University

A university is a higher learning institution. The word university comes from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars".  Students can go to university to get an academic degree. Unlike the schooling they have done before, the courses at university are specialised. A person studying biology at university has many courses about biology and fewer courses in other fields such as languages or history. To get a higher degree, people must do some research.

Not all subjects are offered at universities. Mainly, universities offer courses which are about knowledge. They usually do not offer courses in practical trades. In some cases such as law, where there are both knowledge and practical issues, the university does mainly the theoretical side of the subject. Practical qualifications are done elsewhere.

 History 
The universities were born in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first institution of this type was the University of Bologna, which later became a model for other centres of education.

At first, the universities had formed themselves according to the model of the professional groups and like almost everything in the Middle Ages, they remained tied to the Catholic Church. At the beginning, they had worked to teach the so-called "seven liberal arts" (the trivium and the quadrivium):
 Trivium: grammar, logic and rhetoric.
 Quadrivium: arithmetic and geometry, astronomy and music.
That earliest division caused the present divisions between literary and scientific fields. From one point of view, the world's oldest university is Qarawiyyin university. However, teaching religion is not the definition used by most people. A university should in theory teach every subject.

The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian tradition.Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, , pp. XIX–XXVerger, Jacques. “The Universities and Scholasticism,” in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 257. European higher education took place for hundreds of years in cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae). There, monks and nuns taught classes: evidence of these dates back to the 6th century.Riché, Pierre 1978: Education and culture in the barbarian West: From the sixth through the eighth century. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. , pp. 126-7, 282-98 

The Universities of Paris and Oxford were founded by members of the church.Gordon Leff 1968. Paris and Oxford Universities in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: an institutional and intellectual history. Wiley, 1968. Later universities were founded by kings. 

In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools became mainly sites of higher education.Johnson P. 2000. The Renaissance: a short history. New York: Modern Library, p9. Pope Gregory VII promoted the concept of modern university as his 1079 Papal Decree. He ordered the establishment of cathedral schools, which eventually turned into the first European universities.Thomas Oestreich 1913. Pope St. Gregory VII. In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

 Organisation 
A university can include several campuses or different places where classes are taught by professors. In each campus there are several faculties and university schools (mainly for teaching), and also laboratories, departments and institutes of research. Many campuses also have housing for students in buildings called dormitories and structures like libraries, study rooms and gymnasiums for students that live there. Each school offers many courses that students take to earn a degree. The person with the highest right to control and to command in a university is the rector, who governs the university with the help of the party of vice-rectors and of other organs such as the social council and the governing body.

 Notable universities 

Australia

 The Australian National University
 University of Melbourne
 Monash University
 University of Sydney
 University of Queensland
 Deakin University
 University of New South Wales

Canada
 University of Alberta.:.
 Carleton University.:.
 University of Calgary.:.
 McGill University.:.

 Queen's University.:.
 McMaster University.:.
 University of Ottawa.::.

 University of Toronto.:.
 University of Waterloo.:.

https://cwur.org/2018-19/country.php.::.
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Chile
 University of Chile (Universidad de Chile)
 Catholic University of Chile (Universidad Católica de Chile)
 Metropolitan Technologic University (Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana)

China; People's Republic
 Peking University.::.
 Tsinghua University.::.
 University of Hong Kong.::.

 Fudan University.::.
 Nanjing University.::.
 Shandong University.::.

 Sun Yat-sen University.::.
 Sichuan University Ranking.::.
 Xi'an Jiaotong University.::
 Zhejiang University.::.

https://cwur.org/2018-19/country.php.::.
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Finland
 Åbo Akademi University
 Aalto University
 University of Helsinki

France Republic

 University of Paris.:
 Sorbonne University.:
 Aix-Marseille University.:

 Paris-Saclay University.:
 University of Montpellier.:
 Grenoble Alpes University.:
 University of Lyon.:

https://cwur.org/2021-22.php.::.
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Germany
 Free University of Berlin.:.
 Humboldt University of Berlin.:.
 Goethe University Frankfurt.:.
 Monash University.:.

