ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා

රෝගකාරක බැක්ටීරියා එසේත් නැත්නම් ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා () යනු රෝග ඇති කළ හැකි බැක්ටීරියා වෙයි. මෙම ලිපිය මිනිසුන් හට රෝගා සාදන බැක්ටීරියා පිළිබඳව ය. බොහෝ බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ, හානිකර නොවන අතර බොහෝ විට වැඩදායක වන නමුත් අනෙක් ඒවා බෝවන රෝග ඇති කළ හැක. මිනිසාට හානිදායක බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ ගණන සියයකට වඩා අඩු යැයි ඇස්තමේන්තුකර ඇත. එසේ වන්නේ, ආහාර මාර්ගය තුළ පමණක් බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ දහස් ගණන් වාසය කරන්නේ යැයි සැළකෙන අතර ය.

List of genera and microscopy features
Many genera contain pathogenic bacterial species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

 Genus Species Gram staining Shape Oxygen requirement Intra/Extracellular BacillusUnless else specified in boxes then ref is:  Bacillus anthracis
 Bacillus cereus Positive Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular Bartonella Bartonella henselae
 Bartonella quintana Negative Rods Aerobic Facultative intracellular Bordetella Bordetella pertussis Negative Small coccobacilli Aerobic Extracellular Borrelia Borrelia burgdorferi
 Borrelia garinii
 Borrelia afzelii
 Borrelia recurrentis Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Anaerobic Extracellular Brucella Brucella abortus
 Brucella canis
 Brucella melitensis
 Brucella suis Negative Coccobacilli Aerobic Intracellular Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni Negative Spiral rods  coccoid in older cultures Microaerophilic Extracellular Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Chlamydia pneumoniae
 Chlamydia trachomatis
 Chlamydophila psittaci (not Gram-stained) Small, round, ovoid Facultative or strictly aerobic Obligate intracellular Clostridium Clostridium botulinum
 Clostridium difficile
 Clostridium perfringens
 Clostridium tetani Positive Large, blunt-ended rods Obligate anaerobic Extracellular Corynebacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae Positive (unevenly) Rods Mostly facultative anaerobic Extracellular Enterococcus Enterococcus faecalis
 Enterococcus faecium Positive Cocci Facultative Anaerobic Extracellular Escherichia Escherichia coli Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular or Intracellular Francisella Francisella tularensis Negative Coccobacillus Strictly aerobic Facultative intracellular Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae Negative Coccobacilli to long and slender filamentsFacultative anaerobic 5 - 10% CO2 Extracellular Helicobacter Helicobacter pylori Negative Spiral rod Microaerophile Extracellular Legionella Legionella pneumophila Negative, stains poorly Cocobacilli Aerobic Facultative intracellular Leptospira Leptospira interrogans
 Leptospira santarosai
 Leptospira weilii
 Leptospira noguchii Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Strictly aerobic Extracellular Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Positive, darkly Slender, short rods Facultative Anaerobic Facultative intracellular Mycobacterium Mycobacterium leprae
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Mycobacterium ulcerans (none) Long, slender rods Aerobic Intracellular Mycoplasma Mycoplasma pneumoniae (none) Indistinct 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic Extracellular Neisseria Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 Neisseria meningitidis Negative Kidney bean-shaped Aerobic Gonococcus: facultative intracellularN. meningitidis: extracellular Pseudomonas Created: 30 September 2005. Last update: 01 April 2013 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Negative Rods Obligate aerobic Extracellular Rickettsia Rickettsia rickettsii Negative, stains poorly Small, rod-like coccobacillary Aerobic Obligate intracellular Salmonella Salmonella typhi
 Salmonella typhimurium Negative Rods Facultative anaerobica Facultative intracellular Shigella Shigella sonnei Negative Rods Facultative anaerobic Extracellular Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus
 Staphylococcus epidermidis
 Staphylococcus saprophyticus Positive, darkly Round cocci Facultative anaerobic Extracellular, facultative intracellular Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae
 Streptococcus pneumoniae
 Streptococcus pyogenes Positive Ovoid to spherical Facultative anaerobic Extracellular Treponema Treponema pallidum Negative, stains poorly Spirochete Aerobic ExtracellularUreaplasma Ureaplasma urealyticum Stains poorlyIndistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wallAnaerobicExtracellular Vibrio Vibrio cholerae Negative Spiral with single polar flagellum Facultative anaerobic Extracellular Yersinia Yersinia pestis
 Yersinia enterocolitica
 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Negative, bipolarly Small rods Facultative anaerobe Intracellular

