Tutlayt Taclḥiyt

Tkka tt inn tclḥiyt ar tettyura s uskkil aɛrab, ilin sis kigan n warratn iclḥiyn. Ɣ isggʷasn ad ggʷranin issufɣ d usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt (-{IRCAM}-) anaw amaynu n tifinaɣ ar as tinin -{Neo-Tifinaɣ}- ntta ɣila a s tt ttaran willi as ssnin. Macc askkil alatin ad bahra ittusmrasn, slawan akkʷ g wantirnit.

Taclḥiyt kcmn tt tguriwin tiɛṛabin macc tẓḍaṛ ad tg tutlayt tamaziɣt tagafayt g akkʷ drusnt tguriwin turḍilin zɣ tɛṛabt.

 Ism 
Tikklt tamzwaurt (nna nssn) ɣ tettubdar tguri a ɣ kra n udlis tga tt ɣ udlis n -{Luis del Mármol Carvajal}- nna yura f tfriqt, inna gis aya: «-{ [...] dans Maroc et dans toutes les provinces de cet Empire, aussi bien que parmi les Numides et les Getules qui font vers l’occident, on parle la langue africaine pure, qu’on nomme Chilha et Tamazegt, noms fort anciens. }-»-{Perrot d'Ablancourt 1667: 92-93.}-. s taclḥit: « [...] Ɣ Lmɣrib ula ɣ tisgiwin akkʷ n Umnkud ad, ula gr Inumidiyn d Igituln lli d ikkan tsga n utaram, ar sawaln yat tutlayt tafriqt tazddagt, nna mi aqqran Cclḥa d Tamazigt, ismawn ad gan bahra iqburn. ». Da ittini Maṛmul mas gan ismawn ad s sin iqburn macc ur dars ma s rad inbḍ f uwtay n yism. Talɣa n yism Ccelḥa tuman is tga taɛṛabt, aya a f ur nẓḍaṛ ad nawi abdar ad am wanẓa is yad illa ism ad ɣ tutlayt n ayt unẓul amɣribi.

Aẓɣuṛ n yism "Aclḥiy" nɣ "Taclḥiyt" ur fllas illi umsasa, ilint mnnawt tannayin ɣ yimrsi ad. Amzwaru ad irar ixf i tsnaẓɣuṛt n tguri iga t ufṛansis -{William de Slane}- ɣ usggʷas 1856. Zɣ aylli ittyussann ɣ akud ann inna mas d yucka ism ad zɣ tguri "Acluḥ" (Aamgut: Iclaḥ) lli isnamkn axyam ittyuskarn zɣ wazbaln n ulɣʷm (s tfṛansist: -{...mot dérivé du nom berbère achlouh, au pluriel ichlah, qui signifie tente de poil de chameau.}-)  

G 1905, iffɣ d -{Auguste Mouliéras}- s yat tannayt infln s imikk f tin umzwaru: "(Acluḥ) iga yat tgrtilt ittusgaddan s waẓẓmay, tuga n uggʷri (-{Esparto}-) nɣ d tiznirt, taqburt, ikkarran..." (s fṛansist: -{“natte en jonc, en alfa ou en palmier nain, vieille et déchirée”}-)-{Mouliéras, A., 1905. Une tribu zénète anti-musulmane au Maroc les Zkara. p.25.}-. 

G tannayt n -{Van Den Boogert}-, gant tsnaẓɣuṛin ad timrditin-{Van Den Boogert (1997 : 3).}-. Ɣ mad iẓlin s tmzwarut, ibayn d is nit tlla tguri "Acluḥ" s unamk n "agiṭun" mac ar tettusmras ɣar ɣ tsgiwin n tqbaylit (Dzayr). Nnig n aya, Anamk amzwaru n tguri "Acluḥ" (mgt: iclaḥ) d aẓṭṭa n taḍut iḥṛcen, ig unamk "Axyam" ɣar asinan-{Delaporte et al. 1844, 588.}-. 

Amara aliman -{Johann Wetzstein}- issfra mas iga uẓɣuṛ n tguri "-{Cluḥ}-" aɛṛab: "-{R|[...] Le nom schulûḥ signifie : “gueux, canailles de voleurs et de meurtriers”. [...] Ce mot désigne, dans la langue la plus ancienne, une longue branche d’arbre, et aujourd’hui encore, au Liban, une forte branche, tant sur l’arbre que coupée, se nomme schilḥ , pluriel schulûḥ . On transpose l’image sur des hommes rudes, grossiers, et à Damas on dit : “Levez-vous, vous êtes couchés là comme schulûḥ el-arab, des gourdins de bédouins.” Plus largement schilḥ signifie le voleur, ainsi qu’on le rencontre souvent dans les 1001 Nuits }-"-{(Wetzstein 1887 : 34-35).}-. Kra n isggʷasn ḍarat, rad yals -{Hans Stumme}- i tẓiṛt ad-{STUMME, H., 1899. Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestücke, Gespräche, Glossar. Pp. v. 249. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung., p.3.}-. Mac, illa mad yannin is ur igi amẓlan ad nsiggil irm iẓlin s tɛṛabt tantalayt tamɣribit ɣ tɛṛabin tintlayin n ugmuḍ anmmas acku anamk n tguriwin zɣ uẓɣur [CLḤ] naḥya t kigan gr tutlayin tiɛṛabin.

Wiss kraḍ ad ifk tannayt nns d amara angliz -{Robert Cunninghame Graham}- ɣ 1898-{Cunninghame Graham, R., n.d. Mogreb-el-Acksa. London: Heinemann, pp.34, 96.}-. Inna fllas maya: -{R|"Shillah is the Arabic name for the Southern Berbers, i.e. of the Atlas and the Sahara; Shluoch, in Arabic, means “cast out,” and Shillah, the “cast out folk.” The Shillah call themselves Amazeight, i.e. the noble people. This difference of opinion as to nomenclature has been observed in other nations. […] The Arabs use neither the word “Tamazirght” nor the word “Berber,” but call the Berber tribes “Shillah,” that is, the “outcasts”; the verb is “Shallaha” and the term used for the speech Shluoch}-".

Kra n imrzutn d imaratn nnan mas tga taguri taɛrabt d mas tga tsnamk "imxxarn", maccan ɣ tsga yaḍn wiyyaḍ ar ttinin is tga tamaziɣt, zun d Muḥammad Aqdim, lli innan ɣ yan umgrad nns, mas d ism n "Cluḥ", ɣ tillawt, iga ism aẓɣuṛan nna fkan imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib, imṣmudn ɣ waṭlas mqqurn ɣ tisgwin n Mṛṛakc, tamazirt n Sus d waṭlas mẓẓiyn i yixfawn nnsn. Ɣ Tclḥit, amyag "Iclḥ" ila anamk n izdɣ bdda, zun iɣ tnnit "staqqṛ"-{-{Febrayer.com}- - Cluḥ d Taclḥit, Maṣmuda d Imṣmudn.}-. Ɣaya ad aɣ yakkan mas d ism n Cluḥ" iga tt middn lli d istaqṛn. Inna ula ɣ tirra nns is ur igi amẓlan ad nsiggl anamk n tguri ad ɣ imawaln n tutlayin yaḍnin.

G tannayt n Ṛacid Agrur, ixṣṣa ad zwar nqrru is d taguri taɛṛabt ad d nttnɛimil, ur d tamaziɣt, maccan ad tt nsiggil ɣ tɛṛabt taklasikt izgl. Ixṣṣa ad tt nsiggl ɣ tɛṛabt tantalant tamɣribit lli igan yat tutlayt iddrn, ittnfaln d tizi s unmgal n tɛṛabt taklasikt. Ɣ tɛṛabt tamɣribit ur llin kra n irimn yaḍn s uẓur "CLḤ" amr wid izdin d imaziɣn, aya ar immal is d taguri ad ijṛa as unfal imsisli zɣ /r/ s /l/ (-{rhotacisme}-). Amyag "Crrḥ" isnamk -{inciser, disséquer}-, iwa ɣ walln n imslɛṛabn, acku ar gis ttfhamn ɣar kra n imikk n tguriwin turḍilin, "Cclḥa" tga yat tutlayt taɛṛabt ibbin, ittugzzarn, ifrɣn aylliɣ ggamin ad sul gis fhmn kra-{Agrour, R., 2012. Contribution à l’étude d’un mot voyageur : Chleuh. Cahiers d'études africaines, 52(208), pp.767-811.}-. 

