Gene

Genes are parts of DNA. DNA is a molecule inside a cell that carries the instructions for making the proteins the cell will need. Each gene contains one or more sets of instructions  These instructions usually code for a particular protein. (For example coding for the protein that would make your hair brown, or blonde). Humans have about 20,000 genes that code proteins and many more that are non-coding. Half of a person's genes come from the mother. The other half come from the father.

 The definition 
Originally: a hereditary unit which occupies a specific position (locus) on a chromosome.Carlson E.A. 1989. The gene: a critical history. Iowa State reprint.  Other definitions are ways the gene showed itself: 
1. A unit which has one or more specific effects on the phenotype of an organism; 
2. A unit that can mutate to various alleles; 
3. A unit which recombines with other such units.

Modern definitions must take note of later discoveries.Keller, Evelyn Fox 2000. The century of the gene. Harvard. There are now two classes of genes:King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics, 7th ed. Oxford.p173
1. genes that are transcribed into RNAs and are translated into polypeptide chains.
2. genes whose transcripts (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs) are used directly. These are operators which serve as 'regulatory sequences' during transcription and translation of the DNA."The building blocks of life."

 What genes do? 
Genes are passed on from parent to child and are an important part of what decides how children look and act (their biological properties). Genes affect the way our bodies work, including how we look. Our eye, hair and skin color are decided by genes. It is said that genes cause genetic effects in our bodies.

A gene may be dominant or recessive.These are not the only possibilities: see Allele#Dominance. These terms refer to the effect a gene has on the offspring who carry it in their genome.

For example, let's say a mother only has genes for brown hair and a father only has genes for red hair. The child will inherit – receive – genes for red hair (from her father) and brown hair (from her mother). The brown hair gene is 'dominant' to the red hair gene. This means the child will have brown hair even though she has genes for both red and brown hair. This means only one dominant gene is needed for the child to receive that particular trait, while two recessive genes are needed for one.

A recessive trait might stay hidden for many generations. Let us use the child from the last example. We will call her "Mary". Mary has brown hair but has genes for both red and brown hair. Let us say Mary grew up and married Tom. Tom also has brown hair, but like Mary one of his parents had red hair. This means Tom has genes for both red and brown hair. Mary and Tom would each have a chance of passing either brown or red hair genes to their children. This means that the children of Mary and Tom could have either red or brown hair. This explains why a person might look different from their parents, but look like their grandparents or great-grandparents.

 Structure and function 
The structure of a gene has many elements: the actual protein coding sequence is only a small part. There are DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.Alberts B. et al 2002. Molecular biology of the cell. 4th ed, New York: Garland Science. See also transcription (genetics)

Related pages
Allele#Dominance
Sequence analysis
Genetics
ENCODE, the complete analysis of the human genome
Gene therapy
Genetic disorder

 References 

Category:Cell biology
Category:DNA
Category:Classical genetics