حلب شهر

حلب (انگريزي: Aleppo؛ عربي: ﺣَﻠَﺐ) شام جو هڪ شهر آهي، جيڪو حلب گورنريٽ (صوبي) جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جيڪو شام جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو صوبو آهي. سال2021ع جي اندازي مطابق 20,98,000 رهاڪن  آبادي سان،اهو سال 2021ع تائين شام جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر هو جيستائين دمشق، شام جي راڄڌاني، جي آبادي هن  کان وڌي وئي. اها شام جي اترين صوبن جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي ۽ اهو پڻ ليوانت (سر زمين شام) جي وڏن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.Aleppo city population 

حلب دنيا جي قديم ترين مسلسل آباد شهرن مان هڪ آهي؛ اهو شايد ڇهين صدي قبل مسيح کان آباد آهي. حلب جي پراڻي شهر جي بلڪل ڏکڻ ۾ تل السودا ۽ تل الانصاري جي کوٽائي مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته اهو علائقو ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي پوئين حصي تائين عمورين جي قبضي هيٺ هو.The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (1997) اهو پڻ اهو ئي وقت آهي جڏهن حلب جو ذڪر پهريون ڀيرو ابلا (اردن) ۽ ميسوپوٽيميا (عراق) ۾ دريافت ڪيل مخروطي لپي (cuneiform) جي تختين ۾ ڪيو ويو آهي، جيڪي ان کي يمهاد جي عموري رياست جو حصو قرار ڏين ٿا Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2010) ۽ ان جي تجارتي ۽ فوجي اهميت کي ياد ڏيارڻ ٿا. اهڙي ڊگھي تاريخ هن جي رومي سمنڊ ۽ ميسوپوٽيميا جي وچ ۾ هڪ واپاري مرڪز جي طور اسٽرٽيجڪ پوزيشن سان منسوب ڪئي وئي آهي. صدين تائين، حلب شام جي علائقي جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر هو ۽ قسطنطنيه (هاڻي استنبول) ۽ قاهره کان پوءِ عثماني سلطنت جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو شهر هو.Russell, Alexander (1794), The Natural History of Aleppo, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, pp. 1–2 Gaskin, James J. (1846),  Geography and sacred history of Syria , pp. 33–34 تاريخ ۾ شهر جي اهميت اها رهي آهي ته ان جو مقام شاهراهه ريشم جي هڪ ڇيڙي تي آهي، جيڪو وچ ايشيا ۽ ميسوپوٽيميا مان گذرندو هو. سال 1869ع ۾ جڏهن سوئز ڪئنال جو افتتاح ڪيو ويو ته گهڻو واپار سمنڊ ڏانهن موڙيو ويو ۽ حلب پنهنجي سست زوال جي شروعات ڪئي. 

پهرين مهاڀاري لڙائي کان پوءِ عثماني سلطنت جي زوال تي، حلب پنهنجي اترين حصي ۽ ان سان گڏوگڏ اهم بغداد ريلوي جيڪا ان کي موصل سان ڳنڍيندي هئي، کي جديد ترڪي ڏانهن وڃائي ڇڏيو. سال 1939ع ۾، ان کي سمنڊ تائين ان جي مکيه پهچ، انطاڪيه ۽ اسڪندرون ذريعي، پڻ ترڪي ڏانهن وڃائي ڇڏيو. گذريل ڪجهه ڏهاڪن ۾ دمشق جي اهميت ۾ اضافو صورتحال کي وڌيڪ خراب ڪري ڇڏيو آهي. اهو زوال شايد حلب جي پراڻي شهر، ان جي وچين دور جي فن تعمير ۽ روايتي ورثي کي بچائڻ ۾ مدد ڪري سگهي ٿو. ان کي سال 2006ع ۾ اسلامڪ ڪيپيٽل آف ڪلچر جو لقب مليو ۽ ان جي تاريخي ماڳن جي ڪامياب بحاليءَ جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ٿيو. 

