October 12

Events 
 Up to 1900 
 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
 1216 – King John of England loses his own crown jewels in The Wash.
 1492 – In his first voyage, Christopher Columbus lands in the present-day Bahamas, in the belief that he'd reached East Asia.
 1654 – An explosion devastates the city of Delft, Netherlands, killing over 100 people.
 1692 – The Salem Witch Trials are ended by a letter from Massachusetts Governor William Phips.
 1748 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Havana between British and Spanish naval forces.
 1773 – The United States' first insane asylum opens in Virginia.
 1792 – First American celebration of Columbus Day, in New York City.
 1799 – Jeanne Genevieve Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.
 1810 – The tradition of the Munich Oktoberfest begins.
 1822 – Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed Emperor.
 1823 – Charles Macintosh, of Scotland, sells the first raincoat.
 1860 – The previously Introduced of the so-called Section 377 of the British Indian penal code (Law) was enacted in British India respectively.
 1871 – The Introduction of the so-called Criminal Tribes Act was enacted in British India respectively.
 1892 – The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited by students in many public schools.
 1899 – First fighting of the Second Boer War.

 1901 – 2000 
 1901 – The 'Executive Mansion' is renamed the White House by US President Theodore Roosevelt.
 1902 – The Austria national football team plays its first game, defeating the Hungary national football team 5–0.
 1915 – World War I: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad.
 1917 – World War I: The first Battle of Passchendaele takes place.
 1918 – A massive forest fire kills 453 people in Minnesota.
 1928 – An iron lung respirator is first used at the Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
 1931 – The Christ the Redeemer statue on Sugar Loaf Mountain over Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is officially inaugurated.
 1942 – World War II: Japanese ships retreat after defeat to the US in the Battle of Esperance on Guadalcanal.
 1944 – World War II: Athens, Greece, is liberated from occupying German forces.
 1962 – A storm hits the Pacific Northwest of the United States, killing 46 people.
 1964 – The Soviet Union launches Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew.
 1968 – Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain.
 1968 – The 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City begin.
 1970 – Vietnam War: Richard Nixon announces the withdrawal of 40,000 US troops before Christmas.
 1979 – The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams is first published.
 1983 – Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of bribery and sent to four years in jail.
 1984 – The Provisional IRA carries out the Brighton Hotel Bombing in an attempt to kill Margaret Thatcher, who escapes unhurt, though 5 people are killed and 31 injured.
 1986 – Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China.
 1987 – General Junhao Zhang fails the Juliet battalion in a skirmish versus the Han Chinese resulting in 50 casualties and the loss of a warehouse containing tonnes of gold.
 1988 – Birchandra Manu massacre in Tripura, India.
 1991 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as President of Kyrgyzstan.
 1992 – A magnitude 5.8 earthquake in Cairo, Egypt kills 510 people.
 1994 – NASA loses radio contact  with the Magellan spacecraft as it passes through the atmosphere of the planet Venus, probably because of the extreme gravity there.
 1997 – Sidi Daous massacre occurs in Algeria, as 43 people are killed at a fake roadblock.
 1999 – In Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf takes control in a military coup. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is placed under house arrest.
 1999 – Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia.
 1999 – The United Nations officially designates this as the day that the world population reached six billion.
 2000 – The USS Cole is badly damaged in Aden, Yemen, by two suicide bombers.

 From 2001 
 2002 – A terrorist bombing on the Indonesian island of Bali kills 202 people.
 2003 – Germany wins the FIFA Women's World Cup, defeating Sweden 2–1.
 2005 – The second Chinese space flight occurs as Shenzhou 6 is launched, with Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng on board.
 2007 – Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change win the Nobel Peace Prize.
 2009 – Elinor Ostrom becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing it with Oliver E. Williamson.
 2012 – The European Union wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
 2013 – Cyclone Phailin hits the east coast of India.
 2013 – 51 people are killed after a truck plunges off a cliff in Peru.
 2014 – Southeastern India is hit by Cyclone Hudhud, while Japan is hit by a typhoon on the same day.
 2019 – Typhoon Hagibis hits Japan, becoming the most powerful storm to hit the country in over 60 years.

