Ayunan

lyunan (Ελλάδα niɣ d Ελλάς s tgrikt) tga yat tmazirt ɣ iffus n Uruppa, ar gis sawaln middn tutlayt Tagrikt. Tga Atina tamaẓunt nns, tg yat tmdint taqqbuṛt, nna ɣ snulfan tadimuqṛant ɣ usggʷas n 508 D.T. luln d ɣinn kullu iɣzdisn n tɣrmiwin n Uruppa, zun d amzruy d tusnakt d taflsuft.

Lyunan tga tasila n tɣrma n utaram d ɣilli ɣ tlul tdimuqṛatit d tafilusuft n utaram d taskla nns, tamazrayt d tussna tasrtant d imnzay imqrann n tawssna d tusnakt d umzgun, d wurarn n Ulympic. Iyunaniyn iqbuṛn kkan t inn nmalan s tiɣrmiwin-tiwunak (poleis) lli yumẓn sɣ Yill Agrakal ar Yill Asggan. Ismun Filip wis sin n Mqdunya amata n ikaliwn n Lyunan ɣ tasut tis 4 dat n tlalit, yawi ilmma yiwis Aliksandr Amqran amata n umaḍal n uzmz ann, sɣ Ugmuḍ d yakmurn ar agafa n lhnd. Azmz Ahilini lli d yuchkan tiɣrdin n mayad, tssn gis twssna tayunanit aflla nns. Tkcm Lyunan ddu usdurri n Ruma ɣ tasut tis 2 dat n tlalit, tg yan ugzzum ɣ tmnukda n iṛumann d imnkudn ibizanṭn lli t id iḍfarn, tili gisn tussna d tutlayt tayunanit s mad idusn. Yaws uqʷnis uṛṭuḍukṣ ayunan, lli ittyawbnan ɣ tasut tamzwarut, ad iskr talɣa n tmagit tayunanit tatrart, tsuyk timyurin iyunaniyn i umaḍal iflin n iṛṭuduksiyn.

Lliɣ izri wazzaɣ n waɣan wis Kkuẓ ɣ 1204, tnngzm Lyunan d tmnkuda tabiẓant s mnnaw iwunak, aylliɣ tkcm ddu tnbaḍt Taɛtmanit f taggat n ikaliwn n Lyunan ɣ tuẓẓumt n tasut tis 15. Tiɣrdin n imnɣi iɣzzifn n tdrfit ɣ 1821, tlul d Lyunan tga awanak atrar ɣ 1830. Tssfli Tgldit n Lyunan akal nns ɣ Imnɣan n ublqan (1912-1913) d Imnɣi Amaḍlan Amzwaru (1914-1918), aylliɣ tṛẓa ɣ Imnɣi Agriko-Turk ɣ 1922. Tettyawskar tgduda ɣ 1924 macc ur tmaṭl, acku tmzazal d imukrisn d willi zugnin sɣ Turkiya, aylli d yiwin tadiktaturit tagldant ɣ 1936. Tnnar Lyunan asdurri asrdas ɣ Imnɣi Amaḍlan Wis Sin, d yan imnɣi uɣrim d yuckan dffir, d tar tazgut tasrtant, fad ad tettyawskar tadiktaturit tasrdast ɣ 1967. Issnti uwanak ar izzigiz s tdimuqṛant ɣ 1974, yiwi d mayann tagduda tabaṛlamant da illan ar ɣikkad.

 Ism 
Aynan (s tnglizt: Greece) niɣ d Tagduda Tahilint, tga yat tmazirt ɣ Urupa n iffus.

Ism amzwaru n tmazirt ad s tgrikt tamaynut iga t Elláda (Ελλάδα, [eˈlaða]). S tgrikt taqburt d tunṣibt (Katharevousa), ism nns iga t Hellas (Ἑλλάς, [hel.lás] ɣ zikk, [eˈlas] ɣilad). Ism ad d ikka ism n "Hellas" lli baḥra ur ittyaddarn ɣilad ɣ tnglizt amr ɣ tmdyazt. 