شام جي گهرو ويڙهه دوران، حلب جي جنگ ۾ شهر جا وڌيڪ حصا وڏي تباهي جو شڪار ٿيا. شهر جا متاثر ٿيل حصا هن وقت بحاليءَ هيٺ آهن.  هڪ اندازي مطابق حلب ۾ ويڙهه دوران 31 هزار شهري مارجي ويا.

نالو
پروٽو سامي اصل
حلب جو نالو قديم آهي ۽ علائقي جي ڊگهي تاريخ ۾ جڙيل آهي. حلب نالو مڃيو وڃي ٿو سامي اصل مان نڪتل، ممڪن طور پروٽو سامي جڙ "halb"، معنيٰ "کير ڏيڻ" آهي. اهو تعلق شايد هن علائقي جي پاڙيسريءَ جي وابستگي ۽ کير جي پيداوار جي ڪري پيدا ٿيو هجي. هڪ ٻيو امڪان اهو آهي ته نالو "اڇي" رنگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو، جيئن روٽ "hlb" استعاري طور تي ڪجهه مقامي مٽي يا مواد جي پيلي يا سفيد رنگ جي وضاحت ڪري سگهي ٿي. ساڳيءَ طرح، جديد دور جو لقب الشهبا (عربي)، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي ”سفيد رنگ سان مليل ڪارو“، چيو وڃي ٿو ته ان جي مشهور اڇي سنگ مرمر مان نڪتل آهي.
هتي ۽ عموري اصل 
ٻي صدي قبل مسيح دوران، اهو اموري رياست جو هڪ اهم شهر بڻجي ويو، جنهن ان کي حلب چيو. هٽيٽس، علائقي جي اندر هڪ همعصر اناتولين سلطنت، پنهنجي لکت ۾ هن شهر کي halpa يا halpu سڏيو آهي. اهو ظاهر ڪري ٿو ته نالو اڳ ۾ ئي هن وقت تائين قائم ڪيو ويو آهي. آرامي ۽ اڪيڊين موافقت: آرامي زبان ۾، شهر جو ساڳيو نالو برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن جي شڪل halba وانگر آهي. اڪادي ماخذ پڻ هن شهر کي حلب طور حوالو ڏين ٿا. يوناني ۽ رومي دور: Hellenistic ۽ رومن دورن ۾، حلب کي Beroea (يوناني ۾ Βέροια) جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو، اهو نالو ممڪن آهي ته Seleucid حڪمرانن طرفان ساڳئي نالي جي مقدوني شهر کان پوءِ رکيو ويو. ان جي باوجود، مقامي آبادي اصل سامي نالو استعمال ڪرڻ جاري رکي. اسلامي دور: 

(Arabic: Ḥalab, حلب) is ancient and rooted in the long history of the region. 

The name Ḥalab is believed to originate from a Semitic root, possibly the Proto-Semitic root ḥlb, meaning “to milk” or “milk.” This connection might have arisen due to the area’s association with pastoralism and the production of milk. Another possibility is that the name refers to the color “white,” as the root ḥlb could metaphorically describe the pale or white hue of certain local soils or materials. Similarly, the modern-day nickname al-Shahbāʾ (), meaning "the white-colored mixed with black", is said to be derived from its famed white marble.

Amorite Origins and Hittite Influence

During the second millennium BCE, it became a key city of the Amorite state, who referred to it as Ḥalab. The Hittites, a contemporary Anatolian Empire within the region, referred to the city as Ḥalpa or Ḥalpu in their inscriptions. This indicates the name was already well-established by this time.

Aramaic and Akkadian Adaptations

In Aramaic, the city retained a similar name, with forms like Ḥalba. Akkadian sources also refer to the city as Ḥalab.

Greek and Roman Periods

During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Aleppo was known as Beroea (Βέροια in Greek), a name likely assigned by the Seleucid rulers after the Macedonian city of the same name. Despite this, the local population continued to use the original Semitic name.  

Islamic Period

With the advent of Islam and the Arabization of the region, the name Ḥalab (Arabic: حلب ) remained in use, reflecting its deep historical continuity. The Arabic form also preserved its earlier meanings, with folklore often associating the name with the prophet Abraham, who is said to have “milked” his livestock in the area to provide for travelers.

