephen's square with the cathedral is the very center of Vienna. The Graben and the Kärntner Straße, which lead away from the square, are shopping streets with a lot of different shops. Opposite the cathedral you can find the Haas-House, a very modern building by the architect Hans Hollein. 
Ringstraße:
The Ringstraße runs around the first district and was built in the second half of the 19th century. The street follows the old city walls which were destroyed to create it. Along the street you can find different important buildings like the Staatsoper (opera house), the parliament, the Burgtheater, the two museums of natural history and arts. Also, the Wiener Postsparkasse which is an important building by the architect Otto Wagner is along the street.
Hofburg:
From the 13th century to 1918 this was the residence of the Habsburg rulers. Today it is the residence of the President of the Republic of Austria and you can also visit different museums like the Schatzkammer where you can see the different crowns of the Habsburg family and the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The National Library is also the Hofburg. 
Schönbrunn Palace:
Today's buildings were built by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach an important architect in the baroque era in Austria. Another building of Fischer is the Karlskirche.
Schloss Belvedere:
Schloss Belvedere was built by Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt another important Austrian baroque architect. It was built for Prinz Eugen of Savoy who fought successfully against the Ottoman Empire. Today the castle is used as museum (Austrian Gallery Belvedere).

 Culture 
There are many old buildings, churches and museums in the city centre. Classical music and opera are popular in Vienna. The composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Brahms all worked in Vienna. Vivaldi also died in Vienna. The city has two world-famous orchestras: the Vienna Philharmonic and the Vienna Symphony.

Vienna is also the name of a song about the city, by the British group Ultravox.

Vienna is the home of the nationally successful soccer clubs SK Rapid Wien and FK Austria Wien.

 References 

 Other websites 
 Official Website of the city of Vienna (English)
 WorldFlicks in Vienna: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps 


Category:World Heritage Sites in Austria