September 11 attacks

The September 11 attacks (also known as 9/11) were a series of four planned Islamist suicide attacks carried out as an act of rebellion by the militant group al-Qaeda against the United States of America. The attacks happened on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, and were done by 19 attackers. The attacks killed 2,996 people (including the attackers), making it the deadliest suicide attack in human history. They caused more than $10 billion in damage to infrastructure.Wright, Looming Tower, 2006, p. 79 The attackers took control of 4 passenger airplanes to destroy 3 famous buildings, the Twin Towers and part of the Pentagon, by flying the planes into them. There were two attacks in New York City and one in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth attack, aimed at Washington, D.C. did not work and the plane crashed in a field (now, Flight 93 National Memorial) near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The Twin Towers collapsed as a result of the crashes.

The buildings attacked were the World Trade Center's Twin Towers in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed in an empty field (now, Flight 93 National Memorial) in Shanksville, Pennsylvania before it could reach its target in Washington, D.C. That target was either the White House or the United States Capitol. After the event, the United States government said the people who had done the attacks were associated with the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda and the attacks had been organized by its leader Osama bin Laden.

The September 11 attacks are commonly attributed as the event that made the War on Terrorism begin.

 Airplanes involved 
The first of the four planes to take off was American Airlines Flight 11, a Boeing 767-200ER. It was  long and  wide. It had two aisles. The plane made daily flights between Boston and Los Angeles. When it took off at 7:59 a.m. on the morning of September 11, it carried only 81 passengers in its 158 seats, along with 11 crew members. It crashed into the North Tower at 8:46 a.m. and was traveling . It was carrying 9,717 gallons of jet fuel. That is about 14,000 gallons fewer than the total amount it could carry (about 24,140 gallons).

United Airlines Flight 175, also a Boeing 767-200ER, was the second. Like American Airlines 11, it was scheduled to fly from Boston to Los Angeles. When United 175 took off at 8:14 a.m., it was even lighter than the American flight: Only 56 of 168 seats were filled. Nine crew members were onboard. When it crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:03 a.m., traveling , it had 9,118 gallons of fuel in its tanks. This crash was broadcasted live on many television channels worldwide that were already showing the North Tower burning.

American Airlines Flight 77 was the third plane to take off. It was a Boeing 757-200. It left Washington, D.C. at 8:20 a.m. going to Los Angeles. It was two-thirds empty, with 58 passengers in its 176 seats. Six crew members were onboard. It was carrying 4,000 gallons of fuel, much less than the 11,500 gallons it could carry. It crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m., flying at .

The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was also a 757-200. It was traveling from Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco. It was scheduled to leave at 8 a.m., but was delayed for 42 minutes. When it finally took off, it carried only 37 passengers in its 182 seats, as well as seven crew members. It had a little over 7,000 gallons of fuel. At 10:03 a.m, it crashed at  into an empty field (now, Flight 93 National Memorial) near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passengers and crew unsuccessfully attempted to retake control of the plane to stop the hijackers from hitting another landmark.

Deaths

All of the 265 people on the four planes died in the crashes. The 19 attackers were also killed in the attacks. Both towers of the World Trade Center caught on fire when the planes crashed into them. After the impact at 9:03 a.m., the South Tower (2 WTC) burned for 56 minutes before it collapsed first at 9:59 a.m. After the impact at 8:46 a.m., the North Tower (1 WTC) burned for 102 minutes before it collapsed as well at 10:28 a.m. As the towers fell, parts of the towers hit other buildings around them. Some of the parts (which were very hot) made a third building, 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC), fall at 5:20 p.m due to fires. Many other buildings in the area were damaged badly and had to be demolished later, leaving the whole World Trade Center complex destroyed.

The plane that hit the Pentagon hit the ground just as it hit the western side of the building. It then crashed through three of the five "rings" that make up the Pentagon. The crash killed 125 people in the Pentagon.

There were 2,976 people in total who died in the attacks. Among those dead included more than 300 firefighters, 8 medics and over 70 police officers who were trying to save people inside the Twin Towers.

In 2023 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  say that more than 125,000 responders and survivors are suffering from long-term health problems caused by the attack. Most of these diseases were caused by breathing asbestos which had been sprayed on the ceiling trusses for fireproofing when the towers were built. Nearly as many firefighters have died from these illnesses as those who died in the attacks.

Outcome
The United States government paid an average of $1.8 million to the families of the victims of the attacks.25 Interesting Facts About 9/11

The attacks also led to the United States Department of Homeland Security being created, which protects the country from attacks.

Many conspiracy theories have appeared which say that certain people in the United States government knew about the attacks, or even made them happen. These have been said to be false by the government.