Tuddma "a-" ɣ Aclḥiy tga azwir nna nẓḍaṛ ad naf ɣ tugt n tguriwin ticlḥiyin, ar nttafa azwir ad ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin s tɣarast ad nit, d s tutlayin tifrusyawiyin s tɣarasin yaḍn yaẓn i umaɣnu nɣ talɣa ad. Tagara n -iy (itturḍal-d zɣ uḍfir aɛṛab -iyy) ad ismuttgn ismawn d ifrisn. Llant awd kra n timzarayin yaḍnin ddu talɣa n Aclḥay d Taclḥayt, s tgara n -ay ɣ udɣar n -iy ddu iḍiṣ n trgalt lli t id izwarn ḥ -{-{Stumme (1899: 3); Laoust (1936: v)}-.}-. Amagut n Aclḥiy iga t Iclḥiyn nɣ iclḥay ; amma ism nns unti iga t Taclḥiyt, amagut Ticlḥiyin nɣ ticlḥay. Amma s ddarija nɣ taɛrabt tamɣribit, amsiwl amay iga Ccəlḥ, amagut Ccluḥ, d tutlayt Ccəlḥa,-{-{Fox et Abu-Talib (1966: 155), Colin (1993: 976)}-.}- tawafuɣt tawtmant n Taclḥit. 

Ɣ warratn iqburn n tutlayt Taclḥit, ar nn nttafa is tt inn tkka tutlayt tṭṭaf ism Tamaziɣt nɣ Tamazixt. S umdya, isawl umara imqqurn Awzal (iddr g tuddma n tasut tis 18) f nnaḍm n Tmazixt ann ifulkin.-{Awzal, Baḥr al-Dumūʿ , v.5 (édition dans van den Boogert 1997).}- 

Acku tmazirt n Sus a ɣ bahra ggutn imsiwln n tutlayt ad, illa mad issmrasn ism Tasusit (tutlayt n Sus) fad ad isawl f tutlayt Taclḥiyt. Amsiwl amay iga Asusiy, amagut Isusiyn, d yism unti Tasusiyt, amagut nns Tisusiyin.

 Amḍan n imsiwln 

Kra n iɣbula yaḍn ar daɣ akkan yan umḍan bahra imqqurn f walli yad nbdr, Stroomer (2001a) iḍkḍ is llan «gr 6 d 8 id mlyun» n imsiwln, s ɣik ad (2008) isslkm amḍan ad s «kra n 8 ar 9 id mlyun».-{Stroomer (2001a:183n1), Stroomer (2008:289n1).}- Stroomer ur ifki awd yan uɣbalu nna f ibna asutg nns.

Mqqar d amḍan n imsiwln n tutlayt taclḥit, slawann akkʷ irgazn, ar sawaln Taclḥit d Ddarija ula nttat, ur illi awd kra immaln mas d taclḥit amm tutlayt iddrn tettusmigl ɣ imal. S tmntilt n tmrniwt tudrift n umḍan n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib ɣ isggʷasn ad ggʷranin (zɣ 12 id mlyun ɣ 1961 ar uggar n 33 id mlyun ɣ 2014), nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas d Taclḥit ass a sis isawal uṭṭun akkʷ imqqurn g umzruy nns.

 Ɣ tsgiwin nna ɣ tga tanṣlit 
+Asnmkta n tsgiwin zɣ mad illan ɣ uṣiḍn n 2004Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004TasgaUṭṭun n imzdaɣnUṭṭun n imsiwlnTigmiḍiSus-Masst-Dra3 094 9851 717 13961,9%Agʷlmim-Ssmara425 211182 69547,8%Mṛṛakc-Tansift-Lḥuz3 088 338969 56135,1%Tadla-Azilal1 448 155199 09215,3%
+Asnmkta n tsgiwin zɣ mad illan ɣ uṣiḍn n 2014TasgaUṭṭun n imzdaɣnUṭṭun n imsiwlnTigmiḍiSus-Masst2 657 9061 751 56065.9%Agʷlmim-Asif n Nun414 489215 53452.0%Mṛṛakc-Asfi4 504 7671 184 75326.3%Dra-Tafilalt1 627 269357 99922.0%Bni Mllal-Xnifra2 512 375266 31110.6%

 Tantalayin 
Tantlayin ɣ ugns n tutlayt taclḥit ur jjun d nttnti ad tt inn ikkan gant imrsi n kra n usnubbc ɣ mad izrin, macc mnnaw n iminagn nnan mas d imsiwln n tantlayin kullu tnt n tutlayt taclḥit ẓḍaṛn ad myarmasn. Walli akkʷ izwarn iga Stumme, lli inẓan is d kulci imsiwln ufan ad rmsn ingrat sn, "acku tintlayin timdanin n tutlayt nnsn ur tnt bahra naḥya."-{Stumme (1899: 4).}- Mayad nit ad isddid mass Ḥmad Bukus, yan usnils amɣribi d umsiwl s tutlayt Taclḥit, lliɣ inna: "tṭṭaf Tclḥiyt yat tamunt tamdrut lli d ittajjan iclḥiyn ad sawaln d ingratsn bla awd kra n tmukrist, zɣ tmazirt n Iḥaḥan ɣ ugafa utrim ar Ayt Baɛmran ɣ yiffus utrim, zɣ Wactukn ɣ utaram ar Iznagn ɣ ugmuḍ, d zɣ Aqqa ɣ tiniri ar Tassawt ɣ uzaɣar n Mṛṛakc."-{Boukous (1977: 126).}-

Ur llin iwtta ibaynn mzyan gr tantalayin n tutlayt taclḥit d tantalayin n tamaziɣt n Waṭlas anammas. Azrig lli d isfrraqn gr tutlayin ad s sin illa ɣ kra mani gr uzgig llid ittawin zɣ Mṛṛakc ar Zagura, macc ar tinnin masd tqbilin n Iɣujdamn, Igliwa d Ayt Wawzgit walan i Tclḥiyt, d tiqbilin tiddjarin nnsn Inultan, Infdwak d Imɣran walan i tamaziɣt n Waṭlas anammas.

 Angraw n tirra 
Zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yadnin, Taclḥiyt ar tettyura s mnnaw igʷmmayn, macc agʷmmay amaziɣ-alatin ad bahra ittusmrasn ɣ tirra. Ama igʷmmayn iɛṛabn ar tn bahra nttafa ɣ tmzgadiwin tiqburin dar willi ɣranin ɣ skayl timslmin. Ɣil llan midn lli ittaran s ugʷmmay n tifinaɣ.

 Agmmay n Tifinaɣ 

Uran imzwura tamaziɣt s iskkiln n tfinaɣ d iskkiln n tɛṛabt d iskkiln n tlatinit maca ɣ usggʷas n 2003 iskcm usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt tifinaɣ ɣ uslmad n tmaziɣt; tdwl tifinaɣ tunṣibt ɣ umrruk.

 Agmmay Talatinit 
Agmay n Talatint gis sin wanawn:

 Agmmay alatin amaziɣ 

Agmmay amaziɣ alatin nɣ Agmmay alatin n tmaziɣt nɣ akk Tamɛmmrit iga yan ugmmay alatini ittiwskar fad ad sis nttara tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa zun d taclḥit, tarifit, taqbaylit d tacawit d wiyyaḍ zɣ isggʷasn 1840 Agʷmmay Amaziɣ Alatin iṭṭaf 23 iskkiln Ilatiniyen d 10 isekkilen yaḍn. Yiwi-d ugmmay ad ism n Tamɛmmrit, tajmilt i Mulud Mɛemmri, nttan ad tn iɛdln.

Assmrs n ugʷmmay a ar t bahra nttafa dar wid iɣran tamaziɣt g tsdawin d dar kra n imɣnasn nna isnubbucn ɣ tmsnilst tamaziɣt. Kigan n idlisn iclḥiyn itrarn ttyaran is-s, niẓḍiṛ ula ad t-naf ɣ trubba n faysbuk d isitn n iclḥiyn.

