Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is a country in Asia. It borders Pakistan in the south and east (border with India is disputed), Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast. Kabul is the capital city.

Afghanistan is currently governed by the Taliban, after the collapse of the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 15 August 2021.

The country is around  in size. There are 40.976 million people in Afghanistan. There are about 3 million Afghan refugees (people who had to leave the country) in Pakistan and Iran. In 2011 Kabul, had about 3,691,400 people living in it.

United Nations Human Rights Council decided in October 2021 to appoint an independent expert, known as a United Nations special rapporteur on Afghanistan, to find out about violations carried out by the Taliban and others who are now part of a big conflict.https://www.news18.com/news/world/un-rights-body-agrees-to-establish-investigator-on-afghanistan-4297415.html. Retrieved 7 October 2021

Economy
The economy does not have growth (as April 2024), of that kind that is called GDP growth, according to Worldbank.org.https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/overview. Retrieved 2024-07-29 In regard to the mining industry: In 2024, Chinese engineers broke ground for a mine; "The deposit is estimated to [... have] 11.5 million tons of copper ore".https://www.rferl.org/a/china-afghanistan-mes-aynak-copper-mining/33050447.html. Retrieved 2024-07-26

 Geography 
Afghanistan has many mountains. The mountains are called the Hindu Kush and Himalayas. The tallest mountain in Afghanistan is Mount Nowshak. There are plains (which have soil that is good for growing plants) and foothills. Parts of the country are also dry, especially the Registan Desert. Afghanistan has snow and glaciers in the mountains. Amu Darya is the big water stream, or river.

The country has a lot of a valuable stone called lapis lazuli, which was used to decorate the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun.

 Climate 
Afghanistan has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Having no water sometimes causes problems for farmers. Sandstorms happen a lot in the desert."Afghanistan." Britannica Student Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.

 Plants and animals 
Southern Afghanistan does not have many plants because it is dry. There are more plants where there is more water. Mountains have forests of pine and fir, cedar, oak, walnut, alder, and ash trees.

Afghanistan's wild animals live in the mountains. There are wolves, foxes, jackals, bears, and wild goats, gazelles, wild dogs, camels, and wild cats such as the snow leopard in the country. The birds are falcons, eagles and vultures. The Rhesus Macaque and the red flying squirrel are also in Afghanistan.

Many years of war, hunting, and years of no water have killed animals in Afghanistan. There used to be tigers in Afghanistan, but now there aren't any. Bears and wolves are almost gone.

 People and culture 

Many people have moved through or invaded the land of Afghanistan. Today's people of Afghanistan are known as Afghans. 

The largest group of people are the Pashtuns. These make up about half the population.See:












  Tajiks (often also known as “Farsiwan”, meaning Persian speaking) are the second-largest ethnic group, making up about one-fifth of the population. Before the 20th century, Tajiks were called Sarts and some come from  Iranian peoples."Tajik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Most Pashtuns are also related to the Iranian peoples. Some Pashtuns and Tajiks marry each other but at the same time they are rivals. The third-largest group are the Hazaras. They are native to the Hazaristan area in central Afghanistan. The country's other groups include the Uzbek, Aimaq, Turkmen, Nuristani, Baloch, and Pashayi.

Dari-Persian and Pashto are the two official languages of Afghanistan. Many people speak both languages. Both are Indo-European languages from the Iranian languages sub-family. They are usually written with the Arabic alphabet. Uzbek and Turkmen are widely spoken in the north and Nuristani and Pashai are spoken in the east. Around 99% of Afghans follow the religion of Islam.

Afghanistan is a largely rural country. This means there are only a few major cities. About one fifth of the population live in cities. Kabul, the capital, is the largest city. It is  south of the Hindu Kush range and alongside the Kabul River. Other cities are Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-e Sharif, and Jalalabad. The rural population is made up of farmers and nomads. The farmers live mainly in small villages along the rivers. The nomads live in tents while moving from place to place with their animals and belongings. Some people live in the high central mountains. Some live in the deserts in the south and southwest. Millions of people left Afghanistan to get away from the wars that happened in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Most of them went to Pakistan and Iran.