 Births 
 Up to 1900 
 1006 – Emperor Go-Ichijo of Japan (d. 1036).
 1350 – Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow (d. 1389).
 1490 – Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (d. 1548).
 1537 – Lady Jane Grey, Queen of England for nine days (d. 1554).
 1537 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553).
 1558 – Archduke Maximilian II of Austria (d. 1618).
 1576 – Thomas Dudley, English-born American colonial magistrate (d. 1653).
 1664 – Praskovia Saltykova, Tsarina of Russia (d. 1723).
 1687 – Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German composer (d. 1750)
 1710 – Jonathan Trumbull, 16th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1785).
 1775 – Ludovico Micara, Italian cardinal (d. 1847).
 1792 – Christian Gmelin, German chemist (d. 1860).
 1798 – Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil  and (as Pedro IV) King of Portugal (d. 1834).
 1801 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss statesman (d. 1873).
 1812 – Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist and inventor (d. 1888).
 1815 – William G. Hardee, American Confederate general (d. 1873).
 1827 – George Lawson, Canadian botanist (d. 1895).
 1834 – Infanta Amelia Philippina of Spain (d. 1905).
 1840 – Helena Modjeska, Polish actress (d. 1909).
 1844 – George Washington Cable, American writer (d. 1925).
 1853 – Edward F. Dunne, Governor of Illinois (d. 1937).
 1855 – Arthur Nikisch, Hungarian conductor (d. 1922).
 1860 – Elmer Ambrose Sperry, American inventor (d. 1930).
 1860 – John G. Sargent, 53rd United States Attorney General (d. 1939).
 1865 – Arthur Harden, English chemist (d. 1940).
 1866 – Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937).
 1868 – August Horch, German engineer and automobile pioneer, founder of Audi (d. 1951).
 1868 – Mariano Trias, 1st Vice President of the Philippines (d. 1914).
 1872 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
 1875 – Aleister Crowley, English occultist and writer (d. 1947).
 1877 – Howard Mason Gore, American politician, 17th Governor of West Virginia (d. 1947).
 1880 – Louis Hemon, French novelist (d. 1913).
 1882 – Akiba Rubinstein, Polish chess player (d. 1961).
 1891 – Edith Stein, Roman Catholic nun (d. 1942).
 1891 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945).
 1894 – Elisabeth of Romania (d. 1956).
 1896 – Eugenio Montale, Italian poet (d. 1981).

 1901 – 1950 
 1904 – Ding Ling, Chinese writer (d. 1986).
 1905 – Barney Battles Jr., Scottish footballer (d. 1979).
 1906 – Joe Cronin, American baseball player and executive (d. 1984).
 1910 – Robert Fitzgerald, American poet and translator (d. 1985).
 1917 – Roque Maspoli, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2004).
 1920 – Christopher Soames, Baron Soames, British politician (d. 1987).
 1921 – Art Clokey, American animator (d. 2010).
 1921 – Jaroslav Drobny, Czech tennis and ice hockey player (d. 2001).
 1921 – Logie Bruce Lockhart, Scottish rugby player and journalist.
 1921 – Kenneth Griffith, Welsh actor (d. 2006).
 1923 – Wendell Eugene, American jazz trombonist (d. 2017).
 1923 – Jean Nidetch, American businesswoman (d. 2015).
 1924 – Doris Grau, American actress (d. 1995).
 1925 – Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (d. 2013).
 1926 – Allan Brown, Scottish footballer (d. 2011).
 1928 – Rangel Valchanov, Bulgarian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2013).
 1929 – Magnus Magnusson, Icelandic–British television presenter (d. 2007).
 1931 – Ole-Johan Dahl, Norwegian computer scientist (d. 2002).
 1932 – Dick Gregory, American comedian and activist (d. 2017).
 1932 – Ned Jarrett, American racing driver.
 1932 – John Moffat, Danish-Canadian physicist.
 1934 – Richard Meier, American architect.
 1934 – Albert Shiryaev, Russian mathematician.
 1934 – Thomas L. Judge, Governor of Montana (d. 2006).
 1935 – Don Howe, English footballer (d. 2015).
 1935 – Shivraj Patil, Indian politician.
 1935 – Luciano Pavarotti, Italian opera singer (d. 2007).
 1937 – Alberto Goldman, Brazilian politician (d. 2019).
 1938 – Bob Miller, American NHL broadcaster.
 1939 – Carolee Schneemann, American artist (d. 2019).
 1942 – Melvin Franklin, American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1995).
 1942 – Daliah Lavi, Israeli actress and singer (d. 2017).
 1943 – Jakob Kuhn, Swiss footballer and coach.
 1944 – Angela Rippon, British television journalist.
 1945 – Dusty Rhodes, American professional wrestler (d. 2015).
 1946 – Rosanna Marani, Italian journalist and television host.
 1947 – George Lam, Hong Kong actor and singer.
 1948 – Rick Parfitt, British musician (Status Quo) (d. 2016).
 1948 – John Engler, former Governor of Missouri.
 1949 – Carlos the Jackal, Venezuelan terrorist.
 1950 – Dave Freudenthal, 31st Governor of Wyoming.

