بينن جو خم

بينن جو خم (Bight of Benin) اولهه آفريقي ساحل تي گني جي نار جو اولهه آفريڪي ساحل اندر ڦهلائو آهي جنهن جو نالو تاريخي بينن جي بادشاهت مان نڪتل آهي. اها گني جي نار جي بينن جي ساحلي پٽي ۾ ڪمان جي وانگر هڪ واڌارو آهي، جيڪا هن کي هڪ کليل نار جي شڪل ڏئي ٿو.

جاگرافي
It extends eastward for about  from Cape St. Paul to the Nun outlet of the Niger River, which marks the westernmost point of the Bight of Biafra.

History: 

Historical associations with the Atlantic slave trade led to the region becoming known as the Slave Coast. As in many other regions across Africa, powerful indigenous kingdoms along the Bight of Benin relied heavily on a long-established slave trade that expanded greatly after the arrival of European powers and became a global trade with the colonization of the Americas.Edward Brynn, Slavery in the Sahel , University of North Carolina Estimates from the 1640s suggest that Benin (Beneh) took in 1200 slaves a year. Restrictions made it hard for slave volume to grow until new states and different routes began to make an increase in slave trade possible.Transformations in Slavery, Lovejoy 1983, Pg. 54

ثقافتي حوالا
The Bight of Benin has a long association with slavery, its shore being known as the Slave Coast. From 1807 onwards—after slave trading was made illegal for Britons—the Royal Navy created the West Africa Squadron to suppress and crush the slave trade. These efforts were magnified after 1833 when slave trading was made illegal throughout the British Empire. These efforts would continue until the 1890s and cost Britain significant sums of money, and the Royal Navy hundreds, if not thousands, of sailors’ lives from tropical diseases.

The old Royal Navy rhyme says:
Beware, beware the Bight of the Benin, for few come out though many go in.

A variation goes:
Beware beware, the Bight of Benin: one comes out, where fifty went in!

This is said to be a slavery jingle or sea shanty about the risk of malaria in the Bight. A third version of the couplet is:
Beware and take care of the Bight of Benin. There's one comes out for forty goes in."

In R. Austin Freeman's 1927 novel A Certain Dr. Thorndyke, Chapter II, "The Legatee," mention is made of this location. The scene is the Gold Coast colony in Africa where the character Larkom asks, "How does the old mariners' ditty run? You remember it. 'Oh, the Bight of Benin, the Bight of Benin, One comes out where three go in.'" Life expectancy was short in this locale due to the prevalence of Blackwater fever.

The author Philip McCutchan has written a book titled Beware, beware the Bight of Benin.

A short story by Elizabeth Coatsworth, "The Forgotten Island" (1942), deals with a treasure from Benin. A variation of the rhyme is also mentioned.

Flash For Freedom!, George MacDonald Fraser's 1971 picaresque novel of Harry Flashman's misadventures in—among other places and situations—an English stately home, the 1840s slave trade, antebellum plantation life, and meeting with then-congressman Abraham Lincoln, quotes another variant of the couplet:

Oh, sailor beware of the Bight o' Benin.

There's one as comes out for a hundred goes in.

In Patrick O'Brian's novel The Commodore (1996), Dr. Maturin recites the rhyme when he learns of his ship's destination.  Commodore Aubrey checks him, telling him it is bad luck to say that out loud on the way in.

The rhyme is also partially quoted in chapter Context(6) of John Brunner's novel Stand on Zanzibar. The Bight of Benin (as well as the fictional republic of Beninia) is mentioned throughout the novel.

David Bramhall's series of novels "The Greatest Cape" also mentions the rhyme, one of the characters in the first volume, The Black Joke, having been a pirate and a slaver.

In 2007, a collection of short stories entitled The Bight of Benin: Short Fiction by Kelly J. Morris was published by AtacoraPress.com. The stories are set in Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria.

تاريخ
On 1 February 1852, the British established the Bight of Benin British protectorate, under the authority of Consuls of the Bight of Benin: the republic of Benin and Bight of Benin were named after the Kingdom of Benin extending eastward from Cape St. Paul to the Nun outlet of River Niger.

Term ProtectorateMay 1852 – 1853 Louis Fraser1853 – April 1859 Benjamin CampbellApril 1859 – 1860 George Brand1860 – January 1861 Henry HandJanuary 1861 – May 1861 Henry Grant FooteMay 1861 – 6 August 1861 William McCoskry (acting)

On 6 August 1861, the Bight of Biafra protectorate and Bight of Benin protectorate were joined as a united British protectorate, ultimately to be merged into Nigeria.

حوالا

زمرو:آفريڪا
زمرو:جاگرافي