باٿ شھر

باٿ شھر (Bath city) انگلينڊ (England) جي ڏکڻ-اولهه ۾ آھي ۽  سال 2021ع جي مردم شماري تي، آبادي 94,092 هئي. باٿ شهر ايوون ندي (Avon River) جي وادي ۾، لنڊن شھر جي اولهه ۾ 97 ميل (156 ڪلوميٽر) ۽ برسٽول کان 11 ميل (18 ڪلوميٽر) ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ آھي. ان شھر کي تاريخي حيثيت حاصل آهي. هي شهر سال 1987ع ۾ يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي واري سائيٽ بڻجي ويو ۽ بعد ۾ سال2021ع ۾ بين الاقوامي عالمي ورثي واري ماڳ ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو جيڪو "يورپ جا عظيم اسپا ٽائون" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. باٿ سمرسيٽ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ آبادي پڻ آهي.  

شهر لاطيني نالي، "ايڪوا سولس" (Aquae Sulis، سولس جو پاڻي) سان هڪ سپا بڻجي ويو. سال 60 عيسوي ۾ جڏهن رومن ايوون نديءَ جي واديءَ ۾ حمام ۽ مندر ٺاهيا، جيتوڻيڪ گرم چشما ان کان اڳ به مشهور هئا. باٿ ايبي (Bath Abbey) 7هين صدي عيسويء ۾ ٺهرايو ويو ۽ هڪ مذهبي مرڪز بڻجي ويو؛ عمارت 12هين ۽ 16هين صدي عيسويء ۾ ٻيهر تعمير ڪئي وئي. 17هين صدي عيسويء ۾، چشمن مان پاڻي جي علاج واري خاصيتن لاء دعوي ڪئي وئي ۽ باٿ جارجيئن دور ۾ "اسپا ٽائون" طور مشهور ٿيو. جارجيئن فن تعمير، باٿ جي پٿر مان ٺهيل، رائل ڪريسنٽ، سرڪس، پمپ روم ۽ اسيمبليء جا ڪمرا شامل آهن، جتي "بيو نيش" سال 1705ع کان 1761ع ۾ سندس موت تائين شهر جي سماجي زندگي جي صدارت ڪئي.

ڪيتريون ئي گهٽيون ۽ چوڪ جان وڊ، دا ايلڊر، طرفان ٺهرايون ويون ۽ 18هين صدي عيسويء ۾ شهر فيشن جو مرڪز بڻجي ويو ۽ آبادي وڌي وئي. جين آسٽن 19هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ باٿ ۾ رهندي هئي. وڌيڪ تعمير 19هين صدي ۾ ۽ ٻي عالمي جنگ ۾ "باٿ بلٽز" جي پٺيان شروع ڪئي وئي. باٿ سال 1974ع ۾ ايوون ڪائونٽي جو حصو بڻجي ويو ۽ سال 1996ع ۾ ايوون جي ڪائونٽي شپ جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، باٿ ۽ اتر اوڀر سمرسيٽ جو پرنسپل مرڪز رهيو آهي. 

باٿ ۾ هر سال 60 لک (6 ملين) کان وڌيڪ سياح ايندا آهن، جيڪا ان کي ڏهن انگريزي شهرن مان هڪ بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غير ملڪي سياح اچن ٿا.  باٿ شهر جي ڪشش ۾ اسپا، ڪئنال تي ٻيڙيءَ جي سير، رائل ڪريسنٽ، باٿ اسڪائي لائن، پريڊ گارڊن ۽ رائل وڪٽوريا پارڪ جيڪي ڪارنيوالن ۽ موسمي واقعن جي ميزباني ڪن ٿا، شامل آهن. شاپنگ وارن علائقن ۾ ڏکڻ گيٽ شاپنگ سينٽر، ڪوريڊور آرڪيڊ ۽ والڪوٽ، ملسم، اسٽال ۽ يارڪ اسٽريٽ تي ڪاريگرن جا دڪان شامل آهن. اتي ٿيٽر آهن، جن ۾ ٿيٽر رائل شامل آهي، گڏوگڏ ڪيترائي عجائب گھر جن ۾ ميوزيم آف باٿ آرڪيٽڪچر، وڪٽوريا آرٽ گيلري، ميوزيم آف ايسٽ ايشين آرٽ، هرشل ميوزيم آف آسٽرونومي، فيشن ميوزيم ۽ هالبرن ميوزيم شامل آهن. شهر ۾ ٻه يونيورسٽيون؛ باٿ يونيورسٽي ۽ باٿ سپا يونيورسٽي اهن، جيڪيون باٿ ڪاليج سان گڏ وڌيڪ تعليم فراهم ڪرڻ ٿيون. شهر مان راندين جون ڪلبون باٿ رگبي ۽ باٿ سٽي شامل آهن.