 1951 – 1975 
 1951 – Ed Royce, American politician.
 1952 – Danielle Proulx, Canadian actress.
 1952 – Roger Heath-Brown, English mathematician.
 1953 – Les Dennis, English comedian and actor.
 1953 – David Threlfall, English actor.
 1955 – Ashley Adams, Australian target shooter (d. 2015).
 1955 – Einar Jan Aas, Norwegian footballer.
 1955 – Brian Flynn, Welsh footballer and coach.
 1955 – Ante Gotovina, Croatian general.
 1955 – Aggie MacKenzie, Scottish television presenter.
 1956 – Allan Evans, Scottish footballer.
 1956 – David Vanian, British singer (The Damned).
 1958 – Bryn Merrick, British musician (The Damned) (d. 2015).
 1958 – Hara Patnaik, Indian actor, director and writer (d. 2015).
 1959 – Anna Escobedo Cabral, 42nd Treasurer of the United States.
 1960 – Alexei Kudrin, Russian politician.
 1962 – Branko Crvenkovski, former President of the Republic of Macedonia.
 1962 – Chris Botti, American jazz trumpeter.
 1963 – Satoshi Kon, Japanese movie director and screenwriter (d. 2010).
 1963 – Alan McDonald, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2012).
 1963 – Dave Legeno, British actor and mixed martial artist (d. 2014).
 1963 – Donna Williams, Australian author (d. 2017).
 1964 – Sally Rogers, British actress
 1965 – Anja Niedringhaus, German photojournalist (d. 2014).
 1966 – Rhona Martin, Scottish curler.
 1966 – Brian Kennedy, Northern Irish musician and actor.
 1966 – Jonathan Crombie, Canadian actor (d. 2015).
 1966 – Wim Jonk, Dutch footballer.
 1966 – Roberto Nestor Sensini, Argentine footballer.
 1968 – Hugh Jackman, Australian actor.
 1968 – Adam Rich, American actor.
 1969 – Martie Maguire, American musician (Dixie Chicks).
 1969 – Zejko Milinovic, Slovenian footballer.
 1970 – Kirk Cameron, American actor.
 1970 – Origa, Russian-Japanese singer (d. 2015).
 1973 – Martin Corry, English rugby player.
 1974 – Lascelles Brown, Jamaican–Canadian bobsledder.
 1974 – Marie Wilson, American actress.
 1974 – Stephen Lee, English snooker player.
 1975 – Marion Jones, American athlete.

 From 1976 
 1977 – Jessica Barker, Canadian actress.
 1977 – Bode Miller, American skier.
 1979 – Paula Barila Bolopa, Equatoguinean footballer and swimmer.
 1980 – Nadzeya Ostapchuk, Belarussian shot putter.
 1980 – Ledley King, English footballer.
 1981 – Shola Ameobi, English footballer.
 1983 – Katie Piper, English model and television host.
 1985 – Greig Laidlaw, Scottish rugby player.
 1986 – Tyler Blackburn, American actor and singer.
 1987 – Besian Idrizaj, Austrian footballer (d. 2010).
 1988 – Sam Whitelock, New Zealand rugby player.
 1989 – Aggro Santos, Brazilian-English rapper
 1990 – Melody, Spanish singer.
 1991 – Michael Carter-Williams, American basketball player
 1992 – Josh Hutcherson, American actor.
 1992 – Taylor Horn, American singer, songwriter and actress.
 1995 – Jordan Howe, Welsh paralympic athlete.
 1997 – Prince Boris of Bulgaria.
 2001 – Raymond Ochoa, American actor.
 2004 – Darci Lynne, American ventriloquist and singer.

