Balkans

The Balkans is a geographical region in Southeast Europe, which partially coincides with the Balkan Peninsula. It takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the center of Bulgaria.

 Definitions 
Balkans comes from the Turkish language meaning “chain of wooded mountains” or 'swampy forest'.  

 Geography 
The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the east and branches of the Mediterranean Sea to the south and west (including the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean and Marmara seas). The peninsula is bordered on the north by the Danube, Sava, and Krča rivers.

 History 
Shortly before the Middle Ages in the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the Balkans were invaded by the Romans. The Romans were said not to be like other conquerors. They were said to be very powerful and robust. They won and spread the Roman culture through the Balkan peninsula. The Balkan peninsula was completely under Roman control by 100 AD.

 Member countries 
Countries in the Balkan region are:

 Albania
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria
 Croatia
 Greece (sometimes)
 Hungary (sometimes)
 Kosovo
 Montenegro
 Moldova (sometimes)
 North Macedonia
 Romania (sometimes)
 Serbia
 Slovenia (sometimes)
 European Turkey

 Related countries 
Other countries that are not in the Balkan region but that are close to it and/or play or have played an important role in the region's politics, culture and history:

 Austria (see also Austrian Empire, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria)
 Cyprus (see also Cyprus dispute)
 Italy (see Trieste and History of the Republic of Venice)


 Population composition by nationality and religion 
The region's principal nationalities include:
 Albanians (5 million)
 Bosniaks (4.5 million)
 Bulgarians (6.6 million)
 Croats (4.5 million)
 Greeks (10.7 million)
 Hungarians (9.6 million)
 Kosovans (1.59 million)
 Macedonians (1.3 million)
 Moldovans (2.5 million)
 Montenegrins (0.3 million)
 Romanians (22 million)
 Serbs (8 million)
 Slovenes (2 million)
 Turks (80 million)
 others (Roma, Gorani, Pomak, Torbesh...) 

The most common religions in the Balkans are Eastern Orthodox, Catholic Christianity and Sunni Islam. Many different specific kinds of each faith are practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church with its own patriarch.

Eastern Orthodoxy is the principal religion in the following countries:
Bulgaria (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
Greece (Greek Orthodox Church)
Montenegro (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church)
Moldova
North Macedonia (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Macedonian Orthodox Church)
Romania (Romanian Orthodox Church)
Serbia (Serbian Orthodox Church)

Roman Catholicism is the principal religion in the following countries:
Croatia 
Hungary
Slovenia

Islam is the principal religion in the following countries:
Albania
Bosnia 
Kosovo
Turkey/East Thrace

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a special case - 50% are Muslim Bosniaks, 31% are Serbian Orthodox, and 15% are Catholic Croats (therefore 46% are Christian). The remaining 4% adhere to other denominations of Christianity, other religions, or are irreligious. In Bulgaria, Dobruja in Romania, North Macedonia and West Thrace in Greece, a high Muslim Minority of different Ethinicity like Turks, Tatars, Torbesh, Pomak and Xoraxane Roma live there.

 Alternative nomenclature 
From the 1990s onwards, in part due to the negative historical and political connotations of the term Balkans, especially since the wars and massacres of the 1990s in Yugoslavia in the western half of the region, the term Southeast Europe is becoming increasingly popular.

 References 

 Banac, Ivo. Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia, American Historical Review, v 97 #4 (October 1992), 1084-1104.
 Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics Cornell University Press, [1984].
 Carter, Francis W., ed. An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press, 1977.
 Dvornik, Francis. The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press, 1962.
 Fine, John V. A., Jr. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].
 John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson; Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press, 1982
 Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans, 2 vols. Cambridge University Press, [1983].
 Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara, eds. The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics since the Eighteenth Century University of California Press, 1963.
 Király, Béla K., ed. East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775-1856. 1984
 Komlos, John, ed. Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States: Essays 1990.
 Mazower, Mark, The Balkans: A Short History, 2000
 Traian Stoianovich; Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe 1994.

 Other websites 

 South-East Europe Review
 BalkanBaby travel writing, analysis and photos from the Balkans
 Balkan History by Steven W. Sowards 
 SEEurope.net  - news coverage on Southeastern Europe
 Southeast European Times
 The Centre for South East European Studies 
 Balkans region: Oil and Gas Fact Sheet - United States Department of Energy Analysis Brief
 Balkans urged to curb trafficking - BBC
 News from Balkans