شهر جي ڀرپاسي ۽ چوطرف سهڻا نظارا، واديون، ٽڪريون ۽ وڻ جھجھا آھن. شھر جي چوڌاري ايوون ندي (Avon) وھي ٿي. جتي ماڻھو ننڍڙيون ٻيڙيون ھلائن پيا. ارڙھين صدي جي اڏاوت ۽ جديد نموني جي رھائش جي ڳانڍاپي شھر کي ويتر سھڻو ڪري ڇڏيو آھي. جڳھ جڳھ گلن جون ٽوڪريون ٽنگيل آهن. عجائب گھر، اوائلي زماني جا چرچ، گھٽيون، سياحن ۾ شوق وڌائين ٿا. شھر جي ڪمائي سياحن، پرنٽنگ انڊسٽري ۽ آئي ٽي انڊسٽريز منجھان ٿئي ٿي.

تاريخ

پٿر، برونز ۽ لوهه جو دور
مقامي جبلن جهڙوڪ باٿمپٽن ڊائون انساني سرگرمين کي قديم پٿر جي دور کان ڏٺو.   18هين صدي عيسويء ۾ جان اسڪنر طرفان ڪيترائي برونز ايج گول باررو کوليا ويا. ھڪڙي ڊگھي بارو سائيٽ کي مڃيو وڃي ٿو ابتدائي برونز ايج بيڪر ماڻھن مان آھي RAF چارمي ڊائون لاءِ رستو ٺاھيو ويو. سولسبري هل موجوده شهر کي نظر انداز ڪندي هڪ لوهي دور جو ٽڪري قلعو هو ۽ ان جي ڀرسان باٿمپٽن ڪيمپ به شايد هڪ هئي.

hills in the locality such as Bathampton Down saw human activity from the Mesolithic period. Several Bronze Age round barrows were opened by John Skinner in the 18th century. A long barrow site believed to be from the Early Bronze Age Beaker people was flattened to make way for RAF Charmy Down. Solsbury Hill overlooking the current city was an Iron Age hill fort and the adjacent Bathampton Camp may also have been one.

رومن حمام ۽ شهر
آثار قديمه جا ثبوت ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته رومن حمام جي مکيه چشمي واري ماڳ کي شايد انگريزن طرفان هڪ مزار سمجهيو ويو هجي، ۽ ديوي سولس لاءِ وقف ڪيو ويو هو، جنهن کي رومن منروا سان سڃاڻيندا هئا؛ نالو سليس رومن جي حملي کان پوءِ استعمال ٿيندو رهيو، جيڪو شهر جي رومن نالو، Aquae Sulis (لفظي طور تي، "سولس جو پاڻي") ۾ ظاهر ٿيو. هن کي ڌاتو تي ڇڪيل پيغام، لعنت جي ٽيبل جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، آثار قديمه جي ماهرن طرفان مقدس چشمي مان هٿ ڪيو ويو آهي. ٽيبل تي لاطيني ۾ لکيل هئا، ۽ ذاتي دشمنن تي لعنت ڪئي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن شهريءَ جا ڪپڙا غسل خاني ۾ چوري ٿي ويا هجن، ته هو ديوي طرفان پڙهڻ لاءِ ٽيبل تي شڪي ماڻهن جي خلاف لعنت لکندو. pgf 60-70 ع ۾ هڪ مندر تعمير ڪيو ويو، ۽ ايندڙ 300 سالن ۾ غسل خانو ڪمپليڪس تعمير ڪيو ويو. انجنيئرن هڪ مستحڪم بنياد مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ بلوط جي ٿلهن کي مٽيءَ ۾ اڇلايو، ۽ چشمي جي چوڌاري پٿرن جي بي ترتيب چيمبر سان ليڊ سان ليس ٿي. ٻي صدي عيسويءَ ۾، بهار کي ڪاٺ جي بيرل سان ڍڪيل ڍانچي جي اندر بند ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ ڪلڊاريم (گرم غسل)، ٽيپيڊيريم (گرم غسل) ۽ فريگيڊيريم (ٿڌو غسل) رکيو ويو. شهر کي بعد ۾ دفاعي ديوار ڏني وئي، شايد 3 صدي عيسويء ۾. پنجين صدي عيسويءَ جي پهرين ڏهاڪي ۾ رومن حڪومت جي ناڪاميءَ کان پوءِ، حمام خراب ٿي ويا ۽ آخرڪار پاڻيءَ جي سطح وڌڻ ۽ سڙي وڃڻ سبب گم ٿي ويا. مارچ 2012 ۾، 30,000 چانديء جي رومن سڪن جو هڪ ذخيرو، برطانيه ۾ دريافت ڪيل سڀ کان وڏين مان هڪ آهي.