 Agmmay alatin afransis 
Agʷmmay a ad issmras umata n ugdud ɣ wanṭirnit d itilfunn acku nttat a mi ssnn zɣ tɣri nnsn i tutlayt tafṛansist g tinmal. Tusi d tamakt ad n itrra ilugnn nns zɣ tfṛansist (s umdya: /c/ = ch, /ɣ/ = gh, /x/ = kh, atg) maca ur tṭṭif ilugnn ibiddn f msasan midden, ayad a f ar nttafa ku yan manmk dars tga.

 Agmmay Taɛrabt 

Uran imḥḍaṛn n timzgadiwin n unẓul n lmɣrib s ugʷmmay aɛṛab, illin idllisn d arratn s iskkiln ad .

 Taskla 

Yuwi d uslmad Ɛumaṛ Affa lli igan aslmad ɣ tsdawit n Ṛṛbaṭ dffir isnubbucn lli iga f usntl "amzruy n warra amaziɣ s uskkil « aεṛab »" mas iga Umṛṛuk s umata ansa i uskkir n warratn s tutlayin tamaziɣin s tmzarayin nns akkʷ swa ɣ Sus nɣ d Laṭlas nɣ d Rrif irnu isslkn ɣ yat tinawt iga tt usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt ɣ 2003 mas d Sus ad igan tansbaɣurt uggar s wanaw ad n warratn. Aya yuwi t id, mk lli inna, wansa arakal lli illan dar tsga ad lli tt yujjan ad taggug f iḍiṣn inadafn aylli tt yujjan ad tḍuf kigan n uzug anutlay d unamun d udmsan d usrtan.

Awttas zɣ warratn lli skrn iclḥiyn n zikk ur igi tutlayt taclḥit s yixf nns macc d ad sslkmn tussna tasgdant i ugdud amaziɣ lli ikkan ur da ittakʷz taεṛabt, aya isfaw t mas amata ɣ warratn ad aɣn d iskkinn n usgd swa ɣ yigr n usumd nɣ ɣ yigr n uflas nɣ ɣ yigr n tikli n wasr nɣ isfra lli t ittalɣn, issuman t awd acku ur snzgumn imaratn ad s wanaw n tirra d ur srisn kra n ilugnn i usnmarra amaziɣ.

Kra n imdyatn zɣ warratn aɣ d yuwḍn :

 Asuɣl n udlis Al anwar assunnyya fi lkalimat assunnyya « Tifawin tisunniyin ɣ tguriwin tisunniyin » i Muḥammad ug Aḥmad u Juzayy Aɣṛnaṭi s tmaziɣt n Sus.

 Asuɣl n udlis Al arbaεun annawawyya « Tisimrawin timiɣsin » i Muḥammad Muxtar Asusi.

 Arra  « Tafukt n ddin » i Ɛli u Hmad ug Iliɣ , adlis ad iga yat tmdyazt ɣ llant mraw n yifḍn n tiwnt .

 « Baḥr addumuε » (Ilel n imṭṭawn) n Muḥammad Awzal.

 Arra « Amaziɣ » i Brahim Aẓnag.

 Arra « Al-ḥawḍ» i Muḥammad Awzal.

 « Taelif fi ttawḥid wa lfiqh wa lfalak » (Tirra ɣ usyiwn d lfiqh d tjṛṛumt d tsnayrur) i Brahim u Ɛbdllah u Muḥmmad Aẓnag.

Yuwi d uslmad Affa ɣ tinawt nns uttay n 25 n warra ttyaranin s tutlayt taclḥit, irnu uslmad ad mas d arrantn lli ittyamaẓn ɣ Uṛubba ttwaḥḍan ɣ Iks Un ɣ Rufans ɣ Fṛanṣa.

Zɣ warratn imaziɣn igan izaykutn lli ittyaskarn s tmaziɣt « Kitab al-asma » (Adlis n ismawn) lli igan yan usgzawal (msmun awal) amaziɣ aεṛab ittuɣuln s tasut tiss 12 n tlalit, ittyaskar usgzawal ad ɣ 1146 dat n tlalit, yara t u Tunart lli iluln ɣ 1085 dat tlalit immt ɣ 1172 (ur igi u Tumrt Amuwḥḥidi), tili ɣ warra ad 2500 n tguri tamaziɣt lli ɣ amunt 250 n wassaɣn n imɣayn, ig usgzawal ad yan zɣ isgzawaln akkʷ iqbrn ɣ umaḍal. Kkuẓ n warratn ad ufan n udlis ad, kraygat yan gisn ur irwas wayyaḍ. Munn kullu ɣ yan warra ig win tasut tis sat d mrawt ar tis snamrawt. Gan s kkuẓ itsn win umara Ibn Tunart. Tiss kkuẓt, talli akk gisn istawhman, gis uggar n 2.500 n ukccumn iɛrabn d usuɣl nnsn s taclḥit. Ikccumn ad smunntn ɛla ḥsab imrsi nnsn (tazzit n ufgan, imudar n tgmmi, imɣi ...).

Zɣ kullu tutlayin timaziɣin n ɣilad, ɣwalli akk iqrbn irwasn tamaziɣt taqburt tazaykut nna s yura Ibn Tunart adlis nns tga tt Taclḥit. Mayad ar itbayyan mzyan ɣ iwaliwn d tguriwin n umawal ad acku llan gisn kra n tguriwin nna ur aɣ tn tafat abla ɣ tutlayt taclḥit d ur llin ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn, zun d: Aɣwy, Afulkiy, Asid, Tigmmi, Idgam d Dar.

D llan daɣ kra n iwaliwn ɣ udlis ad nna ur llin ɣ taclḥit n ɣilad, wala ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn, zun d: Kasra (ɣar), Wala (bahra), Aysladd (abla).

 Isnubbucn imzwura 
Tikklt tamzwarut lli ɣ rad ittyura uglam n tjṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit tga tt twuri n umsnils aliman -{Hans Stumme}- (1864–1936), lli d issufɣn adlis nns -{Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt}- ɣ usggʷas n 1899. Tɣama-nn tjṛṛumt n Stumme aɣbalu n jṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit lli akkʷ imqqurn i uzgn n tasut. Tamukrist lli s tinn ikkan ɣ ammas n igi nns iga tt asmrs n talsarit timsislit bahra icqqan, nna ittyskarn fad ad tg tamnɣudt, macc ur ar tlkkam ɣ tugt n twal ad tsml kra n usmdya amssusaɣ n imuɣna ittuysawaln. Isfɣ d Stumme ula yat tlknsit n tinfusin n Taclḥit (1895, ittuysnfl gis kra ɣ -{Stroomer 2002}-).

Amara wissin lli rad isawl f tutlayt ad iga tt -{Saɛid Sid Kawi (Saʿīd al-Sidqāwī, 1859-1910)}-, amsiwl n yat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin n Dzayr. Issufɣ d ɣ wakud ann yan umawal n Twarg (1894), ilmma yurri dar tutlayin timaziɣin n tmazirt n Lmɣrib. Amawal nns -{Dictionnaire français-tachelh'it et tamazir't}- (1907) gis agudi n iwaliwn s tutlayt taclḥit d tmaziɣt n waṭlas anammas, d uggar n 20 tiwriqin n tiwinas ubɣirn. Arra ad ibayn is ittuyskar s yat tɣarast igan taddraft, iqqan d ad ittyuɣra s tɣḍft.

Di yiḍ n imnɣi amaḍlan amzwaru, tbayn d yat tdlist timskrt mẓẓiyn ittyuran s ifassn n yan ukapitan (mn bɛd rad yaḍu akulunil) -{Léopold-Victor Justinard}- (1878–1959), s uzwl -{Manuel de berbère marocain (dialecte chleuh)}-. Ar gis nttafa ubckil anjṛum igzzuln, yat tlknsit n tinfusin, n tmdyazt d umarg, d kra n imsawaln bahra istawhman, kullu tn munn d usuɣl nnsn. Ittyura udlis ad ɣ tizi lli ɣ tt inn ikka umara isala timhal tiɛṣkṛiyn ɣ tsga n Fas, imikk dffir usdurri afransawi (1912). Yura -{Justinard}- ula mnnaw n idlisn izdin d umzruy n tmazirt n Sus.

-{Emile Laoust}- (1876–1952), tamarat takffaḍt lli yuran kigan n idlisn d imgradn izdin d tutlayin timaziɣin, tssufɣ d ɣ 1921 adlis nns -{Cours de berbère marocain}- (taẓrigt tis snat tettusmɣur g 1936), gis aslmd n tjṛṛumt d timssirdin itcqqun imikk a s imikk d iwaliwn isgumann, iḍṛiṣn ifulkin (ur lan usuɣl) d yat talgamt n tguriwin.

