Andriyya dil Virrukyu

Andriyya dil Virroccio nɣ s tutlayt tatalyanit : -{Andrea del Verrocchio}- (attayn n. 1435 – 1488) ikka t inn iga yan unsram aṭalyan, bu urɣ, ig ula anssɣmu. Tkka tt inn dars yat tsawrt ilan addur ammas n Flurinsa. 

Kkan t inn gis kigan d inssɣma yaḍnin n tlslalit ar ttlmadn dar Verrocchio, yili gisn mad gis iswurin. Rad naf sɣ gisn yan mnnaw zun d Botticelli, Ghirlandaio ula Perugino. Amḥḍar n Verrocchio akkʷ ittyawssann iga t Leonardo da Vinci.thumb|Madonna d Urba, attayen n. 1470, tasawert n Verrocchio. New York, Asalay Aɣerman n Tẓuri.

Tudrt nns
Ilul d Verrocchio ɣ Flurinsa asggʷas 1435. Ibbas Michele di Francesco Cioni, ikka t inn yadlli ar iswuri ɣ uṭṭubn d uqrmud ar tn isgadda, issnfl tawuri nns yaḍu d iga "ansmun n waẓẓayn" ḍarat as. Iswuri dar tawja n id bu ibankiwn Ayt Medici, fad ilmma ad immutti s Vinisya. 

Verrocchio lliɣ d ilul, gan as s yism Andrea di Francesco di Cioni. Snfln as ism nns s Andrea del Verrocchio lliɣ issnti ar ittlmad dar yan bu wurɣ (adhaybi) igan s yism Verrocchio (irwas is d nttan nit ad igan Francesco di Luca Verrocchio, yan unsbaɣur bahra imursn ɣ wussan nns). Amm yan dars ittḥḍarn, ilmd dars Verrocchio manmk s ar ttyawsakrnt tzuzaf d yirukutn n wurɣ zun d iṭbsiln, iɣṛṛafn d yiqṛɛay n tisnt. Ilmd manmk s ar ssufuɣn ɣ wurɣ; yan wanaw n twriqin tusdidin ar asnt ttinin "afriw n wurɣ", d usmrs nnsnt ɣ mad izdin d zzwaq n yisutay n twlafin, isfrisn d ɣaylli mu ttinin "illuminated manuscripts". Ilmd daɣ manmk s ar snulfun/ttṣwwabn isfrisn n ubrunẓ. Ukan, taɣawsa ad igguran a's bahra ittyawssan nttan.  

Tizi ad, immaggar Verrocchio nttan d Donatello. Yaɣul Donatello iga yan zzɣ "sculptors" akkʷ ttyawssannin. Anck lli sul iskr ɣ yisfrisn yuti isfrisn n Verrocchio. Is ka, Donatello d Verrocchio s sin-itsn sgaddan yan usfris n David ilan ixf n Goliath, s sin-itsn daɣ sgaddan yan usfris ixatrn n yan usrdas (aɛskṛi) ittyawssann; issudan ayyis-nns (asfris igan win imnayn). Kigan n tikkal, ar sngaddan imussnawn n umzruy d ar ssmzazaln gr sin yisfrisn-ad n yimnayn. 

Verrocchio, ur jju itahl, mac ikka-t-nn ar ittazzal meqqar; f ayt tewja nns yaḍnin. Idrus mad ittyawssanen f tudert nns, abla mas ilmed dar Fra Filippo Lippi akkʷ ayenn iqqnen s teklut, d mas ar tetturruyent tiwuriwin nns tireslanin s yiseggʷasen nns simraw imeggura, d mla d is ur d takessa n Lorenzo de Medici d iwwis Piero, ur inni ad izzigiz mani. Ikka-t-nn yamu ula netta ɣ "Guild" n St Luke (Luke Agʷrram), kkan-d tsawert nns kigan ɣ yinaẓuren keswatnin. Tiwuriwin n kra ɣ yinelmaden-ad nns zund Domenico Ghirlandaio, Francesco Botticelli d Pietro Perugino, iceqqa ad ten-tssengarad d twuriwin n Verrocchio s yixf nns.

