Mental illness

A mental illness is an illness of the mind. It can be a psychiatric disorder, a psychological disorder, mental disease, mental breakdown, nervous breakdown, or mental health conditions. Historically, people with mental illness were called lunatics. People with a mental illness may behave in strange ways, or have strange thoughts. Mental illnesses can create problems for what a person has to do every day. 

Mental illnesses develop during the life of a person. This may be linked to genes and experience. What people call mental illness has changed over time. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) by the American Psychiatric Association is used around the world.

People with a mental illness sometimes have problems dealing with other people, or have a hard time doing what would be easy for everyone else. Some mental illnesses can be treated with medicine. 

In some cases, mental illnesses change the way the brain works. Many conditions which affect the brain are not mental illnesses, because they do not change the way people think: Neither epilepsy nor Parkinson's disease is a mental illness, even though they both affect the brain.

 Common mental problems 
According to the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health in the United States, the most common type of disability in the United States is major mental illnesses (which include major depression, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder).

Thirty-three percent of North American adults will have a mental illness in a given year, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness. But in more than half of these cases, the mental illness is not bad enough to disrupt daily life activities.

 Partly inherited 
There is a genetic basis which makes some people more likely to develop mental illness. A study published in The Lancet, a medical journal, found the same set of genetic markers in people with five different disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, major depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Kolata, Gene 2013. Same genetic basis found in 5 types of mental disorders. The New York Times. 

 Treatment of mental illnesses 
Mental illnesses can be treated by:

 Medication
 Therapy
 Psychoeducation
 Lifestyle changes

Some more controversial treatments include
 Electroconvulsive therapy
 Lobotomy

 Violence 
Even though the media show this differently, studies have shown that people with a severe mental illness are not necessarily violent. Statistically, violence is often caused by factors such as drug abuse, or those related to the personal, social and economic situation.

Findings show that people with a mental illness that live in the community will be victims of violence more often that they will be those starting or spreading it. A study that looked at people diagnosed with "severe mental illness" living in a US inner-city area found that a quarter of them had been victims of at least one violent crime over the course of a year; this proportion was eleven times higher than the average. For people which have been diagnosed with a mental illness it is more difficult to get a trial started, because fewer people believe them, and many people have a prejudice against people with a mental illness.

There are a few specific diagnoses which are defined by conduct problems and violence. These include conditions such as childhood conduct disorder, adult antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy. There are conflicting findings about how much specific symptoms are linked to an increase in violent behaviour. These symptoms include psychosis (hallucinations or delusions) that can occur in disorders such as schizophrenia, delusional disorder or mood disorder. The factors that lead to violent behaviour are more often demographic or economic in nature, such as being young, male, of lower socioeconomic status or of abusing drugs, including alcoholism, to which some people are particularly vulnerable.

Ableism

Some studies show that disabled people are sometimes treated badly.Striegel-Moore, Ruth H., et al. Abuse, bullying, and discrimination as risk factors for binge eating disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159.11 (2002): 1902-1907. For example, people with mental illness may deal with ableism.Eisenhauer, Jennifer. 2007. Just looking and staring back: challenging ableism through disability performance art. Studies in Art Education 49.1 2007: 7-22. An example of ableism is insults, for example calling a mentally ill person a retard.Saczkowski, Thomas. Narratives of violence: The relationship of masculinity and ableism. Diss. 2011.

High-profile cases have led to fears that serious crimes, such as homicide, have increased because people with certain mental illnesses are not treated in specialized institutions, but the evidence does not support this conclusion. Violence that does occur in relation to mental disorder (against the mentally ill or by the mentally ill) typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions, often in a family setting rather than between strangers. It is also an issue in health care settings and the wider community.

 Related pages 
 Mental state examination
 Neurodiversity
 Common abbreviations for mental illnesses
 List of mental disorders

 References 

 Other websites 

 National Alliance for the Mentally Ill