Isbuɣla bahra -{Edmond Destaing}- (1872-1940) tussniwin n umawal n taclḥit s udlis nns -{Etude sur la tachelḥît du Soûs. Vocabulaire français-berbère}- (1920) d udlis n -{Textes berbères en parler des Chleuhs du Sous (Maroc)}-. Inna -{Destaing}- mas rad iswuri ɣ yan usnubbc izdin d tajṛṛumt taclḥiyt, macc xtad iggʷran ur rad jjun tẓṛ tufawt.

Issufɣ d akumunḍun -{Robert Aspinion}- adlis n -{Apprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs}- (1953), lli igan yan udlis islmadn tajṛṛumt tanɣmast, mac ur trwi ukan yan imikk. Tilsaritin rxan macc gan imnɣad n Aspinion ḥidn ingrawn imsislitn d ifransawiyn iqdimn.

Ama Tikklt tamzwarut lli ɣ rad gis ittyuskar uglam s tutlayt tanglizt iga tt -{Outline of the Structure of Shilha}- (1958) n umara amirikani -{Joseph Applegate}- (1925–2003). Iswuri f wawal n imsiwln n ayt Sidi Ifni, ittyura udlis s yat tmamkt ur bahra iḥlin nna s icqqa ad t sis tɣrt, abla yan umawal lli d ibayn mzyan. Tirsalitin lli gis illan ur bahra msackan d wawal n taclḥit yɛni ur tettuyskar mzyan.

Adlis waḥdu t nna ɣ tlla tjṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit d nna ittyuran ddu usati asnils atrar iga tt -{Le Berbère}- (1988) n umara -{Lionel Galand}- (1920–2017), asnils afṛansis d umsnils amẓṛmaziɣ. Amara ad ixdm kigan ɣ udlis nns f wawal n ɣccan ɣ idrarn n waṭlas mẓẓiyn, iskr asn ula asmzazal d tqbaylit n Dzayr, d tatwargit n Nijr.

 Tasnmslit 

 Iɣritn 
Tutlayt Taclḥit tṭṭaf kraḍ iɣritn imslicann, nna ɣ tiɣzi ur tgi aṣḍḍaṛ imsfru. Ar mmaln iɣritn yat lgamme igan abaraw bahra n imslinyen. Aɣri /a/ art bahra tnṭaqn s [-{a}-] nɣ [-{æ}-], d /u/ tettuynṭaq bla awd kra n ukrnay anmɣur abla iɣ tettrs taman kra n w. Tilit n kra n targalt afarign da tɣr i asufɣ imslmms uggar n uɣri, zun d ɣ tguri n kraḍ [-{krɐdˤ}-], kkuẓ [-{kkɤzˤ}-], sḍis [-{sdˤɪs}-] (smzazal at yan [-{jæn}-], sin [-{sin}-] d smmus [-{smmʊs}-] )

AdffiranAnammasAdffranUrgil-{i}--{u}-Uṛẓim-{a}-

Ar d tbayyan kra n iɣritn imslicann yaḍnin ɣ iwaliwn imaynutn lli d ikkan tutlayin yaḍnin, s umdya / o / zun d ɣ rristora "restaurant" (n tfransist).

 Iɣritn inkliyn d  « -{schwa}- » 
Abla kraḍ iɣritn imslican ad, llan kra n iɣritn inkliyn ur gin imslican, nna s ttussan s yism n "-{schwa}-". Ɣ tugt n imdyatn, aɣri n tukkit ar nttiẓḍur ad as nssld dffir tuddma n kra n tafirt war aɣri -{CC}- nɣ -{CCC}-, iɣ tga yat ɣ tirgalin timawayn, nɣ sin itsn, ttuyssladn-{Galand (1988, 2.1).}-, s umdya tigemmi [-{tigĭmmi}-], ameḥḍar [-{amɐ̆ʜdˤɐr}-]. Ɣ ammas n twuri n tilsaritin timsislitn lli d skrn Stumme (1899) d Destaing (1920, 1940), tugt n iɣritn inkliyn ad ttyumlan.

kra n imaratn yaḍnin dffir mayad zun d -{Aspinion}- (1953), sxddmn tamatart ⟨-{e}-⟩ fad ad ṛcmn adɣar nna ɣ ittuẓḍar ad gis ttusflad kra n uɣri n tukkit, mknna tga taɣara nns, d ar ttaran ula ⟨e⟩ nɣ ɣ tilawt awd yan uɣri, mqqar akk tad igzzuln, ur aɣ tettuysflad. S umdya -{akessab}- [-{akssæb}-] nɣ -{ar icetta}- [-{ar iʃtta}-]. Tamatart ⟨-{e}-⟩, ar as ttinin "-{schwa}-", zun d talli d isxdm Aspinion d wiyyaḍ yaḍnin, tuɣal d anagraw awnɣan ka ittuysxdamn fad ad iml masd targalt lli t iḍfarn tlla ɣ tuddma n tafirt: [-{ak⟨e⟩s.sab}-], [-{a.ri.š⟨e⟩t.ta}-]. Mklli s iẓṛa Galand, Asnqḍ n «-{schwa}-» ikka d «tamyurt tabṛṛanit n Taclḥit». D mk lli s t daɣ imla s tɣarast yaḍn -{Ridouane}- (2008), iɣritn inkliyn nɣ «-{vocoïdes intrusifs}-» ur akk imkin ad asn nfk aẓayr n aɣri apanṭatik. Ilmma yuf ad akk ur nttara iɣritn inkliyn d  « -{schwa}- », d ad nttara iɣritn s tamamkt igan timsislit, mk lli nit iskr -{Galand}- (1988) ɣ tiẓrigin kulltn n iḍṛiṣn imaynutn.

 Asmkl n hyatus 

 Tirgalin 
Tṭṭaf tclḥiyt 33 n trgalin timslicanin. Tṭṭf tirgalin timsnkrin (“Tuffayin”) d trgalin tuglanin tirsitanin zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn d tɛṛabt. Illa unuḥyu gr uraran ittwancucn d ururan udrizn irsitann. Tussda n trgalin tga tanmyẓlayt.

Tafliwt ddaws da tmmal tirgalin s tlsarit talatint tanawayt. Ɣinna g ur tmsasa tlsarit d usnmarra n IPA rad tafim tamzwarut gr taskiwin.
 Ancucan Uglan  Imḍfṛ-udlugl Unɣan Ulɣiwan Ilḍṭan Ankaran Agranzazanarsitan ankaranarsitan attwancucarsitan attwancucAnzran -{   }-          Aggaɣarimɣr -{        }-imɣr -{       }-Ameryanarimɣr -{             }-imɣr -{              }-Aznaɣri -{       }-      Asmamay -{    }-            