 History 
Afghanistan is in the path of important trade routes that connect southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East. Because of this, many empire builders have tried to rule over the area. Signs that these emperors were near Afghanistan still exist in many parts of the country.[Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History. Retrieved 26 January 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/129450/History#ref=ref261360] Afghanistan is near what used to be the Silk Road. The peoples of Afghanistan helped develop major world religions, traded and exchanged many products, and sometimes controlled politics and culture in Asia.Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 56, Washington, National Geographic, 

 Prehistory 
Archaeologists digging a cave in Badakhshan discovered that people lived in the country as early as 100,000 years ago. They found the skull of a Neanderthal, or early human, as well as tools from about 30,000 years ago. In other parts of Afghanistan, archaeologists uncovered pottery and tools that are 4,000 to 11,000 years old—evidence that Afghans were among the first people in the world to grow crops and raise animals.

Farmers and herders settled in the plains surrounding the Hindu Kush as early as 7000 B.C. These people may have grown rich off the lapis lazuli they found along riverbeds, which they traded to early city sites to the west, across the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia. As farms and villages grew these ancient people started irrigation (digging ditches for water so it flows to crops) that allowed them to grow crops on the northern Afghanistan desert plains. This civilization (advanced state of organization) is today called BMAC (Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex), or the "Oxus civilization".Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 58, Washington, National Geographic, 

The Oxus civilization expanded as far east as western edge of the Indus Valley during the period between 2200 and 1800 B.C.Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 73, Washington, National Geographic,  These people, who were the ancestors of the Indo-Aryans, used the term "Aryan" to identify their ethnicity, culture, and religion. Scholars know this when they read the ancient texts of these people; the Avesta of Iranic peoples and the Vedas of Indo-Aryans.[R. Ghirshman, L’Iran et la migration des Indo-aryens et des Iraniens, Leiden, 1977.][Encyclopedia Iranica, IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD. Retrieved 14 October 2010 http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period ]

Zoroaster, the founder of the Zoroastrian religion, the world's earliest monotheistic religion, (meaning a religion believing in one god) lived in the area (somewhere north of today's Afghanistan), around 1000 B.C.

 Ancient history 
Before the middle of the sixth century BCE, Afghanistan was held by the Medes. Then the Achaemenids took over control of the land and made it part of the Persian empire. Alexander the great defeated and conquered the Persian Empire in 330 BCE. He founded some cities in the area. The people used Macedonian culture and language. After Alexander, Seleucids, Mauryas, Greco-Bactrians, Scythians, Kushans, Parthians, Guptas and Sassanians ruled the area.

Kushans spread Buddhism from India in the 1st century BCE, and Buddhism remained an important religion in the area until the Islamic conquest in the 7th century CE.[Encyclopedia Iranica, BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times. Retrieved 12 September 2010 http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i ]

The Buddhas of Bamiyan were giant statues, a reminder of Buddhism in Afghanistan. They were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. There were international protests. The Taliban believe that the ancient statues were un-Islamic and that they had a right to destroy them.

 Medieval history 

Arabs introduced Islam in the 7th century and slowly began spreading the new religion. In the 9th and 10th centuries, many local Islamic dynasties rose to power inside Afghanistan. One of the earliest was the Tahirids, whose kingdom included Balkh and Herat; they established independence from the Abbasids in 820. The Tahirids were succeeded in about 867 by the Saffarids of Zaranj in western Afghanistan. Local princes in the north soon became feudatories of the powerful Samanids, who ruled from Bukhara. From 872 to 999, north of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan enjoyed a golden age under Samanid rule."Afghanistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.

In the 10th century, the local Ghaznavids turned Ghazni into their capital and firmly established Islam throughout all areas of Afghanistan, except the Kafiristan region in the northeast. Mahmud of Ghazni, a great Ghaznavid sultan, conquered the Multan and Punjab region, and carried raids into the heart of India. Mohammed bin Abdul Jabbar Utbi, a historian from the 10th century, wrote that thousands of "Afghans" were in the Ghaznavid army. The Ghaznavid dynasty was replaced by the Ghorids of Ghor in the late 12th century, who reconquered Ghaznavid territory in the name of Islam and ruled it until 1206. The Ghorid army also included ethnic Afghans.

Afghanistan was recognized as Khorasan, meaning "land of the rising sun," which was a prosperous and independent geographic region reaching as far as the Indus River.

All the major cities of modern Afghanistan were centers of science and culture in the past. The New Persian literature arose and flourished in the area. The early Persian poets such as Rudaki were from what is now Afghanistan. Moreover, Ferdowsi, the author of Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, and Rumi, the famous Sufi poet, were also from here. It has produced scientists such as Avicenna, Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni, Omar Khayyám, Al-Khwarizmi, and many others who are widely known for their important contributions in areas such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, physics, geography, and geology. It remained the cultural capital of Persia until the devastating Mongol invasion in the 13th century.Lorentz, J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995  AFGHANISTANFrom the Alleyways of Samarkand to the Mediterranean Coast (The Evolution of the World of Child and Adolescent Literature,Afghanistan, Poopak Niktalab , printed 2019 , Faradid Publishing

Timur, the Turkic conqueror, took over in the end of the 14th century and began to rebuild cities in this region. Timur's successors, the Timurids (1405–1507), were great patrons of learning and the arts who enriched their capital city of Herat with fine buildings. Under their rule Afghanistan enjoyed peace and prosperity.