Talɣa tanafrist n tmazirt iga t Tagduda Tahilinit (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία). Ism ad "Hellenic" ikka d ism "Ellinikos" (ελληνικός).

Ismawn "Greece" d "Greek" lli d ittḍin ɣ tnglizt, kkan d tutlayt Talatinit Graecia d Graecus, sɣ  ism n Graeci (Γραικοί), lli tt inn ikkan tga yat tawsit tayunant taqburt tzwur s tuzdɣa ɣ Magna Graecia ɣ iffus n Ṭalyan.

 Amzruy 
Lyunam tga tamazirt n tɣrmiwin timzwura n Urupa, tettyawssan is tga aẓuṛ n tɣrma n utaram (Western civilisation).

 Tadlsa Tasiqladit (Cycladic culture): nttat ad izwurn ɣ tɣrmiwin ad, tbuɣla ɣ tgzirin n yill n Aegean ɣ usggʷas n 3200 dat n tlalit (BC). Tettyawssan s tẓamumin (figurines) n rrxam da skarn.
 Taɣrma Taminwat (Minoan civilisation): Sɣ 3100 dat n tlalit ar 1100 dat n tlalit, tga Krit (Crete) uẓẓun n tdlsa d tdamsa, tnkr d gis Taɣrma Taminuṭ. Tettyawssan s yat tẓuṛi isnnfkan iklan, tiẓamumin n usgd, d ibrgmma fduddinin. Iminwatn kkan tt inn ar ttaran tutlayt nnsn s tirra lli mi ttinin Linear A d thiruɣlift takritit.
 Taɣrma Tamisiniyt (Mycenaean civilisation): Ɣ wakal lli issugrn (mainland), tbuɣla Tɣrma Tamisiniyt ɣ 1750 dat n tlalit, tkka ar 1100 dat n tlalit. Imisiniyn ṭṭafn yat tsrdast irdudzn, bnan kra n igudar zurnin. Ar akkan tissumga i mnnaw id wakuc, nawln Linear B afad ad ttaran talɣa tazaykut lli ittyuggan, d ar as ttinin Mycenaean Greek.
Taḍuṛi n tɣrma tamisinit (Mycenaean) tssnti "Izmaz n Tillas" n iyunann, wad ɣ ur ittyafa kra n warra ittyaran. Tigira n Izmaz n Tillas tettyawssakud ɣ usggʷas n 776 Dat n Tlalit (DT), lli igan asggʷas lliɣ ssntin Wurarn Ulmabiyn imzwura. Ɣ yat tsga yaḍnin, Talyida d Udissa gant sin iḍṛiṣn ursiln ɣ tskla tutrimt, ar ttinin is tnt yura Humirus ɣ tasut tis 7 niɣ d tis 8 DT. Tamdyazt tdra ɣ tuskart n waɣaln f id wakuc ulambiyn, macc asgd aɣriq aqbur ur dars tlli yat taskka n waggagn immalan mad skarn mddn. Ur daɣ dars imussutn yaḍnin zun d win Dyunizus, ur illi walu ɣ tɣawsiwin uddiɣn d iskkirn (imkraran).

Ɣ uzmz ad, tuggt n tglday timdinin-tiwankin umannt d ɣammas tgzirt tagrikit. Kra gitsnt skrnt yan mnnaw n inmidn (colonies) ɣ Asya tamẓẓiyt ɣ iftasn n Yill Asggan d iffus n Ṭalyan (lli mi aqqran s "Gricya mqquṛt "). Timdinin-tiwankin ad lkmnt yat tafsasayt mqqurn lli yiwin s yan ubuɣlu adlsan ur jju tt inn ikka ɣ Gris Taklasikit, ɣ tuman tagurast tamsdagt (architecture) d ḍḍṛama d tawssna d tusnakt d tflsaft. Ɣ usggʷas n 508 DT, isbidd Klaystinis (Cleisthenes) angraw adimuqṛan amzwaru n umḍal, d mayad ɣ tɣrmt n Atina. 

 Ẓṛ sul 
• Agʷmmay agrik

• Tutlayt Tagrikt 

• Atina 

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