 Asnmarraalatin Azalasnmsli (-{IPA}-) Aglam  -{m	 	 imɣr asincucan anzrann	 	 imɣr uglan anzrant	 	 arimɣr uglan aggaɣṭ	 	 arimɣr isnkr uglan aggaɣk	 	 arimɣr adatulwiɣ aggaɣkʷ	 	 arimɣr attwancuc adatulwiɣ aggaɣq	 	 arimɣr ilḍṭan aggaɣqʷ	 	 arimɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan aggaɣb	 	 imɣr asincucan aggaɣd	 	 imɣr uglan aggaɣḍ	 	 imɣr imsnkr uglan aggaɣg	 	 imɣr adatulwiɣ aggaɣgʷ	 	 imɣr attwancuc adatulwiɣ aggaɣf	 	 arimɣr ancuglan amryans	 	 arimɣr uglan amryanṣ	 	 arimɣr imsnkr uglan amryanš	 	 arimɣr imḍfr-udlugl amryanx	 	 arimɣr ilḍṭan amryanxʷ	 	 arimɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan amryanḥ	 	 arimɣr ankaran amryanz	 	 imɣr ankaran amryanẓ	 	 imɣr imsnkr uglan amryanž	 	 imɣr imḍfr-udlugl amryanɣ	 	 imɣr ilḍṭan amryanɣʷ	 	 imɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan amryanɛ	 	 imɣr ankaran amryan nɣ d amaɣlal aramrayh	 	 imɣr agranzazan amryan nɣ d amaɣlal aramrayl	 	 imɣr uglan imidis amaɣlal aramrayḷ	 	 imɣr imsnkr uglan imidis amaɣlal aramrayy	 	 imɣr anɣan amaɣlal aramrayw	 	 imɣr anculwiɣan amaɣlal aramrayr	 	 imɣr uglan asmamayṛ	 	 imɣr imsnkr uglan asmamay }-
 Iznaɣritn 
Iznaɣritn /w/ d /y/ lan imsliḍn inaɣritn u d i gr trgalin (C_C) d gr trgalin d tirisa (C_# d #_C). S tmamkt immrwasn, ẓḍaṛn iɣritn urgiln /u/ d /i/ ad ilin imsliḍn uraglann w d y bac ad anfn i tilɣit. Aya a f llan, ɣ umata n tantlayinTamzarayt n Igcan, imkn d tiyyaḍ, ɣ kigan n tkkal ar ttarint iznaɣritn inṣliyn (Galand 1988, 2.9). Nẓḍaṛ daɣ ad nẓṛ aya awd ɣ iḍṛiṣn n warratn izratrarn (van den Boogert 1997:249)., ɣ yan ubṭṭu ansmad d iɣritn urgiln, iznaɣritn ittilin am 'Onset' nɣ 'Coda', d iɣritn urgiln am 'nucleus' ɣ kra n tfrit. Abṭṭu ad ajumman n iznaɣritn d iɣritn urgiln da irggs aẓayr nnsn am kkuẓ ifunimn nna naḥya, ilin akkʷ kra n imsnilsn lkmn gis ad kksn aẓayr imslican i /w/ d /y/Applegate (1958), Dell & Elmedlaoui (1985, 2002), Ridouane (2008)..

Assumr f kkuẓ ifunimn is sbzziznt fllaɣ iznaɣritn d iɣritn urgiln lli ẓḍaṛnin ad jṛun ɣ yan usartu, ɣ yan unmala amẓli n umawal, s umdya tazwdit, tahruyt (ur d *tazduyt, *tahrwit). Nnig n aya, iznaɣritn /w/ d /y/, zun d tirgal yaḍnin, ar ttiɣzifn, zun ɣ afawwu, tayyuAmukris ad issgdl t Dixon (2010:284) s uzday d tutlayin yaḍn.. Turda n kkuẓ ifunimn ar aɣ takka ula yan uglam imṛwi n tsnalɣaVan den Boogert (1997:247–8), s imdyatn..

 Tussda d tiɣzi 
illa umyẓli gr trgal tifrdisin d tarfrdisin (ilan tussda nɣ iɣzzafn):
tuga -{vs.}- tugga
tamda -{vs.}- tamdda
Tussda d usɣzf ar tturarn yan tilalt ɣ tsnalɣa n ismawn d imyagn:
agllid, igldan (ll da tetturruy l)
imgr, ar imggr (g da tetturruy gg)
S umnzay, kraygat targalt tẓḍaṛ ad tili tussda nɣ asɣzf, mqqar xxʷ d ṛṛ ur jjun as nufi tugga (unattested). Ar ttilin iggaɣn ilḍṭann ɣar g tussda nɣ asɣzf (qq, qqʷ)Ẓṛ Van den Boogert (1997:244–245)..

Kkuẓt trgal, tṭṭaf ku yat gisnt sin igdazaln ussidn, yan saswa t, yan naḥya t (ɣ tmsislit):
ḍ: ḍḍ d ṭṭ
w: ww d ggʷ
ɣ: ɣɣ d qq
ɣʷ: ɣɣʷ d qqʷ
Ɣ tarayt taqburt akkʷ n tsnalɣa, ar bdda nttafa is d ṭṭ, ggʷ,qq, qqʷ ad igan igdazaln ussidn nɣ iɣzzafn n ḍ, w, ɣ, ɣʷ:
ɣrs, ar iqqrs (smzazal d kzr, ar ikkrz)
izwiɣ, izggʷaɣ (smzazal d isgin, isggan)

 Tuṣkiwt n tafirt 

 Anawn n tifirin 

 Imitrikn 

 Tajṛṛumt 

 Ismawn 
Nẓḍar ad nsnaḥya gr kraḍ wanawn n yismawn s tsnalɣa nnsn, sin gan iṛṣliyn d yan ubṛṛani:

 Ismawn unfiln
 Ismawn arunfiln
 Ismawn urḍiln ẓlinin

Ismiln ilɣasnayn nna intayn gan tn wanaw (gender), uṭṭun d waddad.

 Ismawn unfiln 
Ismawn unfiln ad igan asrtu lli bahra iggutn. Nẓḍar ad tn nakʷz s trxawt sɣ twila nnsn tabṛṛanit: Ar bddun s uzwir asmawan ilan tawila (t)V-:

azal "-{daytime}-"

igigil "-{orphan}-"

uṣkay "-{hound}-"

tadggʷat "-{evening}-"

tibinṣrt "-{marsh mallow (plant}-"

tuḍfit "-{ant}-"

Ismawn unfiln da snuḥyun gr sin wanawn, amay d wunti; Sin wuṭṭunn, asuf (nɣ amyiwn) d umagut, d sin waddadn, addad ilelli (s tfṛansist: état libre, asgzl: EL) d waddad amaruz (s tfṛansist: état d’annexion, asgzl: EA).

Azwir asmawan ur dars awd kra ukttur ansmakan, ar gis ittili yan nɣ sin ifrdisn s sin itsn, yan uzwir n wanaw d yan uzwir anaɣri. Ẓḍarn isufn untiyn ad ad ṭṭfn uḍfir n wanaw dɣ nttan. S umdya, iṭṭaf yism Tazdwit azwir n wunti t-, azwir anaɣri a- d wuḍfir n wunti -t nna ittyurnan f ufggag zdwi. Ismawn unfiln untiyn ar bdda ttṭṭfn azwir n wunti, maca ismawn imayn isufn ur ar ttṭṭfn azwir n wanaw g waddad ilelli (EL); s umdya, ur illi uzwir n wanaw ɣ abaɣuɣ, macc illa gis ɣar azwir anaɣri a- lli ittyurnan i ufggag asmawan baɣuɣ.

 Ismawn ifliciyn 

 Ismawn ibṛṛaniyn 
Kra n tguriwin nna d ikkan tutlayt taɛrabt d kra n tguriwin nna immrwasn ɣ tclḥit d tutlayt taɛibrit d tutlayt talatinit d tutlayt taṣbnyulit :
    Taclḥit
  Taɛrabt

  Taclḥit
  Taɛibrit

  Taclḥit
  Talatinit

  Taclḥit
  Taṣbnyulit
   afrran
  frran فران
   agadir
  -{gadir גָּדֵר}-
   afullus
  -{Pullus}-
   acaqqur
  -{Segur}-
   aḥddad
  ḥddad حداد
   aẓalim
  -{bslim בצלים}-
   asnus
  -{Asinus}-
   lficṭa
  -{Fiesta}-
   axmmas
  xmmas خماس
   aɣanim
  -{qanim קנים}-
   alili
  -{Lilium}-
   sskwila
  -{Escuela}-
   agzzar
  jazzar جزار
   lmd
  -{lmud ללמוד}-
   taɣawsa
  -{Causa}-
   cmrir
  -{Sombrero}-
   acṭṭab
  cṭṭab شطاب



  abaw
  -{Faba}-

  acnti
  -{Centeno}-

Kra n izwiln nna mmrwasnin d tutlayin tisamiyin :
TaclḥiytTigrinyaTafuniqtTaɛṛabtsemmusḥammuš-ḥmšxams-sḍisšɨdɨš-ššsitt- (Amḍan amsuds: sādis)sašobʕat-šbʕsabʕ-tam, ttamšommon-šmnθamān-tẓẓa, ttẓatɨšʕat-tšʕtisʕ- }-

 Aswuri s waddad amaruz 

 Tasnamkt n ismawn tiwtmanin 

 Imqqimn inimann 
Llan kraḍt tgrummawin n imqqimn inimann:

 Imzirgn
 Iklitikn n tɣawsiwin usridn
 Uḍfiṛn

Nnig n aya, llant daɣ snat tgrummawin tinafuɣin nna ɣ llan imqqimn ilan uḍfiṛn (abla i umzwaru amyiwn):

 Iklitikn n tɣawsiwin arusridn
 Ismmudn imalan

Tawsit tettuymla ɣ tis snat tamyiwnt d tis snat d tis kṛaḍt tamagutt. Tawsit ur tettuymla ɣ tis kṛaḍt tamyiwnt d tamzwarut tamagutt. Tawsit ur jju ittuymla ɣ umzwaru amyiwn.

