Archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of the human past. It looks at remains and objects left by the people who lived long ago. These remains may include old coins, tools, buildings, and inscriptions. Archaeologists, the people who study archaeology, use these remains to understand how people lived.

 Fieldwork 

When archaeologists do fieldwork, they look for remains, often by digging in the ground. As settlements (places where people lived in groups) change and grow, old buildings get buried. Usually, this is a natural process. A typical student project is to leave an object in a place where there is nothing going on. It will get covered rather quickly, because wind, water and plants will bury it. Sometimes buildings are deliberately buried to make way for new buildings. Ancient Rome, for example, is now up to 40 feet (12 metres) below the present city. This process of natural or man-made burial is why archaeological fieldwork involves digging, and is expensive and takes a long time.

When things are found, or even when nothing is found, the results of the fieldwork are taken back to a base. Short term, the base is often on or near the site. Longer term, the results will usually go to a university or museum. Everything is written down on paper or entered into a computer. Gradually, they build up a picture of what happened long ago. Archaeologists publish their research so others can understand what they learned.

Fields of interest
Archaeologists do not all study the same topics. They have specialties. Some fields of interest include Ancient Egypt (these specialists are called Egyptologists), Ancient China, or the Vikings. Archaeologists study every civilization that is known, especially the ones where there is no written history. They can study any time period. For example, one might study the beginning of human life in Africa, or study World War II. Marine archaeologists study things that are now underwater. They search for sunken ships or cities that have been lost under the sea.

 Subdisciplines 
There are many different ways of doing archaeology. these depend on the methods used, the things studied, and the environment. Some of these subdisciplines overlap with each other.

 Marine archaeology 
Archaeology relating to oceans, seas and lakes is usually done underwater. It includes the study of sunken ships and submerged coastlines. "Maritime archaeology" is a part of this subdivision. It refers to the archaeological investigation of past ships and seafaring. A famous example of maritime archaeology is the recovery and restoration of the ship Vasa.

 Ice-patch archaeology 
When a glacier melts, thingss that were captured in it can be seen. The recovery and study of these objects is called "ice-patch archaeology". A famous example is Ötzi the Iceman.

 Historical archaeology 
Historical archaeology deals with places, things, and issues from the past or present at or related to sites with written records or oral traditions. Or it can be defined as "the archaeological investigation of any past culture that has developed a literate tradition." A prominent example of historical archaeology is the work done at Colonial Williamsburg.

 Industrial archaeology 
This relatively new branch of archaeology consists of "the systematic study of structures and artefacts as a means of enlarging our understanding of the industrial past." An early example of industrial archaeology is the work done on the Ironbridge Gorge in Britain.

 Archaeozoology 
Archaeozoology, or zooarchaeology, is the study of the relationships between humans and animals in the archaeological record. This includes the study of bones, feathers, teeth and other body parts as well as their interpretation.

 Paleoethnobotany 
Paleoethnobotany (also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant relations through the recovery and analysis of plant remains from the past, usually from archaeological sites. Stuart, G.S.L. (2014). Paleoethnobotany. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2412  People who do this can be archaeologists, botanists, or chemists.

 Extraterrestrial archaeology 
Any archaeology done outside of Earth is extraterrestrial archaeology. For example, people do archaeological work on satellites and on the Moon.  The first extraterrestrial archaeology was done by a NASA astronaut, Kayla Barron, on the International Space Station: "On 14 January 2022, she used bright yellow adhesive tape to mark out the corners of 1 sq m (10.7 sq ft) on a science rack in a module of the ISS – like an archaeological trench – and repeated the process in five other locations, ranging from the galley to the toilet."   

 Experimental archaeology 
This field involves attempts at replicating the actions and conditions of ancient cultures. Good examples are Butser Ancient Farm and Overton Down.

Sites
In many countries, governments and other groups of people protect important archaeological sites so they will not be destroyed and so that visitors can always come and see them.

Sometimes archaeological sites are found when foundations are dug for new buildings. Archaeologists have to work quickly when this happens, because people who are building often don't have a lot of time. As soon as the archaeologists are done with their work, the remains that they have found will be covered over, unless they are very important.

 Glossary 

absolute dating - "A variety of methods for determining an actual date for an archeological site, such as radiocarbon dating or historical documents"   

adze - A (usually) ground-stone cutting tool used in woodworking, having a thin arched blade set at right angles to the handle.

anthrosol - "Soil formed or modified by human activity" 

artifact (also spelled 'artefact') - "Objects humans made or modified"    "A portable object manufactured, modified, or used by humans"https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/introduction-to-archaeology/glossary/

assemblage - "Any collection of artifacts that forms a single analytical unit, perhaps used for a particular activity"  

backdirt - "Soil that has been excavated and sifted for artifacts, after which it is presumed to be of no further archeological significance" 

biface - "A piece of stone, often a natural pebble, which has been worked from both sides to create sharp chopping edges" 

BP (also B.P.) - "Before Present; . . . 'Present' is academically defined as the year 1950 (the year when this term was invented)." https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/introduction-to-archaeology/glossary/  For example, a radiocarbon date of AD 1066 is given as 884 BP (1950−1066=884) and 333 BC = 2283 BP (1950+333=2283).

bulb of percussion

burin

calibrated radiocarbon date 

calibration

chert

cortex 

core

dendrochronology

deposit 

dig

dolmen

ecofact 

excavation

feature

find

findspot

flotation

geofact

geoglyph

in situ

potsherd (also "sherd" and "shard") 

provenience

radiocarbon dating

reference collection (also "comparative collection")

relative dating

screening (also "sieving")

seriation

site

spokeshave

stratigraphy

stratum (pl.: strata) 

taphonomy

type

type artifact

type site

typology 

uniface

Related pages
 Anthropology
 Archaeological site
 Artifact (culture)
 Civilization
 Paleography
 Social sciences

References

 Other websites 

 Archaeology -Citizendium