ඝරණ

හින්දුස්ථානි සංගීතයට අනුව,  ඝරණයක් යනු is a system of social organization linking musicians or dancers by lineage and/or apprenticeship, and by adherence to a particular musical style. A gharana also indicates a comprehensive musicological ideology. This ideology sometimes changes substantially from one gharana to another. It directly affects the thinking, teaching, performance and appreciation of music. 

The word gharana comes from the Hindi word 'ghar', which means 'family' or 'house'. It typically refers to the place where the musical ideology originated; for example, some of the gharanas well known for singing khyals are: Agra, Gwalior, Indore, Jaipur, Kirana, and Patiala.

 වාචික ඝරණ 

 ඛ්‍යාල් ඝරණ 
The gharanas have distinct styles of presenting the khyal — how much to emphasize and how to enunciate the words of the composition, when to sing the sthayi and antara, whether to sing an unmetered alap in the beginning, what kinds of improvisations to use, how much importance to give to the rhythmic aspect, and so on. However, an individual performer from a gharana may choose to borrow appealing stylistic aspects of another gharana in his or her gayaki. The prominent khyal gharanas are:Gharanas at ITC Sangeet Research Academy.
Gharana  Founding Artists  Approximate founding date  Revived by  Approximate revival date  FeaturesGwalior Gharana Nathan Pir Baksh, Nathu Khan Mid-16th Century   Bol-baant, bol-taan, no sargam, wide range in taans, alankarik taans, descending sapaat taans, roughly similar emphasis on melody and rhythm, repertoire of bandishes, variety of taansAgra Gharana Ghagghe Khudabaksh Mid-19th century Faiyaz Khan Early 20th century Closer to dhrupad with nom-tom type alap and other elements, rhythmic play, frequent use of tisra jati in teentaal, emphasis on voice culture to achieve wide range and powerful throw of voice, bol-baant, bol-taan, rare use of sargam, slower taans, repertoire of traditional and self-composed bandishesKirana Gharana Nayak Gopal Late 17th century Abdul Karim Khan, Abdul Wahid Khan Early 20th century Slow-tempo raga development, emphasis on melody, long and sustained pitches, usually traditional ragas, use of sargam, very little bol-baant, clarity of text pronunciationBhendi Bazaar Gharana Chhajju Khan, Nazeer Khan, Khadim Hussain Khan Late 19th century   Emphasis on breath control to be able to sing long passages in a single breath, use of merukhand for extended alaps, use of gamak taan and sargam, use of some Carnatic ragasJaipur-Atrauli Gharana Alladiya Khan Late 19th century   Repertoire of rare and complex ragas, based on Agra gharana, heavy use of teentaal and rupak, rhythmic play, use of bol-baant and bol-taan, use of sargam, rippling taans, heavy emphasis on taansPatiala Gharana Bade Fateh Ali Khan, Ali Baksh Khan Late 19th century   Emphasis on voice development, roughly similar emphasis on melody and rhythm, bol-baant-like sargam, occasional use of bol-taan, variety of taans, fast sargam and taan patterns, may or may not include antaraRampur-Sahaswan Gharana Inayat Hussain Khan Mid-19th century   Emphasis on melody, little bol-baant or bol-taan, use of sargam, sapaat taansIndore Gharana Amir Khan Mid-20th century   Slow-tempo raga development, improvisation mostly in lower and middle octaves, tendency towards serious and expansive ragas, emphasis on melody, judicious use of pause between improvisations, bol alap and sargam using merukhand patterns, sparing application of murki, use of kan swaras in all parts of performance, controlled use of embellishments to preserve introspective quality, rare use of tihai, careful enunciation of text, may or may not include antara, use of multiple laya jatis in a single taan, mixture of taan types in a single taan, known for rubaidar tarana (considered similar to chhota khyal)Benaras Gharana Kirtankars 13th century Girija Devi Mid-20th centuryDelhi Gharana Qawwaliyas Late 18th century Sangi Khan, Mamman Khan  Extensive use of sargam and taan patterns in both vilambit and drutMewati Gharana Ghagghe Nazir Khan Mid-19th century Jasraj Late 20th century Emphasis on melody, known for bhajans, sapaat taans and gamak taans, use of sargamQawwal Bacche GharanaSaamat bin Ibrahim Repertoire of traditional bandishes, systematic alap, gamak taan and bol taan, known for other classical and semi-classical formsSham Chaurasia Gharana Miyan Chand Khan, Miyan Suraj Khan 16th century Salamat Ali and Nazakat Ali Khan Mid-20th century Emphasis on layakari using bol-baant and tihai, fast sargam and taan patterns

 Dhrupad Gharanas 

 Dagarvani Gharana, founded by the Dagar family
 Bishnupur Gharana, founded by Kirtankars in West Bengal (13th Century)
 Darbhanga Mallik Gharana, Darbhanga, Bihar - known for style known as Gaurhar Vani and also has good command on Khandar Vani
 Bettiah gharana, founded in Bettiah, Bihar