   Iklitikn n tɣawsa tusridt   Taɣawsa tusridtclitics   Uḍfiṛn   Taɣawsa tarusridtIklitikn  ImiliIsmmudn1-{sg.}-nkki(n)yyiV-Ø / C-iyyiV nw / C inw2-{sg.m.}-kyyi(n)k-ka-knn-k -{sg.f.}-kmmi(n)km-ma-mnn-m3-{sg.m.}-ntta(n)t-sa-snn-s -{sg.f.}-nttattt / stt1-{pl.m}-nkkʷni(n)aɣ-nɣa-ɣnnɣ -{pl.f}-nkkʷnti(n)2-{pl.m.}-kʷnni(n)kʷnV-wn / C-una-wnnn-un -{pl.f.}-kʷnnimti(n)kʷntV-wnt / C-unta-wntnn-unt3-{pl.m.}-nttni(n)tn-sna-snnn-sn -{pl.f.}-nttnti(n)tnt-snta-sntnn-snt ∅ = walu amurfim
 Amawal 
 Tisaɣulin 

 Tiguriwin turḍilin 
Taguri turḍilt taqburt akkʷ nna ittwssann d tiyni (-{cf.}- Tamaceɣt tehäyne, Taɣdimst aβēna), zɣ Tamiṣṛit-taqubṭit (-{cf.}- Taqubṭit bnne, beni, benni). Tkka tt inn tfuniqt-tabuniqt, tga tutlayt n ugafa utrim, ar tettyusawal ɣ kra n igzzumn n tfriqt n ugafa, slawan akkʷ g tuns tatrart, ar tasuta tis 5 Ḍart n tlalit n Ɛisa. Tiguriwin turḍilin tibuniqin da tn nttafa ɣ mnnawt tutlayin timaziɣin, gratsnt Tacelḥiyt. Imdyatn:
-{
agadir (-{cf.}- Hebrew gādēr 'wall')
aẓalim (-{cf.}- Hebrew beṣālîm)
aɣanim (-{cf.}- Hebrew qānîm)
tifst 'flax, linen'}- (Taclḥiyt tazratrart, -{-{cf.}- Hebrew pišt- }-)

Irwas is iga umyag lmd dɣ ntta urḍil zɣ tbuniqt (-{-{cf.}- Hebrew}-).
Irwas is d ikcm yism uday s tutlayin timaziɣin zg tutlayt taramayt lli s sawaln wudayn imzwagn imzwura ɣ Tfriqt n Ugafay -{ (-{cf.}- yūdāy-ā Taramayt-Tasiryant mgl. yehûdî Taɛibrit, yahūdī Taɛṛabt; Ism aramay ad tkka tguri tagrikt ἰουδαῖος, d tlatint iūdaeus). }-
Illa ma mi umann wuṭṭunn zg 5 ar 9 is gan urḍiln isamiyn. Igdazaln g Tfuniqt-tabuniqt d Tɛṛabt ur gisn yuman is d nttni ad igan aɣablu nnsn. Ha asmzazal:
-{
 Taclḥit  Tigrinya  Tafiniqit  Taɛrabt 5  smmus  -{ḥammuṣ- ḥammuš-}-  -{ḥmṣ ḥmš}-  -{ xams- xams-}- 6  sḍis  -{ṣidiṣ- šɨdɨš-}-  -{ṣṣ šš}-  -{sitt- sitt-}- 7  sa  -{ṣubɛat šobʕat-}-  -{ṣbɛšbʕ}-  -{sabɛ- sabʕ-}- 8  tam  -{ṣummun- šommon-}-  -{ṣmn šmn}-  -{taman- θamān-}- 9  tẓa  -{tiṣɛat- tɨšʕat-}-  -{tṣɛ tšʕ}-  -{tisɛ- tisʕ-}-
Yat tmzarayt n Tlatint/Taṛumanst tkka tt inn ar tettyusawal g ugafa n Lmɣrib ar yan wakud yaẓn i ukcam n lislam. Turḍilin sɣ tlatint d Tṛumanst tazaykut gisnt:
afullus -{'cock, rooster' (pullus 'young animal, chick'}- Talatint)
afurnu -{'oven'}- (smzl. -{fornus}- Talatint)
asnus -{'ass's foal' (asinus 'ass'}- Talatint)
fliyyu -{'pennyroyal' (plant}-, smzl. -{pulēium}- Talatint)
ikikr -{'chickpeas' (cicer}- Talatint)
tafala -{'peel, spade' (pāla}- Talatint)
talima -{'file' (līma}- Talatint)
tayuga -{'yoke, pair'}- (asuf n tṛumanst tazaykut -{*iuga}-, smzl. amagut alatin -{iuga}-, asuf alatin -{iugum}-)
urti -{'garden'}- (taṛumanst tazaykut, smzl. -{hortus}- Talatint)
taɣawsa -{'thing' (causa}- Talatint)
takira -{'wax' (cēra}- Talatint)
tibitas -{'beets'}- (-{betas}- n Tṛumant tazaykut, -{cf.}- asuf alatin -{bēta}-)
tifiras '-{pears}-' (*piras n Tṛumant tazaykut, -{cf.}- amagut alatin pira, asuf pirum)
Ar nttssn tiguriwin d ikkan taṛumant tamaẓuẓt s ugdazal nns, s n tṛumanst tamaẓuẓt ar tturruy š, tin tṛumanst tazaykut da ttɣama s. Ittyuɣal Is d kcmnt turḍilin ad zg Tibiru-ṛumanst, lliɣ dids llan imsiwln s tmaziɣt ɣ wawaḍ ɣ Wandalus (Ṣbanya tanslmt). Kra n imdyatn:
acaqqur '-{axe}-' (-{cf. segur}- Taṣbnyult tazratrart, -{securis}- Talatint)
cmrir '-{hat}-' (-{cf. sombrero}- Taṣbnyult)
acnti -{'rye' (-{cf.}- centeno}- Taṣblyunt; -{šəntin}- g tcelḥiyt tamuẓunt, yat talɣa lli ynyarnan s umagut ticentin nna zɣ daɣ ittyuskar usuf -{ašnti}-).

 Tutlayin timdrugin 
Ibdr Destaing yat tutlayt tamdrugt igan s yism inman nɣ tadubirt nna s sawaln «kra n middn ɣ Sus, slawann akkʷ tarwa d ayt Sidi Ḥmad u Musa». Ifka yan umdya: is kn tusat inman? "is da tsawalt tutlayt tamdrugt ?"

Snat tutlayin timdrugn ttuysawaln dar timɣarin ticlḥiyin ad inna -{Lahrouchi d Ségéral}- (2009). Ar as ttinin tagnawt (id ikkan agnaw "walli ur da isslid") d taɛẓmiyt (id ikkan ddarija ɛəẓmiya "tutlayt tabṛṛanit") nɣ taqqẓmiyt. Ar sxdamn kigan n tizigztt fad ad sntln tutlayt awal amagnu.

