Stifn king

Ism nns imdan iga Stifn Idwin King (ilul ɣ 21 Cutambir 1947) ig yan umara Amirikan. Ar as ttinin "Agllid n tawda" , ittyawssan bahra s ungaln nns n tawda. Yura ula f wanawn yaḍnin, zun d asmurg, tirmgut, tasrit n usnulfu (science-fiction), d tfantaziyt.

Mqqar ittyawssan zwar s wungaln, dars ikti n 200 n tullissin gzzulnin, taggat nnsnt ttyawfsarnt s twckinin.

Ungal nns amzwaru, iga t Carrie (1974), isrs t inn ɣ igr n tawda. Imirn mgalanin (1982), lli igan yat twckint n kkuẓt tullissin, iga amzwaru lli sɣ iffuɣ wanaw ann.

Llan mnnaw n ifilmn lli d ttyasaynin sɣ twuriwin n King, yili gisn: Carrie (1976), Asisfiw (1980), atakas immutn d kristin (1983), sur fllati (1986), tagnẓit (1990), The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Dolores Claiborne (1995), Mil azgzaw (1999),  Amdlu (2007), ɣayann (2017), d tawada iɣzzifn (2025).

Issufɣ d tiwuriwin s ism izafln n Ritcard Baxman. Yura ula idlisn d imaratn yaḍnin, zun d amddakkl nns Peter Straub d tarwa nns Joe Hill d Owen King. Yura ula idlisn da ur ginin ungaln n uckaḍ ussin (non-fiction), zun d Danse Macabre (1981) d f tirra (2000).

Gr tismɣurin yaḍnin lli yiwi, King yiwi tasmɣurt n "O. Henry Award" f tnfust "Argaz s tmlsit tasggant" (1994) d tsmɣurt n "Los Angeles Times Book Prize" ɣ wanaw n udɣisn/tiysas f wungal "11/22/63" (2011).

Yiwi ula tismɣurin f twuri nns akkʷ ɣ tskla, zun d tanalla n tiwisi iẓlin ɣ tirra timirikan yn" ɣ 2003, "tasmɣurt tamqquṛt n mastr" sɣ dar "Mystery Writers of America" ɣ 2007, d "tanalla tanamurt n tẓuṛiwin" ɣ 2014.

Joyce Carol Oates inna f King is iga "amara dar iẓuṛan ssufunin ɣ tsga n tsnimant, lli mi tga tmazirt n Marikan aɣbalu isuln n ssakn, d tadlsa taɣrfant n Marikan tga dars zun d yan uɣbalu imqqurn n tgrdiwin."

 Tudrt nns tazaykut 
King ilul ɣ Portland, Maine, ɣ 21 Cutambir 1947. Babas, Donald Edwin King, lli igan asbbab n "aspirateurs" tiɣrdin n ma d yuḍa sɣ Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin, ilul ɣ Indiana s yism n Pollock, macc issnfl t s King lliɣ imqquṛ. Innas n King tga Nellie Ruth King (ism nns n tlalit Pillsbury).

Imarawn nns tahln ɣ Scarborough, Maine, ɣ 23 Yulyuz 1939. Zdɣn d twja n Donald ɣ cikagu, ukan mmattin s Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Imarawn n King urrin d s Maine ɣ tigira n Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin, stin yat tgmmi imẓẓiyn ɣ Scarborough ad gis zdɣn. Aẓuṛ nns ikka d ṣkuṭlanda d Irlanda.

Lliɣ ismd sin isggʷasn, babas ifl tawja nns.  innas ad t issgman ntta d gʷmas imqquṛn David, slaɣ nttat, ɣ ddu tassast tuqṛiḍt mqquṛn. Mmattin sɣ Scarborough, sdun s ayt darsn ɣ cikagu, Illinois; Croton-on-Hudson; West De Pere, Wisconsin; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Malden, Massachusetts; d Stratford, Connecticut.

Lliɣ dars 11 n isggʷasn, tawja nns tmmatti s Durham, Maine, tsmkil gis innas imarawn nns aylliɣ mmutn. Sɣ ɣakudann ad tswuri ar tt tettawi ɣ imuḍan n wallxf ɣ yat tgmmi ɣ tsga ann.

King inna is issnti tira lliɣ dars llan sḍis niɣ d sa n isggʷasn, ar ittasi tiwlafin sɣ idlisn n "comics", ilmma ar sisnt iskar timdyazin lli ganin wins. Ifilmn dɣ nttni fln gis kigan. Ikka tt inn ar ittiri ifilmn sɣ tiziwiri. Ukan lliɣ issnti ar ittara, isti ad ittara s twlafin acku mayann ka a mi issn ɣ uzmz ann.

F mad izdin d tayri nns i tawda, inna: "mẓẓi inu inm, mac sɣ lliɣ mẓẓiɣ, riɣ ad ẓmuɣ. Ɣikann ad nit skrɣ."

Ikti d lliɣ imla i innas yat tnfust lli yusi sɣ kra n comics. Trar d fllas: "urdiɣ is tẓdaṛt ad tskrt ma yufn ɣayad. Ara t inn s ugayyu nnk."