 Thumri gharanas 
In the Benares Thumri Gharana, the words in the text of a song are musically embellished to bring out their meaning, while the Lucknow gharana presents intricately embellished and delicate thumris that are explicit in their eroticism. The principal feature of the thumri of the Patiala gharana is its incorporation of the tappa from the Punjab region. It is with this tappa element that the Patiala gharana makes its impact, departing from the khyal-dominated Benaras thumris and the dance-oriented Lucknow thumris.Modern history of Hindustani classical music at ITC Sangeet Research Academy.
 Benares Thumri Gharana, revived by Siddheshwari Devi, Rasulan Bai, Badi Moti Bai, Mahadev Mishra, Smt. Girija Devi(mid-20th Century), founded by Kirtankars (13th-Century).
 Patiala Thumri Gharana, founded by Ustad Fateh Ali Khan and Ustad Ali Baksh Khan in Patiala, Punjab (18th Century).

 Instrumental gharanas 

 Tabla Gharanas 
The following are the six widely accepted Tabla Gharanas. The prominent Tabla Gharanas are in bold (ordered based on chronology of founding):
 Delhi gharana is the oldest of the Tabla Gharanas.
 Ajrada gharana is an offshoot of and closely associated with the Delhi Gharana.
 Lucknow gharana, revived by Late Pandit Anil Bhattacharjee,(Middle 20th century), Swapan Chaudhuri (late 20th Century), has rhythmic development through Kathak.Also Prof.Biswajit Bhattacharjee.(R.B.U.) (Specialist in KATHAKI Baaz) is direct diciple of Late Ustad Wazid Hussain Khalifa and complited his training under the able guidance of his father Pandit.Anil Bhattacharjee,The diciple of Wazid Hussain.
 Benares gharana
 Punjab gharana, popularized by Alla Rakha and Zakir Hussain, developed through its original Pakhawaj repertoire
 Farukhabad gharana is the youngest accepted Tabla Gharana, and an offshoot of the Lucknow Gharana

 Gharana Founding artists Approximate founding date Founding location Famous exponents Delhi Gharana Siddhar Khan Early 18th century Delhi Ustad Game Khan, Ustad Imam Ali Khan, Ustad Latif Ahmed Khan, Ustad Shafaat Hussain Khan Ajrada Gharana Kallu Khan, Miru Khan Early 19th century Meerut Ustad Habibuddin Khan,Ustad Mehboob Hussain Khan, Prof. Sudhirkumar Saxena, Ustad Manju Khan s/o late Ustad Habibuddin Khan, (Ustad Yusuf Khan, Pandit Babu Ram Parvesh Singh, Ustad Ramjan Khan Sahib, Pandit Bal Krishan Sharma - disciples of Ustad Habibuddin Khan), Aman Ali, Athar Hussain, Anil Kumar ,all are disciples of ustad manju khan s/o late ustad habibudin khan Lucknow Gharana Miyan Bakshu 19th century Lucknow Pt. Achchan Maharaj (Jagannath Maharaj),Late Pandit Anil Bhattacharjee, Prof.Biswajit Bhattacharjee.(R.B.U.),Pt. Santosh Biswas, Pt. Swapan Chaudhuri Benares gharana Ram Sahai Late 18th century Benaras Pt. Ram Sahai, Pt. Shamta Prasad, Pt. Kishen Maharaj, Kumar Bose, Pt. Samar Saha Farukhabad gharana Haji Vilayat Ali Khan 19th century Farukhabad Ustad Masit Khan, Ustad Ahmedjan Thirakwa, Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Ustad Keramatullah Khan, Pandit Kanai Dutta, Pandit Shyamal Bose, Pandit Shankar Ghosh, Pt. Anindo Chatterjee, Ustad Sabir Khan Punjab gharana Miyan Qader Baksh 19th century Punjab Ustad Qadeer Buksh, Ustad Shaukat Hussein Khan, Ustad "Tari" Khan, Ustad Alla Rakha Khan, Ustad Zakir Hussain Sikar Gharana  Ustad Liaquat Ali Khan, Ustad Sharafat Ali Khan Nana Panse gharana Mathura Pt. Makhanji, Pt. Balkrishna Vaidya (Pakhawaj),[Pandit Ramakant Pathak(Pakhawaj),Late Pandit Anil bhattacharjee]Diciples of Pandit Sakharamji.

 Wind and String Instruments 

 Imdadkhani (Etawah) Gharana, founded by Imdad Khan (Sitar, Surbahar)
 Maihar gharana, Maihar
 Bishnupur gharana
 Sufiana Gharana of Kashmir (Santoor)

 Dance gharanas 

In Kathak performers today generally draw their lineage from three major schools of Kathak: the Jaipur gharana, the Lucknow gharana and the Banaras gharana (born in the courts of the Kachwaha Rajput kings, the Nawab of Oudh, and Varanasi respectively); there is also a less prominent (and later) Raigarh gharana which amalgamated technique from all three preceding gharanas but became famous for its own distinctive compositions.

 References 

 External links 
 Gharanas of Hindustani Music 
 Gharana Tradition, by Prof. R.C. Mehta