افروايشيائي ٻوليون

افروايشيائي ٻوليون (Afroasiatic Languages)، جنهن کي آفريشيئن، حاميتو-سامي يا ساميتو-حامي ٻولين جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، اٽڪل 400 ٻولين جو هڪ ٻولي خاندان يا قبيلو آهي، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري اولهه ايشيا، اتر آفريڪا، آفريڪا جي سڱ ۽ صحارا ۽ ساحيل جي حصن ۾ ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون. 500 ملين کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو هڪ آفريشيائي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ آهن، هند-يورپي، چينو-تبتين ۽ نائجر-ڪانگو کان پوء چوٿون وڏو ٻولين جو خاندان آهي. اڪثر لسانيات جا ماهر، خاندان کي ڇهن شاخن: بربر، چاڊڪ، ڪشيٽڪ، مصري، اوموٽڪ ۽ سامي بولين جي خاندانن ۾ ورهايو آهي. آفروايشيائي ٻولين جي وڏي اڪثريت کي آفريڪا کنڌ جي مقامي بوليون سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهي سڀئي شامل آهن جيڪي سامي شاخ سان تعلق نه رکن ٿيون.

The Afroasiatic languages (also known as Afro-Asiatic, Afrasian, Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic) are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. Over 500 million people are native speakers of an Afroasiatic language, constituting the fourth-largest language family after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Niger–Congo. Most linguists divide the family into six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, and Semitic. The vast majority of Afroasiatic languages are considered indigenous to the African continent, including all those not belonging to the Semitic branch.

Arabic, if counted as a single language, is by far the most widely spoken within the family, with around 300 million native speakers concentrated primarily in the Middle East and North Africa. Other major Afroasiatic languages include the Cushitic Oromo language with 45 million native speakers, the Chadic Hausa language with over 34 million, the Semitic Amharic language with 25 million, and the Cushitic Somali language with 15 million. Other Afroasiatic languages with millions of native speakers include the Semitic Tigrinya language and Modern Hebrew, the Cushitic Sidama language, and the Omotic Wolaitta language, though most languages within the family are much smaller in size. There are many well-attested Afroasiatic languages from antiquity that have since died or gone extinct, including Egyptian and the Semitic languages Akkadian, Biblical Hebrew, Phoenician, Amorite, and Ugaritic. There is no consensus among historical linguists as to precisely where or when the common ancestor of all Afroasiatic languages, known as Proto-Afroasiatic, was originally spoken. However, most agree that the Afroasiatic homeland was located somewhere in northeastern Africa, with specific proposals including the Horn of Africa, Egypt, and the eastern Sahara. A significant minority of scholars argues for an origin in the Levant. The reconstructed timelines of when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken vary extensively, with dates ranging from 18,000 BC to 8,000 BC. Even the latest plausible dating makes Afroasiatic the oldest language family accepted by contemporary linguists.

Comparative study of Afroasiatic is hindered by the massive disparities in textual attestation between its branches: while the Semitic and Egyptian branches are attested in writing as early as the fourth millennium BC, Berber, Cushitic, and Omotic languages were often not recorded until the 19th or 20th centuries. While systematic sound laws have not yet been established to explain the relationships between the various branches of Afroasiatic, the languages share a number of common features. One of the most important for establishing membership in the branch is a common set of pronouns. Other widely shared features include a prefix m- which creates nouns from verbs, evidence for alternations between the vowel "a" and a high vowel in the forms of the verb, similar methods of marking gender and plurality, and some details of phonology such as the presence of pharyngeal fricatives. Other features found in multiple branches include a specialized verb conjugation using suffixes (Egyptian, Semitic, Berber), a specialized verb conjugation using prefixes (Semitic, Berber, Cushitic), verbal prefixes deriving middle (t-), causative (s-), and passive (m-) verb forms (Semitic, Berber, Egyptian, Cushitic), and a suffix used to derive adjectives (Egyptian, Semitic).
افروايشيائي ٻوليون (Afroasiatic Languages)، جنهن کي آفريشيئن، حاميتو-سامي يا ساميتو-حامي ٻولين جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، اٽڪل 400 ٻولين جو هڪ ٻولي خاندان يا قبيلو آهي، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري اولهه ايشيا، اتر آفريڪا، آفريڪا جي سڱ ۽ صحارا ۽ ساحيل جي حصن ۾ ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون. 500 ملين کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو هڪ آفريشيائي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ آهن، هند-يورپي، چينو-تبتين ۽ نائجر-ڪانگو کان پوء چوٿون وڏو ٻولين جو خاندان آهي. اڪثر لسانيات جا ماهر، خاندان کي ڇهن شاخن: بربر، چاڊڪ، ڪشيٽڪ، مصري، اوموٽڪ ۽ سامي بولين جي خاندانن ۾ ورهايو آهي. آفروايشيائي ٻولين جي وڏي اڪثريت کي آفريڪا کنڌ جي مقامي بوليون سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهي سڀئي شامل آهن جيڪي سامي شاخ سان تعلق نه رکن ٿيون.

اصطلاح
پڻ ڏسو
ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا
حوالا

زمرو:ٻوليون
زمرو:ٻولي خاندان
زمرو:افروايشيائي ٻوليون