French language

French (French: , ) is a Romance language that is from France. It is also spoken in Belgium (Wallonia), Luxembourg, Canada (Quebec), Switzerland (Romandy) and with many different countries in Africa (Francophone Africa). About 220 million people across the world speak French as a native or a second language. "Les francophones dans le monde" (Francophones in the world")— Gives details from a report.  It has also been one of the roots of other creole/pidgin based languages such as the Haitian Creole.

 History 
In ancient times, the Celts lived in what is now France. In those days, the land was called Gaul (Latin: Gallia).  The Romans conquered Gallia and divided it into provinces. Because the Romans spoke Latin, the local people learned Latin and began to speak it. Their own language, Gaulish, tended to be spoken less often, although Breton is a language still spoken today in the part of France called Brittany, that came from the old Celtic language.

French pronunciation, more so than other Romance languages, became radically different from Latin. After the Roman Empire fell and Germanic peoples swarmed the countryside, Vulgar Latin was changing quickly. In medieval France it changed into two dialects or languages: langue d'oc and langue d'oïl. They both mean "language of yes", because oc was the word for "yes" in the south, and oïl meant "yes" in the north.  Today, the word for yes in French is oui, pronounced like "we".

In 1635, France established the French Academy in order to standardize the French language. To this day, the academy establishes the rules for Standard French.

Langue d'oc is now called Occitan, and it is still spoken by many people in Southern France.

 Letters 
French uses the Latin alphabet, just like English. There are a few differences because vowels can have with three types of diacritics added on to them. They are the acute accent é; grave accent è and circumflex accent î. A cedilla can also be added onto a c to make ç.

 Vowels 
a is pronounced like in "father".
ai and ei are pronounced like the "ay" in "say"
an and en are pronounced like the "on" in "wrong" outside of Quebec and like the "en" in prominent, though not if there are two n letters or an e directly after it.
au and eau are pronounced like the "o" in "note".
In the endings er and ez, e is pronounced like the "ay" in "say".
eu is pronounced like the "e" in "verse".
Otherwise, e is like the a in "about". However, it is silent if it comes on the end of a word, unless it's a short word.
é is pronounced like the "ay" in "say".
è and ê are pronounced like the "e" in "bed".
Apart from e, the three diacritics don't really affect how other vowels are pronounced.
i and y are pronounced like the "ee" in "tree".
in is pronounced like the "an" in "bank", though not if there are two n letters or an e directly after it.
o is pronounced like in "note".
oi is pronounced like a "w", following by the "a" in "father".
oin is pronounced like the "wan" in "twang".
on is pronounced like the "on" in "long", though not if there are two n letters or an e directly after it.
ou is pronounced like the "oo" in "food".
œ is pronounced like the "e" in "verse" but with more rounded lips.
u is not a sound that exists in English. It is pronounced like saying the "ee" in "feed", but with your lips rounded in the way that you would say the word "food".
un is pronounced like the "un" in "hung", though not if there are two n letters or an e directly after it.

 Consonants 
Like in English, c is pronounced as a "k" before most letters but as a soft "s" before e, i or y.
ç is pronounced as a soft "s".
ch, sh and sch are pronounced like the "sh" in "shop".
g is pronounced as a hard "g" before most letters. Before e, i or y, it is pronounced like the "s" in "treasure".
gn is pronounced like the "ny" in "canyon".
h is always silent.
j is pronounced like the "s" in "treasure".
l is normally (but not always) pronounced like the "y" in "yes" if it comes after the letter i; otherwise it is pronounced as an "l".
m and n change if they come after a vowel - see above.
qu is pronounced as a "k".
r is pronounced differently to English, being a gargling sound made at the back of your throat.
th is pronounced as a "t", not like in English.
x is pronounced "gz" or "ks".
b, d, f, k, p, ph, s, t, v, w and z are pronounced the same as in English.

If a word ends with a consonant, this will usually not be pronounced unless the next word starts with a vowel. However, if the word is very short or the last consonant is a c, r, l or f, this is still pronounced.

Grammar

French is a language that uses inflections to a moderate extent. Nouns and most pronouns are changed for the way that numbers and counting are fitted into a sentence.
 Examples 
Here are some examples of French words and sentences :
French         EnglishOui  Yes (si when used as a reply to non or negative expressions)Non  NoBonjour  Hello (formal)Au revoir  GoodbyeSalut  Hi and goodbye (informal)Merci  Thank youMerci beaucoup  Thank you very muchMonsieur  Sir, misterMadame  Madam, Mrs.Homme  ManFemme  WomanFille  GirlGarçon BoyPoulet  ChickenFormidable  WonderfulEn vacances  On vacation/holidayEau  WaterManger  To eatParlez-vous français?  Do you speak French?Je parle français.  I speak French.Comment allez-vous?  How are you? (formal or more than one person)Comment vas-tu?  How are you? (informal)Je t'aime.  I love you.Où sont les toilettes s'il vous plaît ?  Where are the toilets, please?Comment t'appelles-tu?       What is your name?Je m'appelle... (your name)  My Name is... (your name)Je parle l'anglais  I speak EnglishS'il vous plaît  Please (Formal)J'ai besoin d'un taxi  I need a taxi

Many French words are like English words, because English took many words from the Norman language, a dialect of French influenced by Old Norse.  This is true even though scholars consider English to be a Germanic language, like German. For example, many English words ending with "tion", "sion", "ible", or "able" came from the French language. 

French and English have many cognates, which are words that look and sound similar because they come from the same source. Here are some examples:

French         English Non   No Théâtre  Theatre Crème  Cream Ballon   Balloon Difficile  Difficult Dragon  Dragon Rat   Rat Cinéma  Cinema Énergie  Energy Ennemi  Enemy Oncle  Uncle Impossible   Impossible Session   Session Conversation   Conversation

 References 

Related pages
French literature
List of territorial entities where French is an official language
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

 Other websites 
 French Verb Conjugator and Deconjugator 
 French Language at Citizendium


Category:Languages of France