9

9 (IX) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Tuesday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. It was the 9th year of the 1st century.

 Events 
 Roman Empire 
Illyria is turned into a province after a revolt has been defeated.
Ovid is banished to Tomis.
 Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.
 In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Rome. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.
 September: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. 
 Governor of Germania Magna, Publius Quinctilius Varus, retreats with the three legions XVII Augusta, XVIII Augusta, and XIX Augusta, as well as auxiliary troops of the Cherusci, who stand under the lead of Arminius, to their winter camp at Vetera.
 Arminius and the auxiliry troops seperate from the Roman legions under the pretense of wanting to gather more allies.
 Day 1: The Roman legions bypass the northern Wiehen Hills due to reports of revolting Germanic tribes there. Remaining winter garrisons are being attacked by Germanic warriors.
 Day 2: The Romans emerge from a dense forest and are then being attacked by the allied Germanic tribes (consisting of Cherusci, Marsi, Chatto, Bructeri, Chauci and others), under the lead of Arminius. The difficult forest terrain does not allow the Roman army to take their typical battle formation and numerous soldiers fall to the Germanic forces. Romans retreating into the forest are being pursued by Germanic warriors.
 Day 3: In an attempt to shake of the Germanic tribes, the Romans under Varus march westward throughout the day and the following night.
 Day 4: The decimated Roman legions reach an area north of the Kalkriese Berg. Here the Germanic tribes had errected ramparts to block the Roman escape. The Romans (still unable to form their battle formation due to swamps and hills) attempt to storm the ramparts but fail. The Germanic tribes pursue the surviving soldiers into the open field. Legions XVII Augusta, XVIII Augusta, and XIX Augusta, totaling around 20,000 soldiers, were almost entirely lost. Publius Quinctilius Varus, as well as many other commanders of the Army, loses his life in the battle.
 The battle of the Teutoburg forest represents one of the greatest defeats of the Roman Empire.
 Following the defeat at the Teutoburg forest, the Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds from here on out, stopping Roman Expansion beyond it.
 Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection, and Varus' defeat in Germany. This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.
Ovid completes Ibis.

 Asia 
Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).

 Births 
November 18 - Vespasian, Roman emperor

 Deaths 
Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, said to have committed suicide

 References 

Category:9