 Tinidlisn 
 Tajṛṛumt 
 -{Robert Aspinion: Apprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs. Rabat 1952.}-
 -{Abdallah Boumalk, Manuel de conjugaison du tachelhit (langue berbère du Maroc), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003 - ISBN 2-7475-5527-5}-
 -{Abdallah El Mountassir, Initiation au Tachelhit, langue berbère du sud du Maroc. "Ra nsawal tachelhit", Paris, L'Asiathèque, 1999 - ISBN 2-911053-53-2}-
 -{Hans Stumme, Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestücke, Gespräche, Glossar, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1899.}-

 Imawaln 
 -{Abdellah Bounfour & Abdallah Boumalk, Vocabulaire usuel du tachelhit, Éditions Centre Tarik Ibn Ziyad, Rabat.}-
 -{Edmond Destaing, Étude sur la tachelḥît du Sous. I- Vocabulaire français-berbère, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1920}-
 -{Abdallah El Mountassir, Dictionnaire des verbes tachelhit-français (parler berbère du sud du Maroc), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003 - ISBN 2-7475-3577-0}-
 -{Antoine Jordan, Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait), Rabat, Omnia, 1934.}-
 -{Michel Quitout, Grammaire berbère (rifain, tamazight, chleuh, kabyle), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2007 - ISBN 2-7384-6004-6}-
 Taskla 
 -{Paulette Galand-Pernet, Littératures berbères, des voix, des lettres, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, 1998 - ISBN 2-13-049518-4}-
 -{Paulette Galand-Pernet, Recueil de poèmes chleuhs. I- Chants de trouveurs, Paris, Klincksieck, 1972 - ISBN 2-252-01415-6.}-
 -{Hans Stumme, Dichtkunst und Gedichte der Schluh, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1895}-
 -{Nico Van den Boogert, The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous, with an edition and translation of ‘The Ocean of Tears' by Muhammad Awzal (d. 1749), Leiden, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten (Sticht de Goeje, 27), 1997.}-

 Iḍṛiṣn
 -{Edmond Destaing, Textes berbères en parler des Chleuḥs du Sous (Maroc), Paris, Geuthner, 1940.}-
 -{Harry Stroomer, An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber folktales (South Morocco), Köln, Köppe, 2001 (Berber studies 2) - ISBN 3-89645-381-5}-
 -{Harry Stroomer, Tashelhiyt Berber folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco) : a linguistic reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Tazerwalt texts with an English translation, Köln, Köppe, 2002 (Berber studies 4) - ISBN 3-89645-383-1 (riedizione di: Hans Stumme, Märchen der Schluh von Tazerwalt, Lepzig, Hinrichs, 1895)}-
 -{Harry Stroomer, Tashelhiyt Berber texts from the Ayt Brayyim, Lakhsas and Guedmioua region (South Morocco) : a linguistic reanalysis of Récits, contes et légendes berbères en Tachelhiyt by Arsène Roux with an English translation, Köln, Köppe, 2003 (Berber studies 5) - ISBN 3-89645-384-X}-
 -{Harry Stroomer, Tashelhiyt Berber texts from Ida u Tanan (South Morocco), Köln, Köppe, 2004 (Berber studies 9) - ISBN	3-89645-388-2}-

 Ilikitn n imawaln 

 -{( -{Fr - Shi}- ) https://archive.org/stream/JORDANDictionnaireFrancaisBerbere#page/n1/mode/2up  }-
 -{( -{Fr - Shi}- ) https://archive.org/stream/DestaingEtudeSurLaTacheltDuSous_201304#page/n3/mode/2up }-
 -{( -{Fr - Shi - Tzm}- ) https://archive.org/stream/DictionnaireFrancaisBerbere }-
 -{( -{Eng - Shi}- ) https://www.livelingua.com/peace-corps/Tashelhit//tashelhit-dictionary-2011.pdf }-