evidence shows that the site of the Roman baths' main spring may have been treated as a shrine by the Britons, and was dedicated to the goddess Sulis, whom the Romans identified with Minerva; the name Sulis continued to be used after the Roman invasion, appearing in the town's Roman name,  (literally, "the waters of Sulis").A L Rowse, Heritage of Britain, 1995, Treasure of London, , 184 pages, Page 15 Messages to her scratched onto metal, known as curse tablets, have been recovered from the sacred spring by archaeologists. The tablets were written in Latin, and laid curses on personal enemies. For example, if a citizen had his clothes stolen at the baths, he might write a curse against the suspects on a tablet to be read by the goddess.

A temple was constructed in AD 60–70, and a bathing complex was built up over the next 300 years. Engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation, and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. In the 2nd century, the spring was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted structure that housed the caldarium (hot bath), tepidarium (warm bath), and frigidarium (cold bath).

The town was later given defensive walls, probably in the 3rd century. After the failure of Roman authority in the first decade of the 5th century, the baths fell into disrepair and were eventually lost as a result of rising water levels and silting.

In March 2012, a hoard of 30,000 silver Roman coins, one of the largest discovered in Britain, was unearthed in an archaeological dig. The coins, believed to date from the 3rd century, were found about  from the Roman baths.

Post-Roman and medieval
alt=Yellow stone building with large arched windows and a tower.|thumb|left|upright|Bath Abbey

Bath may have been the site of the Battle of Badon ( 500 AD), in which Arthur, the hero of later legends, is said to have defeated the Anglo-Saxons. The town was captured by the West Saxons in 577 after the Battle of Deorham; the Anglo-Saxon poem The Ruin may describe the appearance of the Roman site about this time. A monastery was founded at an early date – reputedly by Saint David although more probably in 675 by Osric, King of the Hwicce, perhaps using the walled area as its precinct. Nennius, a 9th-century historian, mentions a "Hot Lake" in the land of the Hwicce along the River Severn, and adds "It is surrounded by a wall, made of brick and stone, and men may go there to bathe at any time, and every man can have the kind of bath he likes. If he wants, it will be a cold bath; and if he wants a hot bath, it will be hot". Bede described hot baths in the geographical introduction to the Ecclesiastical History in terms very similar to those of Nennius. King Offa of Mercia gained control of the monastery in 781 and rebuilt the church, which was dedicated to St. Peter.

According to the Victorian churchman Edward Churton, during the Anglo-Saxon era Bath was known as Acemannesceastre ('Akemanchester'), or 'aching men's city', on account of the reputation these springs had for healing the sick.

By the 9th century, the old Roman street pattern was lost and Bath was a royal possession. King Alfred laid out the town afresh, leaving its south-eastern quadrant as the abbey precinct. In the Burghal Hidage, Bath is recorded as a burh (borough) and is described as having walls of  and was allocated 1000 men for defence. During the reign of Edward the Elder coins were minted in Bath based on a design from the Winchester mint but with 'BAD' on the obverse relating to the Anglo-Saxon name for the town, Baðum, Baðan or Baðon, meaning "at the baths", and this was the source of the present name. Edgar of England was crowned king of England in Bath Abbey in 973, in a ceremony that formed the basis of all future English coronations.