Ɣ tgiriwin n tudert nns, ifel Verrocchio i Lorenzo di Credi tasawert nns n Flurinsa, irẓem-d netta ṭayya ɣ Vinisya, mani ɣ ikka ar iswurri f usefris n Bartolomeo Colleoni. Immut ɣ Vinisya aseggʷas n 1488. Ar ittyawḥasab Andrea mas iga yan zeɣ yimezwura usridnin n umessenti (entrepreneur) awṭalyan, Paul M. Verrochi.

Tiflwin nns

Ar ittyawnna mas ibda Verrocchio ar ikllu ɣ yisggʷasn n id 1460, lliɣ iswurri ɣ ammas n Prato nttan d umkla Fra Filippo Lippi. Yat tflwit ittyawssann ilan asinyatur n Verrocchio k'ad illan. Ad tt-igan d yat "l'altarpiece" ɣ tlla Madonna nttat d wazzan-nns munan d yigʷrramn ɣ ammas n tkatidraliyt n Pistoia, tettyawkla tigira n id 1470. LLant sul yan mnnawt tflwin-yaḍnin sɣ ustudyu n Verrocchio. Irwas ukan is gi-sn ikʷla Verrocchio kra; klun gi-sn daɣ imḥḍarn-nns kra yaḍni. 

Taflwit akkʷ gi-snt ittyawssan, tettyawskar gr 1472 d 1475. Ad tt-igan d Addum n Umasiḥ. Izmmim Giorgio Vasari ɣ warra-nns igan s uzwl Tudrt n Inaẓurn Ikswatn; mas d anglus lli d-yuckan f uzlmaḍ ikʷla-t Leonardo da Vinci. Ar gis daɣ ittals Vasari f Verrocchio, mas d lliɣ irura unggaru-ad taɣʷḍft s umḥḍar-nns yiws n mraw d tam yisggʷasn d tmfkit-ann-nns bahra ihyyan ɣ tklut; isrs d akkʷ nttan taccitat-nns s yat tklit, ur jju d nttan ad sul ikʷlan kra ɣ tudrt-nns. Iɣ as-izzri yan s usnɣd, irad yakʷz mas d amata ɣ tflwit ittyawkla s yat tmamkt n "tempera" igan tazaykut, imil anglus, kra n yigzzumn ɣ tfkka n Ɛisa, d umuɣli-ann n tɣʷrdin kulci-tn ttyawklan s yat tattiqnit n tklut tazitiyt igan tamaynut. Ar ittajja mayad imussnawn n umzruy n tẓuri ad inin d yixfawn-nnsn mas iswurri Leonardo f yan mnnaw yigzzumn sɣ tugna-ad. Ittufka awd yan usumr n mas ikʷla Botticini wis-sin anglus.

"Sculpteurs"
Isnulfa-d Verrochio snat tɣawsiwin zɣ uẓru, yan utabut (cercueil) d yan usarid (lavabo). Ar ittuyanna mas isrm altu yat Madonna d Ubijju s low relief (yat tɣarast n ufrs, asrɣet nɣ d asrm ɣ ar ittuman design zund is ira ad d-iffuɣ zɣ surface-nns, s yat tfsna ixatrn "high relief" nɣ d yat idrusn "low relief").

Ttyawskarn "sculptures" n Verrocchio akkʷ ttyawssannin s ubrunẓ nna igan yan wanaw n umɣuz (métal). D afad ad d-isnulfu yan usfris n ubrunẓ, ista Verrocchio ad t-ixdm s tkira (cire). Iskr-as s izwar "plâtre" iggi-nns afad ad as-ifk yan "moule" ḍart mad t ttkkis, issrɣ-as i umɣuz-ann ɣ yan ufarnu ar kiɣ kullu ifsi yaɣul iga (liquid). Issuga umɣuz ifsin ɣ "mould" yajj-t-nn ad ikrm s ttawil-nns. Ḍart mad ikks "plâtre", yaff-nn usfris nns n ubrunẓ yujad, ur as iɣama min "finition" d ujrak (polissage) 

 Tawwuri ɣ San Lorenzo 
Tekka-tt-nn tga Taglizt n San Lorenzo (Lawrence Agʷrram) yat teglizt n umaynu ɣ Flurinsa. Iṣka-tt umesdag Brunelleschi s tmamekt n Tleslatit igan tamaynut ɣ akud-ann. Kkan-t-nn Ayt Medici gan imasayen nns akkʷ dar illa waddur, stan Verrocchio zund sculptor-nnsen nna rad gis iswurin f kraḍ yisenfaren.  