Between south of the Hindu Kush and the Indus River (today's Pakistan) was the native land of the Afghan tribes. They called this land "Afghanistan" (meaning "land of the Afghans"). The Afghans ruled the rich northern Indian subcontinent with their capital at Delhi. From the 16th to the early 18th century, Afghanistan was disputed between the Safavids of Isfahan and the Mughals of Agra who had replaced the Lodi and Suri Afghan rulers in India. The Safavids and Mughals occasionally oppressed the native Afghans but at the same time the Afghans used each empire to punish the other. In 1709, the Hotaki Afghans rose to power and completely defeated the Persian Empire. Then they marched towards the Mughals of India and defeated them with the help of the Afsharid forces under Nader Shah Afshar.

In 1747, after Nader Shah of Persia was killed, a great leader named Ahmad Shah Durrani united all the different Muslim tribes and established the Afghan Empire (Durrani Empire). He is considered the founding father of the modern state of Afghanistan while Mirwais Hotak is the grandfather of the nation.

Since the 1800s
During the 1800s, Afghanistan became a buffer zone between two powerful empires, the British Indian Empire and the Russian Empire. As British India advanced into Afghanistan, Russia felt threatened and expanded southward across Central Asia. To stop the Russian advance, Britain tried to make Afghanistan part of its empire but the Afghans fought wars with British-led Indians from 1839 to 1842 and from 1878 to 1880. After the third war in 1919, Afghanistan under King Amanullah gained respect and recognition as a completely independent state.

The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a constitutional monarchy established in 1926. It was the successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of Zahir Shah, the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the League of Nations.  During World War II, Afghanistan remained neutral. It pursued a diplomatic policy of non-alignment.

The creation of Pakistan in 1947 as its eastern neighbor created problems. In 1973, political crises led to the overthrow of the king. The country's new leader ended the monarchy and made Afghanistan a republic. In 1978, a Communist political party supported by the Soviet Union seized control of Afghanistan's government. This move sparked rebellions throughout the country. The government asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and invaded Afghanistan in December 1979.

Most people in Afghanistan opposed the sudden Soviet presence in their country. For nearly a decade, anti-Communist Islamic forces known as Mujahideen were trained in Pakistan to fight the Soviets and the Afghan government. The United States and other anti-Soviet countries supported the Mujahideen. In the long war, over one million Afghan civilians were killed. The Soviet Army also lost more than 15,000 soldiers in that war. Millions of Afghans left their country to stay safe in neighboring Pakistan and Iran. In 1989 the Soviet Army withdrew the last of its troops.

After the Soviets left in 1989, the Afghan Civil War started; different Afghan warlords began fighting for control of the country. The warlords received support from other countries, including neighboring Pakistan and Iran. A very conservative Islamic group known as the Taliban emerged in an attempt to end the civil war. By the late 1990s the Taliban had gained control over 95% of Afghanistan. A group known as the Northern Alliance, based in northern Afghanistan near the border with Tajikistan, continued to fight against the Taliban.

The Taliban ruled Afghanistan according to their strict version of Islamic law. People whom the Taliban believed violated these laws were given cruel punishments. In addition, the Taliban completely restricted the rights of women. Because of such policies, most countries refused to recognize the Taliban government. Only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates accepted them as the official government. The Taliban also angered other countries by allowing suspected terrorists to live freely in Afghanistan. Among them were Osama bin Laden and members of the al-Qaeda terrorist network. In September 2001, the United States blamed bin Laden for the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C. The Taliban refused to hand him over to the United States. In response, the United States and its allies launched a bombing campaign against al-Qaeda in October 2001. Within months the Taliban abandoned Kabul, and a new government led by Hamid Karzai came to power, but fighting between the Taliban and US-led armies continued.  Taliban fighters have gone into Afghanistan from neighboring Pakistan.  Afghans accused Pakistan's military of being behind the Taliban militants but Pakistan rejected this and stated that a stable Afghanistan is in Pakistan's own interest.