War on Terror

After the attack, the United States blamed al-Qaeda, which the U.S. thought was a terrorist group. President George W. Bush said he would start a "War on Terror". He meant that the United States would do more things to try to stop what it considered terrorism in the future. Bush said this was meant to protect Americans and their property from attackers. For example, the American government would be reorganized. Security and control in public places was made stronger, especially at airports. Americans were told every day whether there was a serious threat of "terrorism". (This was done by giving a color for the day. Red meant there was a high risk, green meant a low risk, and there were many levels in between.)

The War on Terror also led to real wars. The leader of al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, lived in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The United States told the government of Afghanistan, called the Taliban, to turn bin Laden over to them. The Taliban would not do this. The leader of the Taliban, Mullah Muhammad Omar, demanded to see proof from the United States government. If proof was not given, Mullah Omar said that he would not hand over bin Laden. President George W. Bush said that he did not need to provide proof. The United States then went to war against Afghanistan. The Taliban was removed from power, a new government was put in power, and a new president was chosen by the people of Afghanistan.

While this was happening, the United States government changed in a few ways. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) created the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Before 9/11, security at American airports was provided by the airlines. The TSA made it the government's job to provide airport security. New officers were hired by the TSA to work at airports and to fly on planes as air marshals. The TSA also provides security on American trains and subways. A new Department of Homeland Security was also created. It became their job to protect Americans and their property inside the United States. When this department was created, the TSA moved from the DOT to Homeland Security.

After defeating the Taliban, President George W. Bush thought the US should invade Iraq. He believed that Iraq helped militant groups, including al-Qaeda. He said he had evidence that Iraq was also making weapons of mass destruction. He sent Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations to show them some of the evidence. In March 2003, the United States began its invasion of Iraq. (Four other countries also took part, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Poland, and Denmark.) The government of Iraq was overthrown, and the people of Iraq elected a new government. No weapons of mass destruction were ever found in Iraq.
On May 2, 2011, United States Navy SEALs killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, who led the September 11, 2001 attacks and other violent attempts.

 Water rescues 
During the tragic events of September 11, 2001, many people were evacuated from Lower Manhattan, including from the area around the World Trade Center, where the Twin Towers collapsed. The Hudson River played a significant role in the rescue efforts. 

Various vessels, including ferries, private boats, and even Coast Guard vessels, were used to evacuate thousands of people from Manhattan to safety across the Hudson River to New Jersey. "In all, nearly 500,000 people were evacuated that day, more than the 339,000 rescued at Dunkirk. Some 150 different vessels, crewed by more than 800 American mariners, improvised and successfully executed this extraordinary feat of bravery." 

This spontaneous maritime evacuation was a crucial aspect of the response to the attacks, providing an escape route for many who were stranded in the chaos of Lower Manhattan.

Investigations
FBI
Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM. This was the biggest criminal investigation in the history of the United States. At one point, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads. The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable (cannot be denied)" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.

The FBI did not record the 2,977 deaths from the attacks in their annual violent crime record for 2001. New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.

CIA
The Inspector General of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) did a review of the CIA's pre-9/11 performance. He was very critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to stop the attacks. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States. He also criticized their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI. In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties wrote legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator Ron Wyden said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical (important) months before 9/11."

Congressional inquiry
In February 2002, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence created a joint inquiry into the performance of the U.S. Intelligence Community.Press Release of Intelligence Committee, Senate and House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry into the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, February 14, 2002. Their 832-page report was released in December 2002. In the report, there were detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information. This included information about the attackers was that the CIA knew were in the United States. They failed to use this information in order to stop the plans.Athan G. Theoharis, editor, The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 222-224, 2006,  The joint inquiry got its information about Saudi Arabian government officials possibly being involved from non-classified sources.Ali Watkins, Senate intelligence panel could seek to declassify documents; it just doesn't , McClatchy Washington Bureau, August 12, 2013. The Bush administration demanded 28 related pages stayed classified.

Rebuilding
On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani said: "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."

The damaged part of the Pentagon was rebuilt within one year of the attacks. Construction of One World Trade Center started on April 27, 2006. It reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed on top of the building at that date. This makes the total height of 1 WTC's at 1,776 feet (541m). This makes it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.

On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were supposed to be built one block east of where the original towers were. 7 WTC was the first to open on May 23, 2006 after four years of construction. 4 WTC was the second tower to open on November 13, 2013. 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018 making it the fourth skyscraper at the site to be finished.

Related pages
Patriot Day

Notes

References

Other websites

  September 11th Photo Gallery  - Also includes victim names and more information.
 BBC News - 'America's Day of Terror'
 CNN.com - Video archive, including the first and second planes.
 CNN September 11 memorial - List of victims, and photos.