French Guiana

French Guiana () is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America. By land area, it is the second largest region of France (after Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and the largest overseas department of France and of the European Union.

Its prefecture and largest city is Cayenne.

 Name 
Guiana comes from an Amerindian language (Arawak) that  means "land of many waters". The addition of the word "French" in most languages other than French comes from colonial times when there were five in the region; they were, from west to east:
 Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela)
 British Guiana (now Guyana)
 Dutch Guiana, (now Suriname)
 French Guiana (now Guyane)
 Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá in Brazil).

French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and form the Guiana Shield.

 Geography 
French Guiana borders two countries: Surinam to the west,  and Brazil to the east and south. To the north is the Atlantic Ocean. There are two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and a dense rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier.

The highest point in the department is Bellevue de l'Inini Bellevue de l'Inini in the Maripasoula commune; it is () high. Other mountains are Mont Machalou (), Pic Coudreau () and Mont St Marcel ().

Several small islands are found off the coast, the three Îles du Salut which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable further along the coast towards Brazil.

The Petit-Saut Dam in the north of the department forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana.

It is the French department with more forests, 98% of the department is covered with an equatorial forest.

, the Amazon rainforest in the most southern part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some  in the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.

 Climate 
The climate in Cayenne, at an altitude of  above sea level, is of the subtype Af (Tropical Rainforest Climate also known as Equatorial Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Cayenne is . The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Cayenne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of . There is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in September with 5.0 days.

Administration
The department of French Guiana is managed by the Collectivité territorial de la Guyane in Cayenne.

Administrative divisions
There are 2 arrondissements (districts) and 22 communes (municipalities) in French Guiana. The cantons of the department were eliminated on 31 December 2015 by the Law 2011-884 of 27 July 2011.

 INSEEcode  Arrondissement  Capital  Population(2014)  Area(km²)  Density(Inh./km²)  Communes 9731 Cayenne  Cayenne 164,489  42,588.9    14 9732 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni  Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni  87,849  40,945.0    8

The 22 communes in the department are:

 INSEEcode  Commune  Population(2014)  Area  Density(inh./km²)  Intercommunality Arrondissement of Cayenne 97302  Cayenne  55,817  23.60    Le Centre Littoral 97307  Matoury  31,934  137.20    Le Centre Littoral 97304  Kourou  25,868  2,160.00    Les Savanes 97309  Remire-Montjoly  21,787  46.11    Le Centre Littoral 97305  Macouria  11,209  378.00    Le Centre Littoral 97308  Saint-Georges  3,960  2,320.00    L'Est Guyanais 97310  Roura  3,537  3,902.50    Le Centre Littoral 97312  Sinnamary  2,984  1,340.00    Les Savanes 97313  Montsinéry-Tonnegrande  2,477  737.20    Le Centre Littoral 97303  Iracoubo  1,931  2,762.00    Les Savanes 97356  Camopi  1,751  10030.00    L'Est Guyanais 97301  Régina  968  12130.00    L'Est Guyanais 97314  Ouanary  147  1,080.00    L'Est Guyanais 97358  Saint-Élie  119  5,680.00    Les Savanes Arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni  97311  Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni  44,169  4,830.00    L'Ouest Guyanais 97353  Maripasoula  10,984  18,360.00    L'Ouest Guyanais 97306  Mana  9,916  6,332.60    L'Ouest Guyanais 97360  Apatou  8,040  2,020.00    L'Ouest Guyanais 97357  Grand-Santi  6,656  2,123.00    L'Ouest Guyanais 97362  Papaichton  6,572  2628.00    L'Ouest Guyanais 97361  Awala-Yalimapo  1,364  187.40    L'Ouest Guyanais 97322  Saül  148  4,475.00    L'Ouest Guyanais

Demographics
The inhabitants of French Guiana are known, in French, as Guyanais (women: Guyanaises).

French Guiana has a population, in 2014, of 252,338, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The city with more people living in it is the capital, Cayenne (55,817 inhabitants). The subprefecture of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has 44,169 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in French Guiana

 Economy 
The main traditional industries are fishing, gold mining and timber. The Guiana Space Centre of the European Space Agency has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964.

Devils Island Prison
Three Islands off the coast were used by the French Government from 1852 to 1953 as Prison Islands.
They were:

 Royale Island
Saint-Joseph Island used for solitary confinement in silence and darkness for escape attempts
Devils Island for political prisoners [Dreyfus was kept here]
Convicts who were sentenced to more than 8 years and survived and served their terms could not return to  France but were required to stay on as involunatary settlers for the rest of their lives.
Famous Inmates:
Alfred Dreyfus
Henri Charrière  [b.16 November 1906-d.19 July 1973]  aka Papillion (Butterfly). A Burglar and safe cracker he was convicted 26 October 1931 of the Murder of a pimp named Roland Le Petit [ He admitted being a criminal but denied the murder charge]. He was sentenced to life in prison and ten years of hard labour. He married Georgette Fourel, mayor of the 1st arrondissement of Paris, on December 22, 1931. [They divorced on 8 July 1970 by decision of the Paris High Court]. After a brief imprisonment at the transit prison of Beaulieu in Caen, France, he was transported in 1933 to the prison of St-Laurent-du-Maroni on the Maroni River, in the penal settlement of mainland French Guiana. He claimed to have engaged several  escapes from 1933 to 1941 when he finally succeeded in escaping. In 1942 he was arrested and sent to a brutal penal settlement in El Dorado, Bolivar State, Venezuela. After a year of imprisonment, Charrière was released with identity papers on 3 July 1944. Five years later he was given Venezuelan citizenship; he became a businessman and married again. His 1969 autobiography became a best selling book and later made into a movie with Steve McQueen and Dustin Hoffman. French records of his life from 1933 to 1944 present a different account: He left the citadel of Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 29 September 1933 aboard the Martinière and landed on 14 October with the status of "transported" to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. There is little time left in the transportation camp as he is assigned as a nursing assistant to the André-Bouron Colonial Hospital, where he sees many inmates returning from the run and tell him their escape stories from which he will draw inspiration. This place prevents him from the work of logging sites or agricultural concessions that annihilate convicts in a few months. He escaped for the first time on September 5, 1934, but failed in Colombia, a country that returned escaped convicts to France. Judging by the Special Maritime Court, he spent two years in the cells of the St. Joseph's Island Seclusion. Several times transferred, he ended up as a nurse-chief in an Indochinese camp on the Guyanese mainland, the Cascades forest camp from which he escaped on the night of March 18-19, 1944, along with four other companions.]

 Gallery 

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the French Guiana department

References

Other websites

 Collectivité territorial de Guyane website 
 Prefecture website  
 Guyane-Amazonie Tourism