Isnulfa-d Verrocchio ɣ 1465 yan usarid i tmeṣriyt-ann n San Lorenzo (nna mi tinin ɣilad "Old Sacristy"), ɣ ttilin iheddumen d yirukuten n "Communion". Ittusrem-as i ufella n usarid-nna yan yigider, ittgensasen azamul n John Agʷrram Awenjil (St. John the Evangelist). Ittusrem-as i udis nns "coat of arms" n Ayt Medici. Tettufka-as ɣ akud-ann i Verrocchio yat temhelt iẓlin s "désigne" n yan umḍel i Cosimo, "banker" ittyawssanen d jeddis n Ayt Medici. 

Ɣ tezwiri n temrawant n 1470, ikellef-t Lorenzo de Medici s temhelt n "désigne" n umḍel n babas Piero d ɛemmis Giovanni. Ikka-t-nn umḍel-ann nna as-"designer" Verrocchio iga "unusual". Isnulfa-as-d yan "sarcophagus" (atabut n uẓru) imeqquren zeɣ yan uẓru "rouge-foncé" igan afalkay, "trimmed" s uẓru azegzaw d yifrawen "sculptured" s ubrunẓ. Ɣ udɣar n ad as-isker yan "design" n ɣmk-nna bedda ɣ ittili utabut izdi d uɣrab, isker-as nettan yan "désigne" yaḍen t-ittajjan ad nn-yili ɣ tuẓẓumt n usaka ittawin s "Sacristy". Isgadda-as Verrocchio yan uzeṭṭa n ubṛunz itettumanen zund is ittyawskar s yizakaren.

Amasiḥ d Thomas Agʷrram
Taglizt akkʷ igan "unusual" ɣ ammas n Flurinsa ɣ akud-ann tga-tt taglizt n Orsanmichele. Tga yad-lli tuṣka-a tin yan ugadaz n usengar mi ittyawkla usalas s tugna tatigant n Madonna d Urba. Ittusenfel ugadaz-a s teglizt, dlen-as idisan nns s yiɣerban. Kkan-t-nn dar yiɣerban nns kra n tburjutin (niches) ganin uɣizen, mani ɣ ttafan ad sbidden isefrisen. Swurrin kigan n mdden ɣ ammas n Flurinsa ɣ tazzulin mzaraynint, amunen midden-a kullu ɣ mnnawt tmaddasin mi tinin "guilds". Ikka-t-nn ar ittiri kraygatt guild azalan ɣ tmdint ad nn dars yili usefris n ugʷrram nns apaṭrun ɣ yat zeɣ tburjutin-ann n Oransmichele. Kkan-t-nn ar ttyawskaren isefrisen-a s yifassen n yimayafen n "sculptor".

Isfrisn-nns
Isgadda Verrocchio snat tɣawsiwin fulkinin sɣ ammas uẓru, yan utabut (coffin) d yan usarid (washbasin). Ar daɣ ttinin mas isrm ula yat Madonna d Wazzan s tmamakt n "low relief". 

Isfrisn n Verrocchio akkʷ dars ttyawssannin, ttyawskarn s ubrunẓ, nna igan yan wanaw ɣ lmɛdn.

Izdayn yaḍnin
 Andrea del Verrocchio ɣ ammas n "Amzruy n Tẓuṛi"
 Tabyugrafit n Andrea Verrocchio
 Talgamt n izdayn f twuri n Verrocchio
 Tabyugrafit n Andrea del Verrocchio

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