Amtwi n Lhri

Amtwi n Lhri iga yan umtwi lliɣ drant tqbilin n ẓayan timɣribin, ddaw n tnara Muḥmmad Bn ḥmmu aẓayi g wass n aṣiḍyaṣ 25 du lḥijja 1332 ahijri (1914 n tlalit) ig ufna nnsnt fṛanṣa tamkkast tizi ann, fṛanṣa lli ikkusan lmṛṛuk taɣamt s taɣamt.
Imsar umtwi g udɣar ar as ttinin lhri lli  yaggugn f tɣrmt n xnifra 10 kilumitr f iffus, iḍfaṛ umtwi ad i imnɣi n ẓayan, lliɣ drant tqbilin n ẓayan akkʷ ḥma ad mdint i fṛanṣa ad asn ur ikkusu tamazirt n lmɣrib. ikmml umtwi ann lliɣ nran ayt ẓayan isardasn ifṛanṣin lli asn igan akud ann anbdad labiṛdu lli immutn g umtwi ann.

 Timntal n umtwi n lhri 
Ira usdurri afṛanṣi ad inbḍ ikkusu adrar n waṭlaṣ amqran akkʷ d umṛwaṣu d umẓyan ḥma ad tn igli zɣ ignna d wakal igli t awd zɣ iftasn, ḥma ad fllas isrs tanbaḍt nns, iẓẓu gis laman i middn ibṛṛanin ifṛanṣin lli siggilnin tanyaft nnsn  ɣ tmurt n lmɣrib, ḥma ad asin ayda nns kkusun aynna gis illan. f iɣ ira  umsdurri afṛanṣi mayan ur dars bla ad ikkusu laṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu lli igan aɣaras astṛatiji lli ibḍan ngr iẓẓlmḍ d iffus, ibḍu awd ngr tagut d iming, tg fṛanṣa tizi ann afna n tɣrmt n ujda d lmɣrib aminig n iffus, tg afna n tmnaḍin izdin d iwutta n dzayr.Hoisington 1995, p. 75.

Yili dar waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu yan waddur amqran ajugṛafi d ula ɣ tdamsa g iswirn akkʷ n tkrza d tagant d waman, acku iga ifri n kigan n isaffn d iɣzran lli ingin s waman n udfl iḍḍaṛn g tmnaḍt ann s tugtt, isaffn llan fllasn uggugn lli ittarun asid, ili f wasif n um ṛbiɛ abrid izdin ngr mṛṛakc d fas d tɣrmt n xnifra.

Adɣar astṛatiji n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu yujja fṛanṣa ad tswingm ad tkkusu adrar  amṛwaṣu  ḥma ad gis tṛẓm i iɣarasn lli isslkamn tiɣawsiwin ngr fas d mṛṛakc, ilin wayda n waṭlaṣ lli tra fṛanṣa ad gn win nns. fṛanṣa lli immaɣn d tmbṛaṭuṛit n lalman d umun nns g ddaw n tnbdadt n bismaṛk g imnɣi amaḍlan.  d ayt ẓayan lli imdin f tmurt nnsn  mmaɣn d fṛanṣa llan ḥḍan ngr idurar waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu.

G usggʷas n 1914 g 2 may, imla lyuṭi udm n fṛanṣa lli tssrkʷs igan udm n usdurri, lliɣ illa: ‘tamazirt n ẓayan tga talilt n ku ma iran a iffɣ zɣ ddaw n tnbaḍt nnɣ g lmɣrib n tuẓẓumt, d tiddas lli nn gant tqbilin ad n ẓayan ɣ ugʷns n wakal nnɣ lli nkkusa, d tazdayt illan ngr as d tqbilin lli aɣ iḍfaṛn, iga kra igan inmizi f ili nnɣ,  d iɣwwaɣn iffɣn zɣ ddaw n tnbaḍt nnɣ, issusmtn lliɣ asn tlla tsqqi gr idrarn n waṭlaṣ amaṛwaṣu ɣ llan ayt ẓayan, d lliɣ mlalnt tqbilin ad asrs n isardasn, d idɣarn lli nkkusa, iga mayan  asdiddiy i idɣarn nnɣ, ig darnɣ awttas ad nn nṭṭay ayt ẓayan zɣ igʷmmaḍn n wasif n um ṛbiɛ.’

Nukz zɣ wawal n lyuṭi mas illa f  fṛanṣa ad tmmaɣ d tqbilin n ẓayan ig dars mayan awttas astṛatiji, lliɣ fllasn illa  ad glin ayt ẓayan lli ittawsn i tqbilin lli asn imlaln d uzaɣar lli tkkusa fṛanṣa, d tmnaḍin lli iran awd nttnti ad ffuɣnt zɣ ddaw n tiddas n fṛanṣa lli asn ikkisn ayda awd tamurt.McDougall 2003, p. 43.
vignette|adɣar n usddurri n fṛanṣa g lmɣrib

 Umnaḍ n umtwi n lhri 
Lliɣ zrin kigan n imaɣn g tsga n tadla, idda ḥmmu aẓayyi nttan d umddakkʷl nns muḥa usɛid, s tɣrmt n xnifra lliɣ iga  anbdad nns, isman ayt ẓayan, isman tiqbilin n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu gnt yan, ilint d tqbilin n waṭlaṣ lli tn imlaln, allig isman tugt n isardasn mqqar ur ɣursn kigan n imassn n imnɣi d tɣawsiwin, ḥma ad ẓḍaṛn i imnɣi akud iɣzzifn.

