Romeo and Juliet

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Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare. It is set in Verona, Italy (which at that time was part of the Venetian Republic) and is about the love between two young people from noble families that are enemies.  Romeo and Juliet has always been one of Shakespeare's most popular plays. It has been adapted to opera, ballet, television productions, and movies.  

Characters
 Romeo Montague
 Juliet Capulet
 Nurse
 Mercutio
 Friar Laurence
 Tybalt
 Prince Escalus
 Lord and Lady Capulet
 Lord and Lady Montague
 Benvolio

Story
The noble families of the Montagues and the Capulets live in the city of Verona, Italy. Both families are enemies, and even their servants get into fights with each other. Prince Escalus, the ruler of the city, tells the families to stop fighting or they will be punished.   

Montague has only one child, a teenage boy called Romeo. Capulet also has only one child, a beautiful 14-year-old daughter called Juliet. One evening, Romeo sneaks into a party at the Capulet's house. He meets Juliet and they fall in love with each other. Later on, Romeo overhears Juliet standing on her balcony admitting her love for him. He reveals himself and they agree to be married. Friar Laurence agrees to marry them in secret the next day.   

Juliet's cousin Tybalt confronts Romeo, angry that he sneaked into the party. Romeo's friend Mercutio steps in and fights Tybalt. Tybalt kills Mercutio, so Romeo takes revenge and kills Tybalt. The Prince orders Romeo to leave the city, and warns he will be executed if he returns. Romeo secretly spends the night with Juliet before leaving the next morning.   

Juliet is left upset after Romeo leaves. To cheer her up, her parents arrange for her to quickly marry Paris, a cousin of the Prince. This only makes it worse. Juliet refuses, so her father threatens to kick her out if she doesn't marry Paris. Friar Laurence suggests a drug that can put her to sleep for 42 hours, so that she can pretend to be dead, so that she can sneak out with Romeo. The Friar sends a message to Romeo to tell him about the plan. Juliet takes the drug and her family, thinking her to be dead, lay her in the family tomb. But before the messenger can reach Romeo, he learns of Juliet's "death" from someone else and believes she is really dead.   

Romeo goes to the tomb and is discovered by Paris, who has also come to mourn her. They fight, and Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, Romeo poisons himself. Juliet wakes up, but when she sees that Romeo is dead, she stabs herself. The play ends with the families and the Prince entering the tomb and discovering them dead. In their sadness, the families agree they should no longer be enemies with each other.

 About the play 

Because this play was written in the 1500's, the English language that it uses is not exactly like the English that is used today. Some of the play is written in poetry.

Language
In modern English we say "you" for one person and also "you" for more than one person. But in Shakespeare's English, he often writes "thee" and "thou" when it means just one person.
Juliet says "If they do see thee, they will murder thee!" 
Many words are used a little bit differently to the way they are used today, and other words are used that are now only used sometimes in poetry.   
Examples: "morn" for "morning; "morrow" for "tomorrow"; "woe" for "unhappiness".

Form
Romeo and Juliet, like many of Shakespeare's plays, is written in several different forms. 
Some of it is prose, which is like normal speaking. The servants in the play usually talk in prose. 
For example, two Capulet servants are planning to cause trouble with two Montague servants who are walking down the street.
Sampson: "Let us take the law of our side! Let them begin!"
Gregory: "I will frown as I pass by, and let them take it as they list!" (however they like)
Sampson: "I will bite my thumb at them, which is a disgrace to them, if they bare it!"

Some of the play is written in poetry which rhymes on the ends of the lines. 
For example, when Friar Laurence goes out to tend his garden in the early morning, he says:
"The grey eyed Morn smiles on the frowning Night
Checkering the eastern clouds with streaks of light."
("Morn" is used to mean morning in poetry)

 A lot of poetry has rhyme and rhythm. But most of this play is written in a type of poetry called blank verse. This means that although it does not usually rhyme, it has strong rhythm. The rhythm is exactly the same in most of the play, and in many of Shakespeare's other plays. The rhythm goes: 
da-dah da-dah da-dah da-dah da-dah,
da-dah da-dah da-dah da-dah da-dah.

