Estonia

Estonia  (), officially the Republic of Estonia () is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. The capital city is Tallinn. Estonia has borders with Sweden, Finland, Russia and Latvia. Its population is 1,332,893.

The territory includes the mainland and 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea.Matthew Holehouse Estonia discovers it's actually larger after finding 800 new islands The Telegraph, 28 August 2015

History
People have lived in Estonia since at least 9,000 BC. The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was on the banks of the Pärnu River.

At the end of World War I (1914-1918) Estonia became an independent country in 1918. Estonia won the War of Independence (1918-1920) against Soviet Russia. During World War II (1939–1945), Estonia lost its independence as it was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and occupied again by the Soviet army in 1944. The occupied country was called the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic by the Soviets.

Estonia restored independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991. It became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004. It joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.

 Politics 
In January 2021, Estonia became the only country in the world led by women by having a female president (Kersti Kaljulaid) and female prime minister (Kaja Kallas). A few months later, Alar Karis replaced Kaljulaid as president and in 2024 Kristen Michal replaced Kallas as Prime minister.

As of 2025, Estonia plans to spend each year more than 5% of GDP on defence. 

Geography
Estonia is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side, to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km).. Official website of the Republic of Estonia (in Estonian)

Average elevation reaches only . The country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at .

Estonia has many forests, almost 50% of the land is covered with forests.Facts  Estonian Timber The most common tree species are pine, spruce and birch. Estonia has over 1,400 lakes and over 2,000 islands. The longest rivers are Võhandu (), Pärnu (), and Põltsamaa ().

Biodiversity
Mammals in Estonia include the grey wolf, lynx, brown bear, red fox, badger, wild boar, moose, red deer, roe deer, beaver, otter, grey seal, and ringed seal. The critically endangered European mink has been successfully reintroduced to the island of Hiiumaa. The rare Siberian flying squirrel is present in east Estonia.

Over 300 bird species have been found in Estonia. These include the white-tailed eagle, lesser spotted eagle, golden eagle, western capercaillie, black and white stork, many species of owls, waders, geese and many others. The Barn swallow is the national bird of Estonia.

Protected areas cover 18% of Estonian land and 26% of its sea territory. There are 5 national parks, 159 nature reserves, and many other protection areas.

Government
The Riigikogu is the name of the parliament in Estonia.

Administrative regions
Since administrative reform in 2017, there are in total 79 local governments. This includes 15 towns and 64 rural municipalities. All municipalities have equal legal status and form part of a county, which is a state administrative unit.

The counties are:
 15px Harju County
 15px Hiiu County
 15px Ida-Viru County
 15px Jõgeva County
 15px Järva County
 15px Lääne County
 15px Lääne-Viru County
 15px Põlva County
 15px Pärnu County
 15px Rapla County
 15px Saare County
 15px Tartu County
 15px Valga County
 15px Viljandi County
 15px Võru County

Culture

According to speedtest.net, Estonia has one of the fastest Internet download speeds in the world with an average download speed of 27.12 Mbit/s.

Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event.

The Estonian National Day is the Independence Day celebrated on 24 February. This is the day the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued. , there are 12 public holidays and 12 national holidays celebrated each year.

In June 2023, the Estonian government passed a bill legalising same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption in Estonia. The bill went into effect on 1 January 2024, making Estonia the first Baltic state and country formerly occupied by the Soviet Union to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.

International rankings
The following are links to international rankings of Estonia.
IndexRankCountries reviewedFreedom House Internet Freedom 20161 65International Tax Competitiveness Index 2023138Environmental Performance Index 20168 180Index of Economic Freedom 20176 180Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 2011–201211 187State of World Liberty Index 20061 159Human Development Index 201930 189Corruption Perceptions Index 201622 176TRACE Matrix business bribery risk 20163 199Networked Readiness Index 201421 133Ease of Doing Business Index 201712 190State of The World's Children's Index 201210 165State of The World's Women's Index 201218 165World Freedom Index 20148 165Legatum Prosperity Index 201921 149

Related pages
 Estonia at the Olympics
 Estonia national football team
 List of rivers of Estonia

Notes

 References 

 Other websites 

 Official State Website


Category:European Union member states
Category:1991 establishments in Europe