 Deaths 
 Up to 1900 
 322 BC – Demosthenes, Greek statesman (b. 384 BC).
 632 – Edwin of Northumbria (b. 586).
 638 – Pope Honorius I
 642 – Pope John IV
 1095 – Leopold II of Austria (b. 1050).
 1320 – Michael IX Palaiologus, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1277).
 1492 – Piero della Francesca, Italian painter (b. 1415).
 1576 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1527).
 1600 – Luis Molina, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1535).
 1730 – Frederick IV of Denmark (b. 1671).
 1845 – Elizabeth Fry, British social reformer and philanthropist (b. 1780).
 1850 – Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1781).
 1870 – Robert E. Lee, American Confederate General (b. 1807).
 1875 – Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, French sculptor and painter (b. 1827).
 1891 – Hobart B. Bigelow, Governor of Connecticut (b. 1834).
 1896 – Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Danish nobleman and politician (b. 1817).

 1901 – 2000 
 1915 – Edith Cavell, English nurse (b. 1865).
 1920 – Yu Gwan-sun, Korean independence leader (b. 1904).
 1921 – Philander C. Knox, United States Secretary of State (b. 1853).
 1924 – Anatole France, French writer (b. 1844).
 1933 – John Lister, English politician (b. 1847).
 1937 – Al Brady, American gangster, killed by FBI
 1943 – Willi Graf, German Resistance activist (b. 1918).
 1946 – Joseph Stilwell, American general (b. 1883).
 1948 – Alfred Kerr, German writer (b. 1867).
 1956 – Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer (b. 1872).
 1957 – Arie de Jong, Dutch linguist (b. 1865).
 1960 – Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese politician (b. 1898).
 1965 – Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist (b. 1899).
 1967 – Ram Manohar Lohia, Indian activist and politician (b. 1910).
 1969 – Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (b. 1912).
 1970 – Mustafa Zaidi, Pakistani poet (b. 1930).
 1971 – Dean Acheson, American politician (b. 1893).
 1971 – Gene Vincent, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1935).
 1973 – Peter Aufschnaiter, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1899).
 1980 – Alberto Demicheli, Uruguayan politician (b. 1896).
 1985 – Johnny Olson, American television announcer (b. 1910).
 1987 – Alf Landon, American politician (b. 1887).
 1993 – Leon Ames, American actor (b. 1902).
 1996 – René Lacoste, French tennis player (b. 1904).
 1997 – John Denver, American singer (b. 1943).
 1998 – Matthew Shepard, American murder victim (b. 1976).
 1999 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (b. 1936).

 From 2001 
 2002 – Ray Conniff, American bandleader and musician (b. 1916).
 2002 – Audrey Mestre, French diver (b. 1974).
 2003 – Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914).
 2003 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931).
 2006 – Gillo Pontecorvo, Italian movie director (b. 1919).
 2007 – Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (b. 1934).
 2009 – Frank Vandenbroucke, Belgian cyclist (b. 1974).
 2010 – Manuel Alexandre, Spanish actor (b. 1917).
 2011 – Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (b. 1941).
 2012 – Sukhdev Singh Kang, 14th Governor of Kerala (b. 1931).
 2013 – Oscar Hijuelos, American writer (b. 1951).
 2014 – Roberto Telch, Argentine footballer (b. 1943).
 2014 – Ali Mazrui, Kenyan professor and writer (b. 1931).
 2015 – Abdallah Kigoda, Tanzanian politician (b. 1953).
 2015 – Joan Leslie, American actress and dancer (b. 1925).
 2017 – Muntaka Connmassie, Nigerian jurist (b. 1946).
 2018 – Pik Botha, South African politician (b. 1932).
 2019 – Mel Aull, Canadian football player (b. 1928).
 2019 – Carlo Croccolo, Italian actor (b. 1927).
 2019 – Sara Danius, Swedish writer and professor (b. 1962).
 2019 – Reg Watson, Australian television producer (b. 1926).
 2019 – Yoshihiza Yoshikawa, Japanese sports shooter (b. 1936).

 Observances 
 Many observances relating to Christopher Columbus reaching the Caribbean, celebrated around the Americas and Spain.
 Independence Day (Equatorial Guinea).

Category:Days of the year