In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan. NATO began rebuilding Afghanistan, including its military and government institutions.  Many schools and colleges were built.  Freedom for women improved. Women can study, work, drive, and run for office.  Many Afghan women work as politicians, some are ministers while at least one is a mayor.  Others have opened businesses, or joined the military or police. Afghanistan's economy has also improved dramatically, and NATO agreed in 2012 to help the country for at least another 10 years after 2014. Afghanistan improved diplomatic ties with many countries in the world and continues.

In August 2021, the Cabinet of Afghanistan lost its power. Most of the country fell to the Taliban on 15 August 2021 with President Ashraf Ghani escaping the country. The former government's last holdout, [was] in the Panjshir Valley.https://www.news18.com/news/india/amrullah-saleh-is-mounting-an-anti-taliban-front-from-afghanistans-panjshir-his-birth-land-4100060.html. CNN-News18

The Afghan conflict in the 2020s
The Afghan conflict as of 2025: In regard to (clashes or) skirmishes at the border with Pakistan; They have happened as late as 2025's first quarter. Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts, is the name of that part of the conflict.

Some conflicts in other countries have spread into Afghanistan; Islamist insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Islamist insurgency in Balochistan are two such conflicts.

Another part of the Afghan conflict, is the Republican armed rebellion in Afghanistan. Attacks by the NRF have happened as late as 2025's third quarter; Attacks by the AFF have happened as late as 2025's third quarter.https://kabulnow.com/2025/08/armed-opposition-groups-report-deadly-attacks-on-taliban-in-northern-afghanistan/https://www.afintl.com/en/202508163302

 Government 
Since the Taliban captured Kabul on 15 August 2021, the governance of Afghanistan is disputed between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.

According to Transparency International, Afghanistan remains in the top most corrupt countries list.

 Provinces 
As of 2004, there are thirty-four provinces.  Each province is divided into districts. (For cities see List of cities in Afghanistan.)

 Province map of Afghanistan 400x400px|Provinces of Afghanistan

Provinces of AfghanistanReferences and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.ProvinceMap #.CapitalPopulationArea (km²)LanguagesNotesU.N. Region Badakhshan  30  .  Fayzabad  889,700  44,059  Dari (Persian), Pamiri, Pashto  29 districts  North East Afghanistan Badghis  4  .  Qala i Naw  464,100  20,591  Dari, Pashto  7 districts  West Afghanistan Baghlan  19  .  Puli Khumri  848,500  21,118 Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto  16 districts  North East Afghanistan Balkh  13  .  Mazari Sharif  1,219,200  17,249  Dari, Pashto  15 districts  North West Afghanistan Bamyan  15  .  Bamiyan  418,500  14,175  Dari  7 districts  Central Afghanistan Daykundi  10  .  Nili  431,300  8,088  Dari, Pashto  8 districtsFormed from Oruzgan in 2004  South West Afghanistan Farah  2  .  Farah  474,300  48,471  Pashto, Dari, Balochi 11 districts  West Afghanistan Faryab  5  .  Maymana  931,800  20,293  Uzbek, Dari, Pashto, Turkmen  14 districts  North West Afghanistan Ghazni  16  .  Ghazni  1,149,400  22,915  Pashto, Dari  19 districts  South East Afghanistan Ghor  6  .  Chaghcharan  646,300  36,479  Dari, Pashto  10 districts  West Afghanistan Helmand  7  .  Lashkar Gah  1,441,769  58,584  Pashto, Dari  13 districts  South West Afghanistan Herat  1  .  Herat  1,744,700  54,778  Dari, Pashto, Turkmeni  15 districts  West Afghanistan Jowzjan  8  .  Sheberghan  503,100  11,798  Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto, Dari 9 districts  North West Afghanistan Kabul  22  .  Kabul  3,691,400  4,462  Dari, Turkmeni, Pashto, Uzbeki  18 districts  Central Afghanistan Kandahar  12  .  Kandahar  1,127,000  54,022  Pashto, Dari  16 districts  South East Afghanistan Kapisa  29  .  Mahmud-i-Raqi  413,000  1,842  Dari, Pashto, Pashai  7 districts  Central Afghanistan Khost  26  .  Khost  537,800  4,152  Pashto  13 districts  South East Afghanistan Kunar  34  .  Asadabad  421,700  4,942  Pashto  15 districts  North East Afghanistan Kunduz  18  .  Kunduz  935,600  8,040  Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni  7 districts  North East Afghanistan Laghman  32  .  Mihtarlam  417,200  3,843  Pashto, Pashai, Nuristani, Dari  5 districts  East Afghanistan Logar  23  .  Pul-i-Alam  367,000  3,880  Pashto, Dari  7 districts  Central Afghanistan Nangarhar  33  .  Jalalabad  1,409,600  7,727  Pashto, Dari  23 districts  East Afghanistan Nimruz  3  .  Zaranj  153,900  41,005  Balochi, Pashto, Dari  5 districts  South West Afghanistan Nuristan  31  .  Parun  138,600  9,225  Nuristani, Pashto  7 districts  North East Afghanistan Oruzgan  11  .  Tarin Kowt  328,000  22,696  Pashto, Dari  6 districts  Central Afghanistan Paktia  24  .  Gardez  516,300  6,432  Pashto  11 districts South East Afghanistan Paktika  25  .  Sharan  407,100  19,482  Pashto  15 districts  South East Afghanistan Panjshir  28  .  Bazarak  143,700  3,610  Dari, Pashto  5 districtsCreated in 2004 from Parwan Province  North East Afghanistan Parwan  20  .  Charikar  620,900  5,974  Dari, Pashto  9 districts  Central Afghanistan Samangan  14  .  Aybak  362,500  11,262  Dari, Uzbeki  5 districts  North West Afghanistan Sar-e Pol  9  .  Sar-e Pol  522,900  16,360  Dari, Pashto, Uzbeki  7 districts  North West Afghanistan Takhar  27  .  Taloqan  917,700  12,333  Dari, Uzbeki, Pashto  12 districts  North East Afghanistan Wardak  21  .  Meydan Shahr  558,400  9,934  Pashto, Dari  9 districts  Central Afghanistan Zabul  17  .  Qalat  284,600  17,343  Pashto  9 districts  South East Afghanistan