 Isaɣuln i tɣuriwin insmadn 
-{
 -{Amard, P. (1997). Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite. Edités et annotés par Harry Stroomer. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN 2-85744-960-7.}-
 -{Amarīr, ʿU. (1987). al-Shiʿr al-āmāzīghī al-mansūb ilā Sīdī Ḥammū al-Ṭālib. Tigmmi tumlilt: Maktabat Provence (s taɛrabt d taclḥit).}-
 -{Applegate, J.R. (1958). An outline of the structure of Shilḥa. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.}-
 -{Aspinion, R. (1953). Apprenons le berbère. Initiation aux dialectes chleuhs. Rabat: Moncho.}-
 -{Bellakhdar, J. (1997).}- -{La pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle}-. -{N.p.: Ibis Press. ISBN 2-910728-03-X.}-
 -{Boogert, N. van den (1989)}-. "-{Some notes on Maghribi script" [-{PDF}-]. -{Manuscripts of the Middle East. 4: 30–43.}-
 -{Boogert, N. van den (1997)}-. The Berber literary tradition of the Sous. De Goeje Fund, Vol. XXVII. Leiden: NINO. ISBN 90-6258-971-5.}-
 -{Boogert, N. van den (1998)}-.. La révélation des énigmes. Lexiques arabo-berbères des xviie et xviiie siècles. Travaux et documents de l'Irémam, no. 19. Aix-en-Provence: Irémam. ISBN 2-906809-18-7.}-
 -{Boogert, N. van den (2000)}-.. "-{Medieval Berber orthography}-". -{In Chaker, S.; Zaborski, A. (eds.).}- -{Etudes berères et chamito-sémitiques, Mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse}-. -{Paris and Louvain: Peeters (pp. 357–377). ISBN 978-90-429-0826-0.}-
 -{Boogert, N. van den (2002)}-.. "-{The names of the months in medieval Berber". In Naït-Zerrad, K. (ed.). }--{Articles de linguistique berbère. Mémorial Werner Vycichl}-. -{Paris: L'Harmattan (pp. 137–152). ISBN 2747527069.}-
 -{Boogert, N. van den & Kossmann, M. (1997)}-.. -{"Les premiers emprunts arabes en berbère"}- -{(PDF)}-. -{Arabica}-. 44 (2): 317–322.
 -{Boukous, A. (1977)}-.. -{Langage et culture populaires au Maroc. Essai de sociolinguistique}-. -{Casablanca: Dar El Kitab (the bland title hides a book on Shilha containing, among others, nine narrative texts with translations, pp. 152–289).}-
 -{Boumalk, A. (2004)}-.. -{Manuel de conjugaison du tachelhit}-. -{Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747555275.}-
 -{Boumalk, A. & Bounfour, A. (2001). -{Vocabulaire usuel du tachelhit (tachelhit-français).}-. -{Rabat: Centre Tarik Ibn Zyad. ISBN 9954022899.}-
 -{Cid Kaoui, S. (1907)}-.. Dictionnaire français-tachelh'it et tamazir't (dialectes berbères du Maroc). Paris: Leroux.}-
 -{Colin, G.S. (1993)}-.. -{Le dictionnaire Colin d'arabe dialectal marocain}-. -{Vol. 1–8. Edited by Z.I. Sinaceur. Rabat: Al Manahil, Ministère des affaires culturelles. ISBN 9981-832-03-0.}-
 -{Dell, F. & Elmedlaoui, M. (1985)}-.. "-{Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber}-". -{Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 105–130.}-
 -{Dell, F. & Elmedlaoui, M. (2002)}-.. -{Syllables in Tashlhiyt Berber and in Moroccan Arabic. Dordecht, Boston, London: Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4020-1077-4.}-
 -{Dell, F. & Elmedlaoui, M. (2008)}-.. -{Poetic metre and musical form in Tashelhiyt Berber songs. Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-398-3.}-
 -{Destaing, E. (1920). Etude sur la tachelḥît du Soûs. Vocabulaire français-berbère (PDF). Paris: Leroux (reprinted 1938).}-
 -{Destaing, E. (1937). Textes arabes en parler des Chleuḥs du Sous (Maroc). Paris: Geuthner.}-
 -{Destaing, E. (1940). Textes berbères en parler des Chleuhs du Sous (Maroc). Paris: Geuthner (contains the same texts as Destaing 1937, which see for the translations).}-
 -{Dixon, R.M.W. (2010). Basic linguistic theory. Volume 1, Methodoloy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957106-2.}-
 -{Fox, M. & Abu-Talib, M. (1966). A dictionary of Moroccan Arabic. Washington: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-007-9.}-
 -{Galand, L. (1988). "Le berbère". In D. Cohen (ed.). Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne. Troisième partie, Les langues chamito-sémitiques. Paris: CNRS (pp. 207–242). ISBN 2-222-04057-4.}-
 -{Galand-Pernet, P. (1972). Recueil de poèmes chleuhs. Paris: Klincksieck. ISBN 2-252-01415-6.}-
 -{Ggʷižžan, Lḥusin bn Iḥya (2002). -{Amarg n Faṭima Tabaɛmrant}-. -{Rabat: al-Jamʿīyah al-maghribīyah li-l-baḥth wa-l-tabādul al-thaqāfī (s taclḥit).}-
 -{Ibáñez, E. (1954)}-.. -{Diccionario Español-Baamarani (dialecto Bereber de Ifni}-).}- -{Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Africanos.}-
 -{Jordan, A. (1934)}-.. -{-{Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait). Rabat: Omnia.}-
 -{Jordan, A. (1935)}-.. -{Textes berbères, dialecte tachelhait. Rabat: Omnia.}-
 -{Jouad, H. (1983)}-.. -{Les éléments de la versification en berbère marocain, tamazight et tachlhit. Paris: Thèse en vue du Doctorat de 3ème cycle.}-
 -{Jouad, H. (1995)}-.. -{Le calcul inconscient de l'improvisation. Poésie berbère. Rythme, nombre et sens}-. Paris, Louvain: Peeters. ISBN 9789068317503.}-
 -{Justinard, L. (1914)}-.. -{Manuel de berbère marocain (dialecte chleuh). Paris: Librairie orientale & américaine.}-
 -{Justinard, L. (1954)}-.. -{Un petit royaume berbère: le Tazeroualt. Paris: Librairie orientale & américaine.}-
 -{Kossmann, M. (2012)}-.. -{"Berber". In Frajzyngier, Z.; Shay, E. (eds.).}- -{The Afroasiatic languages}-. -{Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 18–101). ISBN 978-0-521-86533-3.}-
 -{Kossmann, M. (2013)}-.. -{The Arabic influence on Northern Berber}-. -{Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-25308-7.}-
 -{Kossmann, M.G. & Stroomer, H.J. (1997)}-. "-{Berber phonology}-". -{In Kaye, A.S. (ed.).}- -{Phonologies of Asia and Africa}-. -{Vol. 1. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns (pp. 461–475). ISBN 1-57506-017-5.}-
 -{Lahrouchi, Mohamed & Ségéral, Philippe (July 2009)}-.. "-{Morphologie gabaritique et apophonie dans un langage secret féminin (taqjmit) en berbère tachelhit}-". -{Canadian Journal of Linguistics}-. -{54}- -{(2): 291–316.}-
 -{Lamzoudi, M. (1999)}-.. -{Guide d'initiation au dialecte berbère Tachelḥit}-. -{Casablanca: Najah El Jadida.}-
 -{Laoust, E. (1920)}-.. -{Mots et choses berbères. Notes de linguistique et d'ethnography, dialectes du Maroc. Paris: Challamel.}-
 -{Laoust, E. (1921)}-.. -{Cours de berbère marocain}-. -{Paris: A. Challamel.}-
 -{Laoust, E. (1936)}-.. -{Cours de berbère marocain. Dialectes du Sous du Haut et de l'Anti-Atlas}-. -{Deuxième édition revue et corrigée. Paris: Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales (first ed. Paris: Challamel, 1921).}-
 -{El Mountassir, Abdallah (1999)}-.. -{Initiation au tachelhit, langue berbère du sud du Maroc}-. -{Paris: Langues & mondes-L'asiathèque. }-
 -{El Mountassir, Abdallah (2003)}-.. -{Dictionnaire des verbes tachelhit-français}-. -{Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747535770.}-
 -{El Mountassir, Abdallah (2009)}-.. -{Méthode de tachelhit, langue amazighe (berbère) du sud du Maroc}-. -{Paris: L'Asiathèque. ISBN 978-2915255843.}-
 -{El Mountassir, Abdallah (2017)}-.. -{Metodo di tachelhit : lingua amazigh (berbera) del Sud del Marocco : asselmd n-tchelhit}-. -{Di Tolla, Anna Maria. Napoli: Unior. ISBN 978-88-6719-148-2.}-
 -{Peace Corps Morocco (2011)}-.. -{Tashlheet textbook}-.
 -{Podeur, J. (1995)}-.. -{Textes berbères des Aït Souab, Anti-Atlas, Maroc}-. -{Edités et annotés par N. van den Boogert, M. Scheltus, H. Stroomer. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN 2-85744-826-0.}-
 -{Ridouane, R. (2008)}-.. "-{Syllables without vowels. Phonetic and phonological evidence from Tashelhiyt Berber}-". -{Phonology}-. 25 (2): 321–359.
 -{Roettger, T.B. (2017)}-.. -{Tonal placement in Tashlhiyt. How an intonation system accommodates to adverse phonological environments. -{Berlin: Language Science Press (open access publication). ISBN 978-3-944675-99-2.}-
 -{Roux, A. (2009)}-.. -{La vie berbère par les textes, parlers du sud-ouest marocain (tachelhit)}-. -{Ethnographic texts re-edited, translated into English by John Cooper. Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-923-7.}-
 -{Stricker, B.H. (1960)}-.. -{L'Océan des pleurs. Poème berbère de Muḥammad al-Awzalî}-. -{Leyde: E.J. Brill (s taclḥit s tirra n taɛrabt).}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (1998)}-.. "-{Dialect differentiation in Tachelhiyt Berber (Morocco)}-". -{Actes du 1er Congrès Chamito-Sémitique de Fès}-. -{pp. 37–49. ISBN 998187812X.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (2001a)}-.. "-{A Tashelhiyt Berber tale from the Goundafa region (High Atlas, Morocco)". In Zaborski, A. (ed.). New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics: Robert Hetzron in Memoriam. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (pp. 183–193). ISBN 978-3-447-04420-2.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (ed.) (2001b)}-.. -{Textes berbères des Guedmioua et Goundafa (Haut Atlas, Maroc). Basés sur les documents de F. Corjon, J.-M. Franchi et J. Eugène}-. -{Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN 2-7449-0263-2.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (2001c)}-.. -{An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber folk tales (South Morocco)}-. -{Köln: Köppe. ISBN 3-89645-381-5.}-
 -{Stroomer, H (2002)}-.. -{Tashelhiyt Berber folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco). A linguistic reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Tazerwalt texts with an English translation}-. -{Köln: Köppe. ISBN 3-89645-383-1.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (2003)}-.. -{Tashelhiyt Berber texts from the Ayt Brayyim, Lakhsas and Guedmioua region (south Morocco)}-.. -{Köln: Köppe. ISBN 3-89645-384-X.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (2004)}-.. -{Tashelhiyt Berber texts from the Ida u Tanan (south Morocco)}-. -{Köln: Köppe. ISBN 3-89645-388-2.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (2008)}-.. -{"Three Tashelhiyt Berber texts from the Arsène Roux archives". In Lubitzky, A.; et al. (eds.).}- -{Evidence and Counter-Evidence. Essays in Honour of Frederik Kortlandt. Vol. 2}-. -{Amsterdam: Rodopi (pp. 389–397). ISBN 978-90-420-2471-7.}-
 -{Stroomer, H. (forthcoming)}-.. -{Dictionnaire tachelhit-français.}-.
 -{Stumme, H. (1894)}-.. "-{Elf Stücke im Šílḥa-Dialekt von Tázĕrwalt}-.". -{Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft}-.. -{48}--{: 381–406.}-
 -{Stumme, H. (1895)}-.. -{Märchen der Schlūḥ von Tázerwalt}-.. Leipzig: Hinrichs.}-
 -{Stumme, H. (1899)}-.. -{Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt}-.. -{Leipzig: Hinrichs.}-
 -{Stumme, H. (1907)}-.. "-{Mitteilungen eines Shilḥ über seine marokkanische Heimat"}-. -{Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft}-.. 61: 503–541.
 imgradn imanawn umniḍn 

 -{"Tashlhiyt Berber triconsonantal roots – A binary branching head-complement structure"(PDF). Archived from the original (153 KB) (azday immutn).}-
 -{"Singing in Tashlhiyt Berber, a language that allows vowel-less syllables" (142 KB) (azday immutn).}-
 -{"Syllable structure as coupled oscillator modes: evidence from Georgian vs. Tashlhiyt Berber" (PDF) (690 KB).}-
 -{"Regular and Irregular Imperfective conjugations in Berber languages" (PDF) (140 KB).}-
 -{"20and20Contents.pdf "Markedness and economy in a derivational model of phonology" (PDF) (117 KB) – zr Chapter 3, section 2 (azday immutn).}-
 -{"Laryngeal behavior in voiceless words and sentences: a photoelectroglottographic study" (PDF) (350 KB).}-
 -{John Coleman,"Epenthetic vowels in Tashlhiyt Berber" (includes sound samples).}-
 -{World atlas of language structures (WALS) – Tashlhiyt (ur bahra isḥa mayad lli gis illan)}-

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