1723

Births 

 January 5 – Nicole-Reine Lepaute, French astronomer, mathematician (d. 1788)
 January 11 – Prithvi Narayan Shah, First Monarch of Nepal (d. 1775)
 January 12 – Samuel Langdon, American President of Harvard University (d. 1797)
 January 31 – Petronella Johanna de Timmerman, Dutch poet, scientist (d. 1786)
 February 15 – John Witherspoon, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1794)
 February 17 – Tobias Mayer, German astronomer (d. 1761)
 February 21 – Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian (d. 1808)
 February 23 – Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791)
 March 22 – Charles Carroll, American lawyer, Continental Congressman (d. 1783)
 March 25 – Catharina Mulder, Dutch organist (d. 1798) 
 March 31 – King Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1766)
 April 5 – Catherine Charlotte De la Gardie, Swedish countess (d. 1763) 
 April 20 – Cornelius Harnett, American Continental Congressman (d. 1781)
 April 30 – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (d. 1806)
 June 3 – Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian-born physician, naturalist (d. 1788)
 June 11 – Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (d. 1788)
 June 16 – (baptised) Adam Smith, Scottish economist, philosopher (d. 1790)
 June 20
 Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher, historian (d. 1816)
 Theophilus Lindsey, English theologian (d. 1808)
 July 1 – Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes, Spanish statesman, writer (d. 1802)
 July 10 – William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780)
 July 11 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian, writer (d. 1799)
 July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (d. 1792)
 September 11 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1790)
 October 4 – Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (d. 1798)
 October 11 – Hedvig Strömfelt, Swedish psalm writer (d. 1766) 
 November 8 – John Byron, English admiral (d. 1786) 
 November 30 – William Livingston, American politician, journalist (d. 1790)
 December 22 – Carl Friedrich Abel, German composer (d. 1787)
 December 26 – Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer (d. 1807)
 Date unknown – Carl Albert von Lespilliez, German draftsman, architect and printmaker (d. 1796)
 Eva Merthen, Finnish political activist (d. 1811)

 Deaths 
 January 14 – Charles Henri, Prince of Commercy (b. 1649)
 February 23 – Anne Henriette of Bavaria, Duchess of Guise (b. 1648)
 February 25 – Sir Christopher Wren, English architect, astronomer, and mathematician (b. 1632)
 February 26 – Thomas d'Urfey, English writer (b. 1653)
 March 13 – René Auguste Constantin de Renneville, French writer (b. 1650)
 March 15 – Johann Christian Günther, German poet (b. 1695)
 March 30 – Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (b. 1638)
 March 31 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (b. 1661)
 April 5 – Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect (b. 1656)
 April 11 – John Robinson, English diplomat (b. 1650)
 May 2 – Christopher of Baden-Durlach, German prince (b. 1684)
 May 11 – Jean Galbert de Campistron, French dramatist (b. 1656)
 May 12 – Johannes Voorhout, Dutch painter (b. 1647)
 May 29 – Jean de La Chapelle, French writer and dramatist (b. 1651)
 June 4 – Léopold Clément, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, French prince (b. 1707)
 June 8 – Isaac Chayyim Cantarini, Italian rabbi (b. 1644)
 June 14 – Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford, English politician (b. 1644)
 July 14 – Claude Fleury, French historian (b. 1640)
 July 26 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (b. 1660)
 July 28 – Mariana Alcoforado, Portuguese nun (b. 1640)
 August 4 – William Fleetwood, Anglican bishop (b. 1656)
 August 10 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal, statesman (b. 1656)
 August 14 – Edward Northey (barrister), British barrister and politician (b. 1652)
 August 17 – Joseph Bingham, English scholar (b. 1668)
 August 21 – Dimitrie Cantemir, Moldavian linguist and scholar (b. 1673)
 August 23 – Increase Mather, American Puritan minister (b. 1639)
 August 26 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist (b. 1632)
 September 19 – Robert Sutton, 2nd Baron Lexinton, English diplomat (b. 1662)
 October 1 – Frédéric Maurice Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne, French prince (b. 1702)
 October 10 – William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper, Lord Chancellor of England (b. c. 1665)
 October 13 – Praskovia Saltykova, Russian tsarina (b. 1664)
 October 19 – Godfrey Kneller, German-born artist (b. 1646)
 October 28 – Christopher Vane, 1st Baron Barnard, English politician and peer (b. 1653)
 October 31 – Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1642)
 November 19 – Antoine Nompar de Caumont, French courtier and statesman (b. 1632)
 December 1 – Susanna Centlivre, English dramatist, actress (b. 1669)
 December 2 – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, regent of France (b. 1674) 
 December 7 – Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect (b. 1677)
 December 20 – Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician, botanist (b. 1652)