List of species and clinical characteristics

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

+Species of human pathogenic bacteria Species Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention Actinomyces israelii Oral flora Actinomycosis: painful abscesses and cysts MRSA in the mouth, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Prolonged penicillin G and drainage Bacillus anthracisContact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses
Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasionsAnthrax: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms. In early infection:
Penicillin
Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
RaxibacumabAnthrax vaccine
Autoclaving of equipment Bacteroides fragilis Gut flora Abscesses in gastrointestinal tract, pelvic cavity and lungs metronidazole Wound care
Aspiration prevention Bordetella pertussisContact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.Whooping cough
Secondary bacterial pneumoniaMacrolides such as erythromycin, before paroxysmal stagePertussis vaccine, such as in DPT vaccineBorreliaB. burgdorferi
B. garinii
B. afzeliiIxodes hard ticks  Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birdsLyme disease
 Early localized: erythema migrans
 Early disseminated: neuroborreliosis, Lyme carditis
 Late: Lyme arthritis, Achrodermatitis chronica (B. afzelii only)Doxycycline for adults, amoxicillin for children, ceftriaxone for neurological involvementWearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks.
Insect repellent.
Avoid areas where ticks are found. B. recurrentis
and others Pediculus humanus corporis body louse (B. recurrentis only) and Ornithodoros soft ticks Relapsing fever Penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline Avoid areas where ticks are found
Better access to washing facilities
Reduce crowding
Pesticides BrucellaB. abortus
B. canis
B. melitensis
B. suisDirect contact with infected animal
Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk productsBrucellosis: mainly fever, muscular pain and night sweatsdoxycycline
streptomycin or gentamicinCampylobacter jejuniFecal–oral from animals (mammals and fowl)
Uncooked meat (especially poultry)
Contaminated water Enteritis, bloody diarrhea
 Guillain–Barré syndrome (muscle weakness)Treat symptoms
Fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin in severe casesGood hygiene
Avoiding contaminated water
Pasteurizing milk and milk products
Cooking meat (especially poultry) ChlamydiaC. pneumoniaeRespiratory droplets Atypical pneumoniaDoxycycline
Erythromycin NoneC. trachomatisvaginal sex
oral sex
anal sex
Vertical from mother to newborn(ICN)
Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)Trachoma
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal pneumonia
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Urethritis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)Erythromycin (adults)
Doxycycline (infants and pregnant women)Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes
Safe sex
AbstinenceChlamydophila psittaci Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots) Psittacosis, mainly atypical pneumoniaTetracycline
Doxycycline
Erythromycin - Clostridium C. botulinum Spores from soil, persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honeyBotulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysisAntitoxin 
Penicillin 
Hyperbaric oxygen 
Mechanical ventilationProper food preservation techniquesC. difficileGut flora, overgrowing when other flora is depletedPseudomembranous colitisDiscontinuing responsible antibiotic
Vancomycin or metronidazole if severe Fecal bacteriotherapyC. perfringensSpores in soil 
Vaginal flora and gut floraAnaerobic cellulitis
Gas gangrene
Acute food poisoning Gas gangrene:
Debridement or amputation 
Hyperbaric medicine
High doses of doxycycline or penicillin G and clindamycin
Food poisoning:
Supportive care is sufficient Appropriate food handlingC. tetaniSpores in soil, skin penetration through woundsTetanus: muscle spasmsTetanus immune globulin
Sedatives
Muscle relaxants
Mechanical ventilation 
Penicillin or metronidazoleTetanus vaccine (such as in the DPT vaccine) Corynebacterium diphtheriaerespiratory droplets
part of human floraDiphtheria: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.Horse serum antitoxin