Modern-day English

The adoption of “Aleppo” into English likely coincided with the Crusades (11th–13th centuries) and subsequent increased trade and travel between Europe and the Middle East. By the late 14th to early 15th centuries, the term Aleppo was well-established in English literature and travel accounts.

The earliest documented use of “Aleppo” in English occurs in translations of medieval texts and chronicles, such as the travel writings of Marco Polo, where the city is mentioned as a key trading hub. Additionally, it was featured in maps and documents produced during the European Renaissance as a center of commerce on the Silk Road.

تاريخ 
جاگرافي 
آباديات 
حڪومت ۽ سياست
معيشت 
ٽرانسپورٽ 
تعليم 
ثقافت
ميونسپلٽي
The city of Aleppo is the capital of Aleppo Governorate and the centre of Mount Simeon District. Aleppo City Council is the governing body of the city. The first municipality council was formed in 1868. However, the governor being appointed directly by the president of the republic, has a supreme authority over the city and the entire governorate. But the city is managed directly by the mayor.

Subdivisions

180px|thumb|Suleimaniyeh District, St George's Church and Tawhid Mosque, 2020
Districts in Aleppo can be considered in four categories:
Old quarters inside the walls of the ancient city.
Old quarters outside the walls of the ancient city.
Modern neighborhoods, including a newly developed area called The New Aleppo.
Informal settlements.

Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo
[[File:Covered Suq of Aleppo2.JPG|thumb|Souq al-Dira''', maintaining its traditional role as a tailoring centre]]
The "Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo" (UDP) is a joint programme between the German Development Cooperation (GTZ) and the Municipality of Aleppo. The programme promotes capacities for sustainable urban management and development at the national and municipal level.

The Programme has three fields of work:
 Aleppo City Development Strategy (CDS): promoting support structures for the municipality, including capacity building, networking, and developing municipal strength in the national development dialogue.
 Informal Settlements (IS): includes strategy and management development of informal settlements.
 The Project for the Rehabilitation of the Old City of Aleppo (OCA): includes further support for the rehabilitation of the Old City, as well as for a city development strategy oriented to the long term.

The UDP cooperates closely with other interventions in the sector, namely the EU-supported 'Municipal Administration Modernization' programme. It is planned to operate from 2007 to 2016.

Preservation of the ancient city
As an ancient trading centre, Aleppo has impressive souqs, khans, hammams, madrasas'', mosques and churches, all in need of more care and preservation work. After World War II the city was significantly redesigned; in 1954 French architect André Gutton had a number of wide new roads cut through the city to allow easier passage for modern traffic. Between 1954 and 1983 many buildings in the old city were demolished to allow for the construction of modern apartment blocks, particularly in the northwestern areas (Bab al-Faraj and Bab al-Jinan). As awareness for the need to preserve this unique cultural heritage increased, Gutton's master plan was finally abandoned in 1979 to be replaced with a new plan presented by the Swiss expert and urban designer Stefano Bianca, which adopted the idea of "preserving the traditional architectural style of Ancient Aleppo" paving the way for UNESCO to declare the Old City of Aleppo as a World Heritage Site in 1986.
Several international institutions have joined efforts with local authorities and the Aleppo Archaeological Society, to rehabilitate the old city by accommodating contemporary life while preserving the old one. The governorate and the municipality are implementing serious programmes directed towards the enhancement of the ancient city and Jdeydeh quarter.

The German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and Aga Khan Foundation (within the frames of Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme) has made a great contribution in the preservation process of the old city.

قابل ذڪر ماڻهو
پڻ ڏسو
:باب:وچ اوڀر
 دمشق
 ليوانت (سر زمين شام)

ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا

Aleppo Governorate 
Aleppo news
Aleppo history and culture 
Photos of Aleppo at the American Center of Research

زمرو:شام
زمرو:حلب
زمرو:وڏا شهر
زمرو:شام ۾ شهر
زمرو:سر زمين شام
زمرو:سلڪ روڊ سان گڏ آباد هنڌ
زمرو:يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ
زمرو:شام ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ
زمرو:ايشيا ۾ يونيسڪو عالمي ثقافتي ورثي جا ماڳ

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