Lliɣ ur ẓḍaṛn ifṛanṣin ad gn  muḥa uḥmmu ɣ tsga nnsn d gr ifassn nnsn, ɣtsn isardasn ɣ ddaw n tnbdadt n umuzr lkulunil hinris (henrys) ḥma  ad mmaɣn nɣn imzdaɣ n tqbilin n ẓayan, iklli inna ljiniṛal kyum: ‘tiddas  n ayt ẓayan  ur tlli g tugtt nnsn, tlla  tiddas nnsn  lliɣ nn gan tiggʷas ḥma ad rnun imnɣi, s tzmmar i ɣasn d tnggumt lli gisn illan, d ufuks n isan nnsn  lli igan s uṭṭun 2500 n urgaz, gn s tidt  tazmrt  imqqurn immaɣn  kigan n isggʷasn. d zzrb n twada nnsn d turrgza n irgazn nnsn d umummi nnsn iga  tamatart sisn  iẓlin.’

Tugga  ad lli ifka unmɣur n isardazn ifṛanṣin f ayt ẓayan mas gan  g ddaw n tnbdadt n muḥa uḥmmu irgazn imdin f tmazirt nnsn d tiddas ggutn ur  ilin anaw, s liman lli gisn illan d tayri n tmazirt nnsn d kiagn n imnɣitn lli urmn, s tugga ad ittyuran g umzruy gan ayt  ẓayan akkʷ imɣribin lli iḥaman f tmurt nnsn fkn as addur  awd tirlli. gn  imnɣa lli zzrin wid mqquṛn lli yuran amzruy amɣribi amaynu.French Embassy in Morocco, Le Maroc sous domination coloniale (PDF) (in French), archived from the original (pdf) on 15 February 2010, retrieved 29 November 2009

 Tifrkiwin n umtwi 
Lliɣ kcmn ifṛanṣin s tmuzra n lkulunil hinris tiɣrmt  n xnifra g 12 yunyu 1914 s tuggt n isardasn lli izrin 30 n ifḍn n usardas. iffɣ umuzr muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi tiɣrmt iddu s idrarn issutln i xnifra, ar zɣ gisn ittnbbaṛ i imnɣi ngr  as d fṛanṣa g tɣrmt n xnifra  d mad as isstln, allig ibṭṭṛ tizzla nnsn ismdudi abddi  nnsn.

Iɣama usardas muḥa uḥmmu nttan d imḍfaṛ nns g yan udɣar d tmanḍt  n lhri, irar taɣḍft i ku amussu skrn ifṛanṣin, ifln tiɣrmt n xnifra lli f imdi lkulunil hinris, tili tmazirt n lhri f tmyaggugt n 15 id kilumitr zɣ xnifra.

Lliɣ issn lkulunil mas illa muḥa uḥmmi aẓayyi g tmanḍt n lhri nttan d isardasn nns idrusn, ig ɣ yat tadggʷat n tgrst ɣ illa unẓaṛ 13 nuwanbir 1914 tawhalt nns  ḥma  a iddu iskkln f igiṭan n isardasn n muḥa  uḥmmu aẓayyi, inɣ tazzanin d iwssarn d tmɣarin. tgn fṛanṣa tizmmar nns  ḥma  ad tnɣ aẓuṛ n tgrawla ɣ inna ɣ d tnkr, inna  muḥmmad lmɛzuzi: ‘taɣwwaɣt lli iskr ufṛanṣi g wass n 12 n nuwanbir, skrn tt kkuẓt trubba kra iga tt yat  tuma 1300 n usardas, usin tuzzalin nnsn d tsddawin , iddu s udɣar  n lhri iskkln iḍuṛan d igiṭan n isardasn.’

Amtwi ann lli s iɣal ufṛanṣi  irxa, ur t itam is rad as ig taẓẓit n wanɣa s tzmmar n isradasn iẓayyin, tg yan imnɣi ɣ mmrwin idammn n ifṛanṣin d wakal. taɣwwaɣt  lli iskr ufṛanṣi f isardasn n ayt ẓayan iggut gis ttṛaḍ, issfal g wakud n tis kṛaḍt n yiḍ, glin adɣar lhri zɣ kkuẓt tsgiwin g yat tizi, ar tn kkatn s takat n uzzal, utn igiṭan g llan  wazzann d iwsarn nɣn tn, ddun isardasn s wanaḍ n labirdur ḥma  ad utn tiqbilin lli yaẓn i ilhri, frkn wiyyaḍ  i tawhalt darsn illan ddun  akʷrn izgarn d izammarn, akʷrn awd timɣarin. ɣaln is rnan amtwi.