Erythromycin
PenicillinDPT vaccine Ehrlichia E. canis
E. chaffeensis Dog tick Ehrlichiosis: headache, muscle aches, and fatigue doxycycline
 rifampin Enterococcus E. faecalis
E. faeciumPart of gut flora, opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system woundsBacterial endocarditis, biliary tract infections, urinary tract infectionsAmpicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)
VancomycinNo vaccine
Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention Escherichia E. coli (generally) Gut flora, and in urinary tract
 Spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract Diarrhea
 Urinary tract infections (UTI)
 Meningitis in infants
 Hospital-acquired pneumonia
 Hospital-acquired sepsis UTI:
(resistance-tests are required first)
 Co-trimoxazole
 Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin
Meningitis:
 Cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and gentamicin combination
Diarrhea:
 Antibiotics above shorten duration
 Electrolyte and fluid replacement (no vaccine or preventive drug)
 Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7
 Hand washing and disinfection Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Fecal–oral through food and water
 Direct physical contact Traveller's diarrhea Enteropathogenic E. coli Vertical, in utero or at birth Diarrhea in infants Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) Fecal–oral bloody diarrhea and fever Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), including E. coli O157:H7 Reservoir in cattle bloody diarrhea
 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Francisella tularensis vector-borne by arthropods
 Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets Tularemia: Fever, ulceration at entry site and/or lymphadenopathy. Page last reviewed: October 26, 2015 Can cause severe pneumonia. Streptomycin
 Gentamicin Avoiding insect vectors
 Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products Haemophilus influenzae Droplet contact
 Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract Bacterial meningitis
 Upper respiratory tract infections
 Pneumonia, bronchitis
 Septic arthritis in infants Meningitis:
(resistance-tests are required first)
 Third generation cephalosporin, e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
 Ampicillin and sulbactam combination Hib vaccine to infants
 Rifampin prophylactically Helicobacter pylori Colonizing stomach
 Unclear person-to-person transmission Peptic ulcer
 Chronic gastritis
 Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma Tetracycline, metronidazole and bismuth salt combination (No vaccine or preventive drug) Klebsiella pneumoniae Mouth, skin, and gut flora.
 Pneumonia upon aspiration Klebsiella pneumonia, with significant lung necrosis and hemoptysis
 Hospital-acquired urinary tract infection and sepsis 3rd generation cephalosporin
 ciprofloxacin hand hygiene. Page last reviewed: November 24, 2010. Page last updated: August 27, 2012Legionella pneumophila Droplet contact, from e.g. cooling towers, humidifiers, air conditioners and water distribution systems Legionnaire's Disease
 Pontiac fever Macrolides, such as erythromycin
 Fluoroquinolones
 Rifampin (no vaccine or preventive drug)
Heating water Leptospira species Food and water contaminated by urine from infected wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in fresh water and moist soil. Leptospirosis: Headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; possible jaundice, kidney failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, and meningitis. Doxycycline for mild cases
 Intravenous penicillin for severe cases Vaccine not widely used
 Doxycycline
Prevention of exposure
 Rodent control Listeria monocytogenes Raw milk or cheese, ground meats, poultry
 Vertically to newborn or fetus Listeriosis:
Meningitis
Sepsis Ampicillin
 Co-trimoxazole (no vaccine)
 Proper food preparation and handling Mycobacterium M. leprae Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person Leprosy (Hansen's disease): granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. Tuberculoid form:
 Dapsone and rifampin
Lepromatous form:
 Clofazimine BCG vaccine shows some effects M. tuberculosis Droplet contact Tuberculosis: chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details)

