جيبوتي شهر

جيبوتي شهر (Djibouti City)، يا صرف جيبوتي ۽ جمهوريه جيبوتي جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ  آهي. اها تجورا جي نار تي ساحلي جبوتي علائقي ۾ واقع آهي. اهو 200 چورس ڪلوميٽر (80 چورس ميل) تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ ان جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 7,80,000 آهي. جيڪا ملڪ جي آبادي جو 73 سيڪڙو آهي. 

هي آبادي سال 1888ع ۾ فرانسيسي نوآبادياتي آفيسرن پاران حڪمران صومالي ۽ افار سلطانن کان ڪرائي تي ڏنل زمين تي  قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. ايندڙ عرصي دوران، اهو فرانس جي آفريڪي نوآبادي "فرينچ صومالي لينڊ"جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ پوء ان جي جانشين "افارز ۽ ايساز جي فرانسيسي علائقي جو گادي جو هنڌ پڻ هو.

تاريخ

There جيبوتي جي اوڀري ساحلي پٽي تي ٽامي جي زماني جي آبادين جا ثبوت مليا آهن.

سال 1862ع کان 1894ع تائين، تادجورا جي نار جي اتر واري زمين کي "اوبوڪ" سڏيو ويندو هو ۽ ان تي عيسا ۽ افار جي سلطانن، مقامي اختيارين جنهن سان، علائقي ۾ قدم جمائن لاءِ فرانس سال 1883ع ۽ 1887ع جي وچ ۾ مختلف معاهدن تي دستخط ڪيا، جي حڪومت هئي.Raph Uwechue, Africa year book and who's who, (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209 A Political Chronology of Africa, (Taylor & Francis), p. 132 9 فيبروري 1888ع جي فرانس-برطانيه سفارتي تجويزن جو تبادلو ٻنهي ملڪن جي نوآبادين جي وچ ۾ علائقائي حد مقرر ڪئي ۽ واضح طور تي تادجورا جي نار جي ڏاکڻي ساحلن کي فرانسيسي اختيار هيٺ ڏنو ويو، جن ۾ هڪ جزيرو نما جن ۾ راس جبوتي، هڪ اچي هموار جاء، جتان سمنڊ نه پهتي سگهندو هو،  هڪ انتهائي اسٽريٽجڪ مقام جي طور تي شامل هئي، جيڪي آفريڪا جي  ٻين حصن لاء فرانس جي مستقبل جي منصوبن هڪ جزو هو. انهي ئي  وقت کان هن جاء کي هرار، ايٿوپيا ڏانهن قافلن جي روانگي لاء استعمال ڪرڻ شروع ٿيو.

The French subsequently founded Djibouti in 1888, in a previously uninhabited stretch of coast.  According to one account, this was due to "its superiority to Obok both in respect to harbour accommodation and in nearness to Harrar.""Jibuti" (unsigned article), Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), vol. 15, p. 414. Ambouli was a small village before the French arrived, about  south of Ras Djiboutil. Ambouli is identified with the city of Canbala by O.G.S. Crawford, appearing in Muhammad al-Idrisi's map of 1192 on the coast of the Horn of Africa, southeast of the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, and with Cambaleh, a town where the Venetian traveler Bragadino, a thirteenth-century European visitor to Ethiopia, resided for eight years.O.G.S. Crawford, "Some Medieval Theories about the Nile", Geographical Journal, 114 (1949), p. 8 In 1896, the settlement was made the capital of French Somaliland.World Book, Inc, The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 1, (World Book: 2007)
The main purpose of the French interest in colonizing the region was to protect their trade routes to Madagascar and Indochina from the encroachment of other European powers. The town later grew considerably in size following the construction of the Franco-Ethiopian Railway. In 1895, Djibouti, which, not so long ago, was just a peninsula, already had 5,000 inhabitants. Many Issa and Afar nomads left their herds to settle here, built houses on what is now the downtown area. They became dockers and constitute the first local proletariat. The French and natives built hotels, houses, mosques and churches. The Yemeni, Egyptian, Greek, Armenian and Italian merchants and traders flocked to this promise that Djibouti represented. Additionally, the rich agricultural southern area of Ambouli continued to flourish due to an abundance of date palm farms and orchards. Djibouti did not attract as many boats as Aden. In 1896, Léonce Lagarde became the first governor of the French Somali Coast, a new name for the French dependencies in the region. At the start of the 20th century, Djibouti had 10,000 inhabitants and was considered a major regional port. Its main activity remains the supply of French ships en route to Indochina or Madagascar. Only 150,000 tonnes of freight per year were handled. In addition, the railway line has not yet been fully exploited.

Although the initial French efforts to establish commercial influence in the region proved to be unsuccessful enough to require a government bailout," the Franco-Ethiopian Railway itself was a success and allowed Djibouti's commerce to quickly eclipse the former caravan-based trade carried on with nearby Zeila in British Somaliland." Djibouti became the center of exports from southern Ethiopia and the Ogaden, including trade in Harari coffee and khat."" (i.e., Djibouti) Djibouti began to develop as a commercial center.  On 12 July 1926, the Fontainebleau, a Messageries Maritimes steamer loaded with cotton and heading for China caught fire while approaching Djibouti. The captain decided to flood the holds and run aground his ship in the middle of the harbor of Djibouti, causing significant inconvenience for port traffic. The city then proposed using the wreck as a promontory of a new deep-water port, connecting it to the Marabout plateau by a 700-meter jetty. The idea was accepted and work began in 1931. The first phase was completed in 1935 and considerably increased port and rail traffic. In 1933, Djibouti was the first town to be wired to electricity in French Somaliland, and an oil terminal was built in 1937.