Ikti d gis yan ussyafa s tgrdi imqqurn, zun d iɣ idrrm s yat tzdduɣt imqquṛn tetkar s tiggura rglnin, tettyawfka as tsarut ad irẓm walli t issusmn. 

Ikka tt inn King iga imɣri imqqurn ɣ tmẓi nns: "Ɣriɣ tn akkʷ, sɣ Nancy Drew ar Psycho. Walli iyi bahra issusmn iga t The Shrinking Man, n Richard Matheson — lli yufa lliɣ dars llan tam n isggʷasn." 

Xaltis Gert tkka tt inn ar as takka afkkuẓ n iḍulaṛn (quarter) f kra igan tanfust da yura; ɣ twuriwin nns timzwura da sul ɣamanin tlla "Jhonathan d tḍlmaṣin", da yura lliɣ ka dars tẓa n isggʷasn.

 Tawada nns 
Izznza King tullist nns tamzwarut igzzuln n tawuri, "The Glass Floor" i Startling Mystery Stories ɣ 1967. Lliɣ yumẓ aslkin (diplôme) ɣ Tsdawit n Maine, yumẓ King turagt ad ig aslmad ɣ yan usinan, macc ur yufi kra n ida n usslmd ɣ wakud ann s tirxi. Izznza tullisin i tsɣunin zun d Cavalier. Tuggt n tullisin ad tizaykutin ttyawfsarnt ɣ Night Shift (1978). Ɣ 1971, ittyawstay King ad ig aslmad n tnglizit ɣ Hampden Academy ɣ Hampden, Maine. Iɣama ar ittazn tullisin i tsɣunin, iswuri f twngimin n wungaln, yili gratsn ungal mgal-imnɣi Sword in the Darkness (Agstur ɣ tillas), lli ur jju iffuɣn.

Ikka tt inn King ar isslmad Dracula i imḥḍaṛn n usinag, isaqsa ixf nns ma rad ijṛu iɣ ukan ddan "inssamumn n idammn" n umaḍal aqbur s yat tmdint tamẓẓiyt ɣ New England. Ɣwad ad igan aẓur n 'Salem's Lot, lli f inna King is iga "Peyton Place imlaggan d Dracula". Tmmut innas n King s gar aṭṭan n unaru agu lli d iffɣ 'Salem's Lot. Lliɣ tmmut innas, immatti King d twja nns s Boulder, Colorado. Ifra yan urzzaf s usnsu n Stanley Hotel ɣ Estes Park, ɣilli as ifkan tikti n The Shining, lli isawaln f yan umara lli iswurin ɣ yan usnsu ɣ tagrst d twja nns.

 Idlisn nns 

 The Shining (Adlis) 
The Shining (s tclḥit: Asmrɣa) iga yan udlis n tskla n tawda d tuckḍa, Iffuɣ d udlis ad ɣ usggʷas n 1977. Ig wis kṛaḍ da yura King, d ntta ad as yiwin tisillit imqqurn ɣ ddunit n tskla, isbidd t iga yan ɣammas imaratn ssugrnin n wanaw ad.  King yura adlis ad lliɣ izzri yan iḍ ɣ yan usnsu irdln (The Stanley Hotel), ɣinn a ɣ d nit fllas tḍṛ tawngimt n tnfust ad.

Tullist n udlis ar tsawal f Jack Torrance, yan urgaz iran ad ig amara (writer), macc iṭṭaf imukrisn d unẓiẓ d lgant inngdmn. Jack yufa yat twuri n unaḍuf ɣ The Overlook Hotel, yan usnsu imqqurn d yuckan ɣ idrarn n kuluṛaḍu. Asnsu ad ar ittqqn ɣ imir n tagrst acku ar gis iṭṭaṛ udfl s kigan, aylliɣ ur ar ttizḍiṛn mddn ad t inn lkmn niɣ ad sɣ gis iffɣ yan.

Jack yiwi d tawja nns, tamɣart nns Wndy d iwis Danny lli dar llan smmus n isggʷasn, ad zdɣn ɣ usnsu, ɣilad ɣaman slaɣ nttni ɣ tagrst. Jack ira ad yaf afra d uswingm afad ad ismd adlis nns, ula ad ijji sɣ unẓiẓ.

Is ka, asnsu n Overlook ur igi asnsu ittyawmyarn. Iga yan wansa itkarn s tfasa tanimant, d iwlafn n middn lli gis mmutnin ɣ ma izrin. Iwis, Danny, iṭṭaf yat tikki timzzit, ar as aqqran "The Shining" (Tifawt). Tigrdi ad ar t tettajja ad iẓṛṛa ma intln, ad iẓṛṛa iwlafn n usnsu, d tɣawsiwin n imal.