Standard "short" course:
 First 2 months, combination:
 Isoniazid
 Rifampicin
 Pyrazinamide
 Ethambutol
 Further 4 months, combination:
 Isoniazid
 Rifampicin BCG vaccine
 IsoniazidMycoplasma pneumoniae Human flora
 Respiratory droplets Mycoplasma pneumonia Doxycycline and erythromycin NeisseriaN. gonorrhoeae Sexually transmitted
 vertical in birth Gonorrhea
Urethritis (men)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (women)
 Ophthalmia neonatorum
 Septic arthritis Uncomplicated gonorrhea:
 Ceftriaxone
 Tetracycline, e.g. doxycycline if also chlamydia is suspected
 Spectinomycin for resistance or patient allergy to cephalosporin
Ophthalmia neonatorum:
 Erythromycin + ceftriaxone (No vaccine)
 Safe sex
 Erythromycin into eyes of newborn at risk N. meningitidis Droplet transmission Meningococcal disease including meningitis
 Sepsis, including Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome Penicillin G
 Ceftriaxone NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 vaccine
 Rifampin Pseudomonas aeruginosa Opportunistic; Infects damaged tissues or people with immunodeficiency. Pseudomonas infection:
 Pneumonia
 Urinary tract infection
 Corneal infection
 Endocarditis
 Osteomyelitis
 Burn wound infection
 Sepsis
 Malignant external otitis Anti-pseudomonal penicillins such as ticarcillin
 Aminoglycoside (no vaccine)
 Topical silver sulfadiazine for burn wounds Nocardia asteroides In soil Nocardiosis: Pneumonia, endocarditis, keratitis, neurological or lymphocutaneous infection TMP/SMX Rickettsia rickettsii Wood or dog tick Rocky mountain spotted fever Doxycycline
 Chloramphenicol (no preventive drug or approved vaccine)
 Vector control, such as clothing
 Prompt removal of attached ticks Salmonella S typhi Fecal–oral route, through food or water Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, rose spots)
 Chronic carrier state Ceftriaxone
 Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin Ty21a and ViCPS vaccines
 Hygiene and food preparation Other Salmonella species
e.g. S. typhimurium Fecal–oral
 Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. uncooked eggs) or turtles Salmonellosis with gastroenteritis
 Paratyphoid fever
 Osteomyelitis in people with sickle cells
 Sepsis Fluid and electrolyte replacement for diarrhea
 Antibiotics (in neonates and immuno-compromised):
 Ciprofloxacin
 Ceftriaxone
 TMP/SMX
 Azithromycin (No vaccine or preventive drug)
 Proper sewage disposal
 Food preparation
 Good personal hygiene Shigella S. sonnei
S. dysenteriae Fecal–oral Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) Fluid and electrolyte replacement
 Fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin if severe Protection of water and food supplies
 Vaccines are in trial stageInstitut Pasteur Press Office - Vaccine against shigellosis (bacillary dysentery):a promising clinical trial  15 January 2009. Retrieved on 27 February 2009Staphylococcus aureus Human flora on mucosae in e.g. anterior nares, skin and vagina, entering through wound Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections:
 Skin infections, including impetigo
 Acute infective endocarditis
 Septis
 Necrotizing pneumonia
 Meningitis
 Osteomyelitis
 Toxinoses
 Scalded skin syndrome
 Toxic shock syndrome
 Staphylococcal food poisoning Incision and drainage of localized lesions
 Nafcillin, oxacillin, methicillin
 Vancomycin for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) (no vaccine or preventive drug)
 Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals epidermidis Human flora in skin, anterior nares and mucous membranes Infections of implanted prostheses (e.g. heart valves and joints) and catheters Vancomycin None saprophyticus Part of normal vaginal flora Cystitis in women TMP/SMX or norfloxacin None Streptococcus agalactiae Human flora in vagina, urethral mucous membranes, rectum
 Vertically during childbirth
 Sexually Neonatal meningitis
 Neonatal sepsis
 Neonatal pneumonia
 Endometritis in postpartum women
 Opportunistic infections with sepsis and pneumonia Penicillin G
 Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection None pneumoniae Respiratory droplets
 Human flora in nasopharynx (spreading in immunocompromised) Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults
 Otitis media and sinusitis in children
 Sepsis Penicillin G 23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV)
 Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV) pyogenes Respiratory droplets
 Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions Streptococcal pharyngitis
 Sepsis
 Scarlet fever
 Rheumatic fever
 Impetigo and erysipelas
 Puerperal fever
 Necrotizing fasciitis
 Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis Penicillin G or V
 Macrolide, e.g. clarithromycin or erythromycin in penicillin allergy
 Drainage and debridement for necrotizing fasciitis No vaccine
 Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever viridans Oral flora, penetration through abrasions Subacute bacterial endocarditis
 Dental cavities
 Abscesses of brain and liver Penicillin G Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum Sexual
 Vertical (from mother to fetus) Syphilis: First a chancre, (a painless skin ulceration), then diffuse rash. Later: gummas (soft growths), neurological, or heart symptoms.
 Congenital syphilis Penicillin G
 Doxycycline if penicillin allergy Penicillin offered to recent sexual partners
 Antibiotics to pregnant women if risk of transmitting to child
 No vaccine available
 Safe sex Vibrio cholerae Fecal–oral route
 Contaminated water and raw seafood Cholera: Severe "rice water" diarrhea Fluid and electrolyte replacement
 Doxycycline Proper sanitation
 Adequate food preparation Yersinia pestis Fleas from animals
 Ingestion of animal tissues
 Respiratory droplets Plague:
 Bubonic plague
 Pneumonic plague Streptomycin primarily
 Tetracyclin
 Supportive therapy for shock Plague vaccine
 Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas

 අමතර අවධානයට 
 Human microbiome project
 List of antibiotics
 Pathogenic viruses

 සටහන් 

 මූලාශ්‍ර 

 භාහිර සබැඳි 

 Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D. at A.T. Still University
 Pathogenic bacteria genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID


ප්‍රවර්ගය:බැක්ටීරියා රෝග