Nikula Kuprnik

Kuprnik Nikula (ilul ɣ Brayr 1473, immut ɣ Mayu 1543, iddr 70 n usggʷas) iga yan umassan d yan waggag apuluniy, ig bab n tssnitrit tatrartEncyclopédie de Poche (Publisher: Rouge et Or), nttan ad igan amzwaru da d-yufan mas d akal ar issutul f ugayyu nns kra iga-tt 24 n tsragin, d ar iskar yan ussutl itmman f tafukt  ɣ yan usggʷas, yili yan ungraw afukan tg tafukt tuẓẓumt nns, ɣaylli d-isrgn ɣ yat tgrawla idran ɣ yigr n tsnitrit acku iṛẓm-as yan uɣaras amaynu lli rad issnfl gigan ɣ mad yad ɣaln mddn.

 Tudrt-nns 
Ilul Kuprnik ɣ 19 n Brayr 1473 ɣ Turun, ɣ Tpulunt ɣammas n yat twja n isbbabn d imxzniyyn lli tt inn kkanin ar akkan yan watig mqquṛn i ulmmud.Sur les épaules des géants: les plus grands textes de physique et d'astronomie 
vignette|Tiɣrmt n Turun
Xalis "Lukakz Watznrud" da igan agldun n Yirmland ira ɣ yiwis n utlmas ad dar-s yili ulmmud amufay ɣ tpulunt ɣ wakud-ann. Ɣ usggʷas 1491, ikcm ilmma ɣ tasddawit n Qraquf, ikk gis kkuẓ n isggʷasn ur ta immudda s Yiṭalya ɣilli ɣ rad yaqqra tasnijjit d tasnizrfant ɣmklli tra tmyurt dar willi dar tlla ddunit (Taburjwazit) ɣ Tpulunt. Ukan tizi lli yaqqra ɣ tsddawit n Bulunya (xtalli ɣ rad sul ig yan uslmad n tsnitrit) ikka-tt-inn izdɣ ɣ tgmmi n ssi Ḍuminiku Marya di Nufaṭa yan umassan n tusnakt illan d ugayyu nns, ɣwann a rad gis iẓẓu tayri n yigr n tusnakt d tsnitrit, mqqar tiɣri-nns n tsnijjit ur jju titti tayri n yigran ann ɣ wul-nns. ɣ usggʷas 1500 rad imzalal Kuprnik yan unubẓ n wayyur ssɣ Ṛuma. 

 Assnti nns 
Ɣ Mars 1513 rad isɣ yat 800 n uṭṭub s uwttas ad ibnu yan usmnu maɣ ad ittmnad ignna d umatti n yitran, f ɣik ann rad issmrs imassn n uzmz ann zun d istrlabn. 
vignette|"Astrlab" yan imiss  ɣ tsnitrit
yara yan usgzl f umussu n tɣawsiwin tignnawin s usur f unmala nnsnt, macc yugi ad t-inn-ifsr slad d kra n yimddukkal da as-akmurnin. Kuprnik ur t issusmn ungraw asnitri n Warisṭu d Ptulimiy lli issugrn ɣ utaram ɣakud-ann is as inaqs kra. Iswingm ilmma is d tuẓẓumt n wakal ur akkʷ tgi tuẓẓumt n umɣrud, is tga tin wayyur hlli.  "Hati ar nssutul f tafukt, zun d kra iga tt amtiwg yaḍni" inna tt ɣ udlis-nns "Kumntaryulus" (Commentariolus) 
vignette|Adlis n Kumntaryulus (Commentariolus)
S tkṣṣaḍ n ayt usgd, d tḥggaṛt n mddn ifta ad iswuri ɣ tmaggugt n yiẓṛi nnsn, ikk isggʷasn ɣzzifnin ɣar waḥdu t ar issṛwu d ar issaɣd adlis nns "Kumntarlyus" , mayad yiwi d yan udlis yaḍni iga as s ism "De Revolutionibus Orbinium Coelestium" lli ur ismid ar asggʷas n 1530 macc iḥḍa t attayn n 13 n usggʷas qbl ad t issufɣ, awa lliɣ infalal udlis ukin ayt usgd slawan iprustantiyyn f umassan ad, inin as is d ɣaylli ittini ar ifttu mgal ɣaylli imla linjil, d ur rad sul ɣaln mddn is akkʷ ma illan is ar fllatsn ittsutul, ur yadlli gin tuẓẓumt n umɣrad.         

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