For example, Juliet, who is anxious to get a message from Romeo says: 
"The clock struck nine when I did send the nurse!
In half an hour, she promised to return!" 

 The play finishes with two lines that rhyme. This is called a rhyming couplet. 

The Prince says to Montague and Capulet: 
"A glooming peace this morning with it brings;
The sun for sorrow will not show his head.
Go hence to have more talk of these sad things; 
Some shall be pardoned and some punished:
For never was a story of more woe 
Than this of Juliet and her Romeo."

In simple English"This morning has brought gloomy peace;
The sun is hiding his face in sadness.
Go away and discuss the sad things that have happened.
Some people will be punished for what they have done, and other will be pardoned.
There was never a story more sad
Than this story of Juliet and her Romeo."

 The Balcony scene 
Of all the scenes that have ever been written in plays, one of the most famous is in Romeo and Juliet. 

After Romeo and Juliet have met at a party and fallen in love, Juliet goes up to bed. But she cannot sleep so she stands at her window and pretends she is talking with Romeo. 
Romeo is going past and says "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? ...It is my Lady! O, it is my Love!"

Juliet, not knowing he is there, says "Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" (Romeo, Romeo, why do you have to be who you are?) She wishes he was not called Romeo Montague but had some different name, so he was not an enemy.

Romeo climbs up onto the balcony. Juliet tells Romeo that her love for him is as deep and endless as the sea. They part from each other with the famous words:
"Good night! Good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow,
That I shall say Good night till it be morrow." (tomorrow)

This romantic scene has been acted and copied many times, sometimes seriously and sometimes for fun. One well-known scene that took its idea from this, is from West Side Story, a musical by Leonard Bernstein, which takes place on a fire-escape landing with the lovers, Tony and Maria, singing the lovesong, Tonight.

 Movies and music based on the play 
Movies
Romeo and Juliet has been performed on stage many times. There have also been forty different movies 

 1908 - Romeo and Juliet, a silent movie was made by Vitagraph Studios in the US. Directed by J. Stuart Blackton, the movie starred Paul Panzer as Romeo and Florence Lawrence as Juliet.
 1936 - Romeo and Juliet, produced by Irving Thalberg and directed by George Cukor of Classical Hollywood with Norma Shearer as Juliet and Leslie Howard as Romeo, but many critics said that the actors were too old.
 1968 - Romeo and Juliet, directed by Franco Zeffirelli. This movie was made in Italy, with Olivia Hussey, who was 15, as Juliet and Leonard Whiting, who was 17, as Romeo. The costumes won an Oscar.
 1996 - Romeo + Juliet, directed by Baz Luhrmann, with Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo and Claire Danes as Juliet. This very colourful version has a modern setting.
 2013 - Romeo + Juliet, directed by Carlo Carlei, with Douglas Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet.

 Adaptations 
 1950s - West Side Story, by Leonard Bernstein, is a musical set in a modern city in the US. It is about two rival street gangs, the J uyot ta yo juliet

 Music 
 1839 - Berlioz wrote a symphony called Romeo and Juliet.
 1867 - Gounod wrote an opera called Roméo et Juliette.
 1869 - Tchaikovsky wrote a symphonic poem called Romeo and Juliet.
 1936 - the first performance of Prokofiev's ballet, Romeo and Juliet.
 1978 - Madero Richard. Costandinos, a French composer, wrote a disco opera titled Romeo & Juliet, which was released as a double album.
 2017- Trippie Redd released a song on his "A Love Letter To You" album named Romeo and Juliet.

 Related pages 
 Tristan (poem)

 References 

 Other websites 

 Full text of the play 

Category:Plays by William Shakespeare
Category:1590s plays