 1940 
During the Second World War, Djibouti was hit by Italian airstrikes on 21 June 1940, which killed many people in the town. The anti-aircraft fire was intense and two Italian aircraft failed to return, but fires and explosions were seen in Djibouti. Overnight, several waves of Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers attacked the port facilities. After the defeat of France the colony came under the control of the pro-Axis Vichy government. By that time, the Allied offensive against the Italians included a blockade of French Somaliland. On 25 September the RAF launched several airstrikes on the city, prompting governor Pierre Nouailhetas to institute a brutal reign of terror against Europeans and African inhabitants of the city. Famine set in and malnutrition-related diseases took many lives, 70% of them women and children, and many townsfolk left for the hinterland. The locals named the blockade the carmii, a word for a type of sorghum usually reserved for cattle, but used as human food at the height of the famine. The head doctor at the hospital committed suicide in despair. Only a few Arab dhows (boutres) managed to run the blockade to Djibouti and Obock and only two French ships from Madagascar managed to run it.

The Japanese declaration of war (7 December 1941) gave the colony some respite, since the Royal Navy were forced to withdraw all but two ships from the blockade for use in the Far East. The rule of Nouailhetas was too brutal for even the authoritarian leaders at Vichy to stand for. In October 1942 he was recalled and forced to retire without a pension, Following the war, he escaped to Portugal. He returned to face a military tribunal and was acquitted on 17 July 1953, which sparked outrage in Djibouti. 

The Commander-in-Chief, East Africa, William Platt, codenamed the negotiations for the surrender of French Somaliland "Pentagon", because there were five sides: himself, the Vichy governor, the Free French, the British minister at Addis Ababa and the United States. Christian Raimond Dupont, the governor of French Somaliland, surrendered and Colonel Raynal's troops crossed back into French Somaliland on 26 December 1942, completing its liberation. The official handover took place at 10:00 p.m. on 28 December. The first governor appointed under the Free French was André Bayardelle.

In 1946, Djibouti received the status of overseas territory. An elected territorial assembly was created then, in 1956, a government council charged, under the chairmanship of the head of the territory, with the management of local affairs. At the same time, fiscal, customs and monetary measures are put in place to promote the development of the deep-water port, to finally compete with Aden. Port facilities expanded considerably and could afford to accommodate 2,000 ships per year. Djibouti becomes a free port and abandons the free zone. In 1948, a new currency, the Côte Française des Somalis, was created, pegged to the gold standard and convertible into dollars.


 آگسٽ 1966 ۾ ان وقت جي فرانسيسي صدر، چارلس ڊي گال جي علائقي جي سرڪاري دوري تي، هن کي مظاهرن ۽ فسادن جو به سامنا ڪندو پيو.A Political Chronology of Africa, (Taylor & Francis), p. 132 احتجاج جي پيش نظر، صدر ڊي گال هڪ ٻئي ريفرنڊم جو حڪم ڏنو. Newsweek, Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p.254. 19 مارچ 1967ع تي علائقي جي قسمت جو تعين ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ٻئي ريفرنڊم منعقد ٿيو. شروعاتي نتيجا فرانس سان ڍلو لاڳاپو رکڻ جي حق ۾ هئا، پر فرانسيسي اختيارين جي طرفان ڌانڌلي جي رپورٽن جي ڪري ريفرنڊم ٻيهر شڪي تي ويو. ريفرنڊم جي نتيجن جي اعلان سان شهر ۾ بدامني پيدا ٿي ۽ ڪيترا ئي ماڻهو مارجي ويا.Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies, The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance, (Praeger: 1972), p.166.
 جبوتي جي آبادي، جيڪا سال 1947ع ۾ سرڪاري طور تي تقريبن 17,000 آبادي هئي، تيزي سان وڌي رهي هئي. سال 1949ع ۾، جيبوتي جي شهري منصوبي ۾ چار مکيه خاصيتون شامل هيون: گهٽين جو هڪ درجي بندي وارو نظام هڪ گرڊ ۾ ٺهيل، ننڍن پيماني تي گهريلو رهائشن تي مشتمل وڏا بلاڪ، مرڪزي کليل جڳهن جي چوڌاري انهن بلاڪن جي تنظيم، ۽ هڪ شهري مرڪز ٺاهڻ لاءِ ثقافتي ادارن جو مرڪوز. پوءِ اهو بعد ۾ فرانسيسي علائقي آفارس ۽ ايساس جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر بڻجي ويو. * جڏهن جيبوتي 27 جون 1977ع تي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيبوتي جي آبادي 110,000 کان وڌيڪ هئي، تڏهن کان شهر جبوتي جمهوريه جي انتظامي ۽ تجارتي گاديءَ جو هنڌ رهيو آهي.Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) Elections in Africa: A data handbook, p. 322 


ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا



Category:Regions of Djibouti
Category:Populated places in Djibouti
Category:Populated coastal places in Djibouti
Category:Capitals in Africa
Category:City-states
Category:Port cities in Africa
Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean
Category:Populated places established in 1888
Category:1888 establishments in Africa

حوالا

زمرو:جبوتي
زمرو:جبوتي ۾ آباديون جڳهيون
زمرو:جبوتي ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ
زمرو:جيبوتي شهر
زمرو:ڊجبيوٽي ۾ آباديون جڳهيون
زمرو:ڊجبيوٽي ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ
زمرو:راڄڌانيون
زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ راڄڌانيون