 University of Tübingen.:.
 University of Bonn.:.
 Heidelberg University.:.

 University of Freiburg.::.
 University of Tübingen.::.

https://cwur.org/2021-22.php.::.
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Italy
 University of Bologna.::.
 Sapienza University of Rome.::.
 University of Milan.::.

 University of Pisa.::.
 University of Siena.::.

https://cwur.org/2021-22.php.::.
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Japan

Japan
 Kyoto University.:.
 Osaka University.:.
 University of Tokyo.:.

 Hokkaido University.:.
 Hiroshima University.:.

 Keio University.:.
 University of Kyushu.:.

 Nagoya University.:.
 University of Tsikuba.::.
 Waseda University.::.

https://cwur.org/2021-22.php.::.
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Malaysia
 University of Malaya
 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Mexico
 UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. The biggest and most important university in Mexico and Latin America
 UdG, University of Guadalajara.It is the second oldest university in Mexico, regarded as one of the most significant universities in Mexico.
 IPN, Instituto Politécnico Nacional
 ITESM, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey
 ITAM, Instituto Tecnoloógico Autónomo de México

Netherlands
 Delft University of Technology
 Eindhoven University of Technology
 Erasmus University Rotterdam
 Free University Amsterdam

 Leiden University
 Maastricht University
 Nyenrode Business University

 Radboud University Nijmegen
 Tilburg University
 University of Amsterdam
 University of Groningen

 University of Twente
 Utrecht University
 Wageningen University & Research

https://cwur.org/2021-22.php.::.
https://www.unirank.org/.:.

Poland
 University of Warsaw
 Jagiellonian University

Romania
 Naval Academy "Mircea cel Batran" (ANMB)

South Korea
 Seoul National University
 Yonsei University
 Korea University
 Sungkyunkwan University
 Yonsei University

Sweden
 Chalmers University
 Karolinska Institute
 Lund University
 Royal Institute of Technology
 Stockholm School of Economics
 Uppsala University
 Umeå University

Turkey
 Anadolu University
 Ankara University
 Bilkent University 
 Boğaziçi University
 Bursa Uludağ University
 Çankaya University

 Çukurova University
 Ege University
 Gaziantep University
 Hacettepe University
 Istanbul University 
 Marmara University
 Kocaeli University

 Eskişehir Osmangazi University
 Middle East Technical University
 Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University

 Yıldız Technical University
 Galatasaray University (İstanbul)

https://cwur.org/2018-19/country.php.::.
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United Kingdom
 University of Aberdeen

 Aston University
 University of Birmingham
 University of Bristol
 University of Cambridge
 Coventry University
 University of Dundee
 Durham University
 University of Edinburgh

 University of Oxford
 University of Exeter
 University of Glasgow
 University of Leeds
 University of London
 King's College London
 University College London
 University of Manchester
 Queens University
 Open University
 University of St Andrews

https://cwur.org/2021-22/country/united-kingdom.php.::.
https://www.unirank.org/.::

United States
There is a group of notable universities called the Ivy League. They are:
 Harvard University
 Princeton University
 Yale University
 Brown University
 Cornell University
 Dartmouth College
 Columbia University
 University of Pennsylvania

Some other universities are:
 Stanford University
 Carnegie Mellon University
 University of Chicago
 Duke University

 George to Illinois State University
 University of California, Berkeley
 Ohio State University
 Yeshiva University

https://cwur.org/2021-22/country/usa.php.::.
https://www.unirank.org/.::

There are also institutions of technology who provide course offerings  primarily in scientific and technological studies. Some examples are:
 California Institute of Technology
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Georgia Institute of Technology

Related pages
 College
 Education
 Higher education
 Laboratory
 Public university

 References 

 Other websites 
 History of the Universities