Ccinwa

Tga tmazirt n Ccinwa yat sɣ tmizar mqqurnin ɣ umaḍal akkʷ, tg tamazirt lli issugrn ɣ igran akkʷ, ɣ win tdamsa d tsrtit d twssna d tdlsa ula ɣ igr n udwas asrdas.
Tga tmazirt n Ccinwa tamazirt ɣ illa wuṭṭun akkʷ imqqurn n imzdaɣn ɣ umaḍal akkʷ. Izdɣ gis ma ittggan wafkṛaḍ n imzdaɣn n umaḍal, sin id mlyaṛ n mddn.

Tssn tmazirt n Ccinwa alkkum n mddn imzwura s idis nns ɣ uzmz Ndi-zṛu (Paleolithic). Ɣ tifḍit tis snat (2nd millennium) dat n tlalit, nfalaln d iwunak n twaculin tigldanin ɣ tsga n Wasif Awraɣ (Yellow River). Tasutin tis 8 ar tis 3 dat n tlalit tkka tt inn gisnt taḍuṛi n tanaya n twacult n Zhou, d ubuɣlu n imakn n tmssugurt d tsrdast d tskla d tflsuft.

Ɣ 221 dat n tlalit, tettyawsmuna Ccinwa ddu ufus n yan umnkud (emperor), aylli d yiwin sin wafḍan n twaculin timnkudin. S usnulfu n lbarud d ifrawn, d tilit n uɣaras n umṭṭalfu (Silk Road) d ugadir amaggar, tbuɣla tdlsa tacinwit, tfl iḍiṣ iggutn f tmizar lli as d aẓnin d ula xtilli aggugnin. Ccinwa tssnti ad tffal ɣ ikaliwn nns ɣ tasut tis 19 i idwasn n iṛmmuyn s umntil n yan mnnaw n igamman ur saswanin gratsn. Tankra n tgrawla n 1911 tsḍṛ tawacult n Qing, tsbidd Tagduda n Ccinwa ɣ usggʷas nit lli t iḍfarn. Tamazirt tkka tt inn ur tzgi, tfruzza ɣ uzmz n "Imɣarn n Imnɣi" (Warlord Era), aylliɣ tt ismun Kuomintang s "tmussut n Ugafa".

Imnɣi uɣrim Acinwi issnti ɣ 1927, lliɣ smsrn idwasn n Kuomintang igmamn n Ukabar anjmaw Acinwi (CCP). Tkcm d Tmnkuda n Jjabbun s Ccinwa ɣ 1937, aylli yiwin CCP d Kuomintang ad mmullin ɣ "ignzi wis sin" afad ad mmaɣn d Jjabbun.

Imnɣi wis Sin n Ccinwa d Jjabbun iggura d s tinri n Ccinwa; macc, CCP d Kuomintang urrin d daɣ s imnɣi uɣrim gratsn. Ɣ 1949, issugr Ukabar anjmaw n Tagduda taɣrfant n Ccinwa, isɣi i tnbaḍt n Kuomintang ad trwl s tgzirt n Taywan. Tbḍu tmazirt, kraygat tasga ar tettini is d nttat ad igan tanbaḍt tazrfant.

Iḍfṛ mad izzugz isggamn inakaln, ur imurs Ukabar anjmaw ad isbidd tamadrawt: "tukya tamaggart s mnid" (Great Leap Forward) tsrg i uɣʷni mqquṛn n Ccinwa lli yiwin tudrt n id mlyun n mddn, tkka tt inn "Tgrawla Tadlsant" (Cultural Revolution) tga tizi n urway d ussndu.

Sɣ 1949, tga Ccinwa yan uwank anjmaw aywn, ig ukabaṛ anjmaw n Ccinwa amnbaḍ nns lli igan yan. Tga yan sɣ smmus igmamn ɣlalnin ɣ usɣim n tɣlast n tamttiwin Munnin, tg daɣ agmam ɣ tuggt n tnimal tigraɣlanin d tmnaḍin. S ma d yaẓn i yan f smmus n tdamsa tamaḍlant, tga tdamsa tacinwit tamzwarut ɣ umaḍal s Iḍis n Udwas n Uwuɣ (PPP). Ccinwa ad igan tamazirt tis snat ɣ tgrgist, mqqar ur tli taskflt yattuyn ɣ yigran n tdimuqṛant d izrfan n ufgan. Tga tmazirt ad yat sɣ tdamsiwin lli akkʷ ttmḍaṛanin s uṭṛuḍ, tga amaway d umsifaḍ amzwaru ɣ umaḍal, tg tanssagmt tis snat.

 Ɣilli d ikka ism 
Ism n "China" ittyawsmras ɣ tutlayt Tanglizt zɣ tasut tis 16; macc, ur t jju nawln Icinwiyin s ugayyu nnsn ɣ uzmz ann. Aẓur nns ikka d Tabrtqizt, d Tfarisit, aylliɣ d ilkm awal n Tasnskritit Cīna, lli ittmkiyiln ɣ Lhind taqbuṛt 

"China" tuman d ɣ tsuɣlt n Richard Eden ɣ 1555 i udlis n unmmaddu d umkccaf abrtqiz Duarte Barbosa n 1516.[14] Awal n Barbosa ikka d Tafarisit Chīn (چین), lli d ikkan dɣ nttat tasanskrit Cīna (चीन).[19] Aẓur n wawal asnskrit illa fllas umrara.[14] Cīna tettyawsmras tiklit tamzwarut ɣ warratn n Ihindusn iqburn, zun d Mahabharata (tasut tis 3 dat n tlalit – tasut tis 4 dffir tlalit) d Iqunan n Manu (gr tasut tis 2 dat n tlalit d tasut tis 2 dffir tlalit).

Ɣ 1655, Martino Martini issigr is d ism n Ccinwa, aẓur nns ur rad d ikk amr tawacult n Qin (221–206 dat n tlalit) niɣ d awank n Qin lli tt izwarn.[21][20] Waxxa izwur yad ussmrs ɣ iɣbula n Lhind tawacult ann (macc ur izwir awank), aẓur ad ar t sul addrn ɣ mnnaw iɣbula.[22] tisigar yaḍnin llan gisnt ismawn i Yelang d Jing niɣ d awank n Chu.

 Tadlsa 
Sɣ ndi izmaz, tadlsa n icinwiyn tfl bahra gis tflsuft n Takunfucit (Confucianism). Tadlsa n Ccinwa daɣ, tfl bahra ɣ tdlsiwin n iming n Asya d iffus n wiming n Asya. Ɣ kigan n uzmz agldan n tmazirt ad, tamldiwin n urdudz anamun iẓḍaṛ ad ittyawfka s tuggas attuynin n tmnukdiwin lanin taysist, d lli d uckanin sɣ twacult n Han.
Taggayt:Timizar
 Tisaɣulin  

Taggayt: Timizar n Wasya