Ddunt trubba yaḍn n ifṛanṣin ɣlin d idrarn ḥma  ad  ṭṭayn aynna gis irkʷsn  n irgazn n muḥa  uḥmmu aẓayyi, tg tmnaḍt n lhri adɣar ɣ trɣa  takat, ssɣdn mmidn lli as yaggugn  i tɣwwaɣt gis inkrn, iɣal umurz afṛanṣi  lli illan f umussu  ann asardas g lhri mas irna amtwi, d mas ibbi tankra n ayt ẓayan.Hoisington 1995, p. 76.

 Adwr s umtwi 
vignette|takaṛḍa n udɣar n lhri
Tga dar umurz afṛanṣi n tumast ann tasardast tanatamt, lliɣ iẓṛa ayt ẓayan rurn fllas s  tiddas  ggutn, issn  tizi ann mas illa  g yan ubddad  bahra  ixxan, d ur igi i tiddi ula tarwla, issn  is irna muḥa  uḥmmu aẓayyi  amtwi ann, lliɣ fllas  ḥaman t tqbilin lli as imlaln, lli d izzan  g  udɣar ann s  tizzla, zaydn t ad tiddas.(tiqbilin lli yiwsn i muḥa  uḥmmu aẓayyi ḥaman t fllas: icqqirn, ayt nuḥ, ayt bwici, ayt caṛt, ayt bumẓẓuɣ, ayt  xuya, ayt ḥnd, ayt iḥya, ayt sxman, ayt isḥaq taskart, ayt buḥddu, d imrabṭin, d  tqbilin n ẓayan. mmulin tqbilin ad f ufṛanṣi, glin t zɣ kra iga tt tasgaskkln t inn, mmaɣn dis s mad darsn  illan n tsddawin nnsn d imassn n uzzal d tizza, tizi ann ad mlan t tqbilin ann tayri nnsn  iggutn i umuzr muḥa uḥmmu, ḥaman tizi ann f ayt matn nnsn.Burke 1975, p. 439.

 Tinyafin n umtwi 
Amtwi ad iga imnɣi  bahra ixxan dar ifṛanṣin, lliɣ asn gis immut kigan n isardasn d inbdadn, allig ssutrn imurzn nnsn tilila zɣ dar tnbaḍt tafṛansiṣt, macc muḥa  uḥmmu ur asn ifl tawhalt ḥma  ad rwln, iḍfaṛ isardasn nnsn irwln, iglitn zɣ kra iga tt tasga, a llig nn inɣa lkulunil lafridur g udɣar n buzal, srsn isardasn nnsn llid iɣaman tuzzalt s wakal alln ifassn nnsn  ilin ddaw n tmlla  n tqbilin n ẓayan. lliɣ yad inɣa muḥa  uḥmmu aẓayyi ma ittggan azgn n isardasn nnsn.
vignette|asardas amɣribi mass Muḥa uḥmmi aẓayyi
kigan n tinyafin a ifka umtwi n lhri lli imurz muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi d tqbilin n ayt ẓayan lli dis  illan, tdus tyiti nnsn lli gan i fṛanṣa, kigan n isardasn ad asn nɣan d kigan n wayda lli disn illan ad asn iwin, inna ljiniṛal ‘kyum guillaume’ lli igan yan zɣ inbdadn isardasn lli idran g umtwi ann, g udlis nns lli yura ‘imaziɣn n lmɣrib d usyya n waṭlaṣ amṛwaṣu (1939/1912) : ‘ur jju ttṛẓan t tiddas nnɣ g tmazɣa iklli ttṛẓan t g umtwi ann n idammn.’

 Tiṛẓiwin d tmkkusa 
Isulf muḥmmad lmxtar asusi g udlis nns ‘lmɛsul’ s tirra  nns  amtwi n lhri, mas gis immut uggan n simraw n udmawn isardasn inmɣurn, d tawjiwin n kigan n isardasn, inna f mayan : ‘imnɣi lli bahra imqquṛn g imnɣa iga t umtwi n lhri, lliɣ mmutn awd inmɣuṛn n isardasn ifaṛanṣin uggan n 20 zɣ  gisn lkulunilat (colonels) d lqbṭanat (capitains) d lfisyanat (officiers), s uzzgzn kcmn isardasn ifṛanṣin idrarn ann allig lkmn adɣar n lhri lli nbdr, azzln sisn isardasn n ayt ẓayan (g ddaw n tmuzra n muḥa uḥmmu aẓayyi) d mad dis illan glin tn ar gisn nqqan ar tn ttamẓn a llig gisn ur fln yan.’

Immut g umtwi ad 33 n imttin zɣ inbdadn d 650 n usardas d 176 ittayagas, isardasn imɣrabin usin kigan tsddawin d imassn n imnɣi imaynutn igan win ifṛanṣin, rnun kṛaḍt n tmstan mqquṛn d 10 n tmstan tiṛccacin d uṭṭun ggutn n tsddawin, d  kigan n isan lli yusin tabuhut n tsddawin.

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 https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/70999/novembre-1914-bataille-historique-d-el.html

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