Lliɣ iḍṛ utfl, tglf tawja ɣ usnsu. Asnsu issnti ad issnfal ɣ taytti n Jack. Awlafn n usnsu ran ad amẓn Danny acku adwas nns (The Shining) iga zun d tirmt i usnsu afad ad iddr. Asnsu issmrs Jack, iṣlimuṛ gis, irar t id isfurrg, ar tissɣal mas d tawja nns ad t iṛẓan. Jack issnti ad ittnuful, yiwrri s unẓiẓ d uẓmaḍ (mqqar yuga usnsu, iwlafn ar as t akkan), aylliɣ iɣts ad inɣ Wendy d Danny.

Ɣ tigira n udlis, Jack yuki f Wendy d Danny s ucaquṛ. Wendy tufa ad trwl s tammara, tuggs Jack. Danny imzazal d babas, iml as mas d asnsu ur ar t ittiri, yiri ka ad inawl tigrdi n Danny. Ɣ wammas n tamaɣt, Jack yaḍu d imikk s unli nns, yini i iwis ad irwl.

Danny ikti d mas d asnsu iṭṭaf yat tfḍna imqqurn lli ixṣṣa ad ttiɣis bdda. Jack ittu ad as iskr asɣus. Tafḍna trɣa bahra aylliɣ tbbaqqi. Asnsu akkʷ yuki gis wafa. Wendy, Danny, d Dick Hallorann rwln s umadir n uɣris. immut Jack ɣ wammas n wafa ntta d usnsu lli ixwan.

 The stand (Iɣim) 
The Stand iga yan ungal issugrn n Stephen King lli yura ɣ usggʷas n 1978. King yura s  ammas n udlis ad tullist nns n naf-afukalis (post-apocalyptic), ismun gisn ussiwd d uckaḍ imqqurn. Iga yan sɣ idlisn nns lli bahra ssusmnin middn, ar isawal f imnɣi gr wafulki d uxʷccan ɣ tillawt n ddunit lli d yuckan tiɣrdin n urddal n tɣrma. 

Ar tssntay tnfust s usnnflay n yan waṭṭan abaraw lli ifrtln s tirruksa i yan usaram n imnɣi amsnudr ɣ Marikan. Ar as aqqran  s inigl n Captain Trips nɣ Superflu. Aṭṭan ad war ijji  ig amaynu, ijfa, d ar ittawi tudrt n middn ɣ kra n wussan hlli.

Nnan is ar inqqa 99.4% n unck n middn illan ɣ umaḍal. yajj yat tfrsit tamẓẓiyt n middn ad ddn, middn ad a f tbidd tasult n tiffugna. 

Willi njmnin i Captain Trips ssntin ad bḍun f snat n tgrummawin n iẓamumn ɣ twargiwin nnsn. Bḍun f sin ikabaṛn (deux camps) n umnɣi n tigira:

 1. Lguṛ n Boulder (akabaṛ n ufulki): Ar tfttu ɣ ddu tnbaḍt n Mother Abagayl, yat tmɣart tawssart tasggant, tga tamazant n ufulki d tikṣṣaḍ n Rrbi. Ɣwid ar ttmunan ɣ Boulder, Colorado, ɣinn a ɣ ran ad srsn yan wamun amaynu n tdimuqṛatit d tanzzarfut. Sɣ gr willi llanin ɣ ukabaṛ ad: Stu Redman, Larry Underwood, d Fran Goldsmith.
 2. Lguṛ n Las Vegas (Gar akabaṛ):  ddu tanbaḍt n Randall Flagg (Argaz Amqqur n tillas). Iga yan udaymun (démon) mẓẓiyn lli igan amatar n uxʷccan itmman d urwway. Ar d ttmunan inḍṣaṛ lli t ḍfṛnin ɣ Las Vegas, Nevada.
Ayt lguṛ n Boulder frkn is d Randall Flagg iwats ad irdl kullu ɣaylli bnan. Mother Abagail, tettr srsn ad iddu yan urabbu n imknasn (willi zzigznin) s Las Vegas afad ad nrun axʷccan.

 Imk nns n tirra 
King ar bahra izggur s turda n "ma gis illan iɣ" (nɣ d ma rad izri iɣ...), ar isaqsa ma rad ijṛu iɣ iglf yan umara amssak (issan anẓiẓ) d tawja nns ɣ ugns n yan usnsu ittyawzdaɣn  (The Shining), niɣ d iɣ izḍaṛ yan ad iẓṛ ma rad izri ɣ imal (The Dead Zone), niɣ d iɣ izḍaṛ yan ad issuddu ɣ wakud afad ad issnfl amzruy (11/22/63).[114] Ar ittara: Addad a izwarn. Fad ad d ttackan iwrak. Ad ukan zgunt tɣawsiwin ad ɣ wallxf nns, ar isstfal ɣ tirra. Ar bahra dars tettili twngimt n manmk a rad ig usggru, macc ur jju isɣi i iwrak ad skrn mad ira nttan. S umddur, ar gisn isaggm ad skrn ɣaylli ran nttni s ixfawn nnsn. Kra n tikkal, tigira lli s ar ittannay, isti tt, ar tettgga kra n tɣawsa yaḍnin da jju ur itam.

 Tisuɣal