Relationship with other countries
 Australia: Four officials in Afghanistan's Taliban government, got travel bans and (other) sanctions in 2025; Australia's foreign minister said that those officals [did or] were part of "the oppression of women and girls"; Furthermore, those officials were said to be [working against or] "undermining good governance or the rule of law", according to media's quote of the foreign minister.https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/3151233/australia-hits-afghan-taliban-officials-with-sanctions-travel-bans. Retrieved 2025-12-06

India–Afghanistan relations. An "Indian [ diplomat or] envoy to Qatar" had [at least one] meeting "with Taliban leader Stanekzai in Doha in late August" 2021, media said.https://www.news18.com/news/world/moscow-talks-on-wednesday-india-to-come-face-to-face-with-taliban-for-the-second-time-4340747.html. Retrieved 20 October 2021

 Russia's ambassador (Dmitrij Zjirnov) had a meeting with representatives from Taliban on 18 August 2021; Russia's embassy was still in operation (or open).

 A United States "team led by" [then] "Deputy Special Representative Tom West and [a] top USAID humanitarian official" had meetings, in Qatar in October 2021, with Afghanistani officials. Women's rights was a subject during the talks.
 In Norway, the Taliban government were permitted (2025) to re-open an embassy in the capital; The embassy is staffed by a first secretary; Norway will not accept a new ambassador, because of the currenthttps://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/QM0yJQ/taliban-gjenaapner-afghanistans-ambassade-i-oslo. Retrieved 2025-03-24 situation of human rights in Afghanistan. Earlier (January 2022), Norway's ambassador visited Afghanistan - and had meetings with Taliban - during a two-day visit. Representatives of the Taliban leadership [came] to Norway and [met] diplomats from different countries, during 23.-25. January."Taliban kommer til Norge for å forhandle". Vg.no"Taliban besøker Norge". Nrk.no  Norway stopped (as of 2022's first quarter) supporting with money, the authorities of Afghanistan. Previously, Norwegian diplomats had at least two meetings with Taliban in Doha, in 2021's fourth quarter; The talks are about  humanitarian aid and evacuation.
 Turkey's foreign minister had a meeting (in Turkey) with "a delegation led by" foreign minister of Afghanistan, in 2021's fourth quarter.
Pakistan: The 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict is ongoing (as of 2025's fourth quarter).

Other information
In early times people passed through it with animals and other goods as it connected China and India with Central Asia and the Middle East. More recently, Afghanistan has been damaged by many years of war.  There are not enough jobs.

Related pages
 Government of Afghanistan
 List of rivers of Afghanistan

Notes

 References 

Other websites


 Afghan Studies Center 

Category:Least developed countries
Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Category:1709 establishments in Asia
Category:Landlocked countries
Category:Current dictatorships
Category:Afghanistan
Category:Totalitarian states