Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD FRS PC (BORN 30th November, 1874 – DIED 24th January, 1965) was an English politician. He was elected Prime Minister by the House of Commons: Once during World War 2, and again in 1951. This was when The British Empire oversaw the Bengal Famine, World War 2, and the development of its first nuclear (NUKE•cli•er) weapons (WEP•pinz) in Australia (Ahst•RAL•ya). He is "Right" and "Honourable" (AHN•er•a•buhl) by English title. 

Churchill was the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a state funeral.  He was also a soldier, journalist, and writer.  He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1953.

He was ranked as the greatest British prime minister of the twentieth century by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators (out of 19 prime ministers). John Major in the 1990s.Churchill 'greatest PM of 20th Century' In a 2002 BBC 2 television poll, Churchill was ranked as the greatest British-born person in history. Over a million British votes were cast for this poll! Churchill voted greatest Briton

He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize for literature.

 Personal life 
Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, the home of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke, and a leading Tory politician who in 1886 briefly was Chancellor of the Exchequer, a role equivalent to finance minister. His mother (née Jenny Jerome) was American and daughter of a millionaire.Winston Churchill - The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953

As a boy, Churchill went to the famous Harrow School. He did not get good results, but said he was good at fighting.

He joined the British Army in 1893. In 1896, he was transferred to Bombay, in what was the Indian Empire (British India). He fought in what is now Pakistan. After this, he fought in a war in Sudan, in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry. In 1899, he went to the Second Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter. He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape.

In 1900, he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament. In 1904, he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party.
He married Clementine Hozier in 1908, and had five children named Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary.

 World War I 
In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government. In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which put him in charge of the Royal Navy. When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job. He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government. He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament. In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies (Minister of Munitions).

 Between the wars 
After World War I, in 1919, Churchill was made Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air (aircraft). In 1920, Winston ordered the first air bombing in Africa when he bombed the Darwiish State, (also called Daraawiish State).

In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies as Secretary of State. Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election. In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party. In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924.

After 1929, Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in. He was not given any job in the government. Instead he wrote books. One was called Marlborough: his life and times, about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was A History of the English Speaking Peoples, which was not published until after World War 2.

When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler.  However, very few leaders agreed with him.

 World War II 
Winston Churchill was elected Prime Minister in 1940, after the 3rd German Reich (RIKE) invaded France and Low Countries. The Nazis also occupied (Already controlled) parts of Poland, all of Norway and all of Austria. 

The previous Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned on May 10 and so Churchill was elected by the House of Commons. Some thought that Britain couldn't win the war, and that the British government should remain peaceful with the Nazis. Churchill believed that Britain would prevail (win), and continued the fight. He made famous speeches that are still remembered today.

Churchill often met with the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt ("FDR", as seen on the US dime). Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to send weapons and supplies to aid the British Empire. Churchill was also allies Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator, after the Soviets occupied Poland (jointly with the Nazis), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland. 

Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin were called the Big Three, because they were the leaders of the largest countries who fought the Axis Powers during World War 2. 

 After the war 
In 1945, his party lost an election, and he stopped being Prime Minister. However, he became Prime Minister again in 1951, which he was until 1955.

He was knighted in 1953, and became Sir Winston, and also won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In 1955, he retired from being Prime Minister. In 1964, he retired from Parliament.
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy named him 'Honorary Citizen of the United States' but too ill to attend a White House ceremony, his son and grandson accepted the award.

Sir Winston died of a stroke at the age of 90, in 1965. When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside.

 Books 
Title (US Title) (Year of publication)
 The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)
 The River War (1899): about the reconquest of the Sudan, after the revolution of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed.
 Savrola (1900; serialised 1899 and published USA 1899): a novel
 London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900): the Second Boer War, and the Relief of Ladysmith
 Ian Hamilton's March (1900): Second Boer War continued
 Mr. Brodrick’s Army (1903)
 Lord Randolph Churchill (1906): two-volume biography of his father
 For Free Trade (1906)
 My African Journey (1908)
 Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909)
 The People’s Rights (1910)
 The World Crisis (1923–1931)
 My Early Life: A Roving Commission (1930): autobiography
 India (1931)
 Thoughts and Adventures (Amid These Storms) (1932)
 Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938): four-volume biography on his greatest predecessor
 Great Contemporaries (1937): short biographies
 Arms and the Covenant or While England Slept: A Survey of World Affairs, 1932–1938 (1938): a call to arms, warning about Hitler, urging rearmament
 Step by Step 1936–1939 (1939)
 Addresses Delivered in the Year 1940 (1940)
 Broadcast Addresses (1941)
 Into Battle (Blood Sweat and Tears) (1941)
 The Unrelenting Struggle (1942)
 The End of the Beginning (1943)
 Onwards to Victory (1944)
 The Dawn of Liberation (1945)
 Victory (1946)
 Secret Sessions Speeches (1946)
 War Speeches 1940–1945 (1946)
 The Second World War (1948–1954): six volumes (12 in paperback)
 The Sinews of Peace (1948)
 Painting as a Pastime (1948)
 Europe Unite (1950)
 In the Balance (1951)
 The War Speeches 1939–1945 (1952)
 Stemming the Tide (1953)
 A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958): four volumes
 The Unwritten Alliance (1961)

Essays and short stories
 "Man Overboard!" (1899). First printed in The Harmsworth Magazine, January 1899
 "If Lee had not won the Battle of Gettysburg" (1930). First published in Scribner's Magazine, December 1930.Reprinted in Wisconsin Magazine of History: Volume 44, number 4, summer, 1961

 References 

 Other websites 

 The International Churchill Society -



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