William Rufus granted the town, abbey and mint to a royal physician, John of Tours, who became Bishop of Wells and Abbot of Bath, following the sacking of the town during the Rebellion of 1088. It was papal policy for bishops to move to more urban seats, and John of Tours translated his own from Wells to Bath. The bishop planned and began a much larger church as his cathedral, to which was attached a priory, with the bishop's palace beside it. New baths were built around the three springs. Later bishops returned the episcopal seat to Wells while retaining the name Bath in the title, Bishop of Bath and Wells. St John's Hospital was founded around 1180 by Bishop Reginald Fitz Jocelin and is among the oldest almshouses in England. The 'hospital of the baths' was built beside the hot springs of the Cross Bath, for their health-giving properties and to provide shelter for the poor infirm.

Administrative systems fell within the hundreds. The Bath Hundred had various names including the Hundred of Le Buri. The Bath Foreign Hundred or Forinsecum covered the area outside the city and was later combined into the Bath Forum Hundred. Wealthy merchants had no status within the hundred courts and formed guilds to gain influence. They built the first guildhall probably in the 13th century. Around 1200, the first mayor was appointed.

Early modern

By the 15th century, Bath's abbey church was dilapidated and Oliver King, Bishop of Bath and Wells, decided to rebuild it on a smaller scale in 1500. The new church was completed just a few years before Bath Priory was dissolved in 1539 by Henry VIII. The abbey church became derelict before being restored as the city's parish church in the Elizabethan era, when the city experienced a revival as a spa. The baths were improved and the city began to attract the aristocracy. A Royal charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590 confirmed city status. James Montagu, Bishop of Bath and Wells from 1608, spent considerable sums in restoring Bath Abbey and actively supported the Baths themselves, aware that the 'towne liveth wholly by them'. In 1613, perhaps at his behest, Queen Anne visited the town to take the waters: the Queen's Bath was named after her. The cue for the visit may have been the completion of the restoration work to Bath Abbey, the last instalment of which had been paid for two years previously. Anne of Denmark came to Bath in 1613 and 1615. By the beginning of the English Civil War, the city was a first-class resort. However, it lost much of this trade in 1642; with the outbreak of war, fiddlers, "ladies who are there", and ale-house guides, lost their customers.History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart. John Oldmixon, 1730 pp208-212, as quoted in: An unhappy civil war. The experiences of ordinary people in Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Wiltshire, 1642-1646. John Wroughton. Lansdown Press, Bath, 1999. Chapter 4, Forced to improvise. pp165-166

The city was initially garrisoned for Charles I. Seven thousand pounds was spent on fortifications, but on the appearance of parliamentary forces the gates were thrown open and the city surrendered. It became a significant post for the Western Association army under William Waller. Bath was retaken by the royalists in July 1643 following the Battle of Lansdowne and occupied for two years until 1645. The city was spared widespread destruction of property, overcrowding, bubonic plague, or starvation of its inhabitants, etc, unlike nearby Bristol and Gloucester, and it had good water piped in from its surrounding hills. Still, soldiers who were billeted in private houses contributed to disorder and vandalism, though this never caused the general destruction and plundering seen in Marlborough and other towns. Bath remained a health resort, often for wounded soldiers, its markets continued open and well-regulated, and its shopkeepers and craftsmen continued busy.An unhappy civil war. The experiences of ordinary people in Gloucestershire, Somerset, and Wiltshire, 1642-1646. John Wroughton.  Lansdown Press, Bath, 1999. Chapter 4, Forced to improvise. pp165-167 Nevertheless,  council spending, rents and grants all decreased and the finances of the Bath City Council were seriously affected. 

Normality to the city quickly recovered after the war when the city council achieved a healthy budget surplus. Thomas Guidott, a student of chemistry and medicine at Wadham College, Oxford, set up a practice in the city in 1668. He was interested in the curative properties of the waters, and he wrote A discourse of Bathe, and the hot waters there. Also, Some Enquiries into the Nature of the water in 1676. It brought the health-giving properties of the hot mineral waters to the attention of the country, and the aristocracy arrived to partake in them.


Several areas of the city were developed in the Stuart period, and more building took place during Georgian times in response to the increasing number of visitors who required accommodation. Architects John Wood the Elder and his son laid out the new quarters in streets and squares, the identical façades of which gave an impression of palatial scale and classical decorum. Much of the creamy gold Bath stone, a type of limestone used for construction in the city, was obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines owned by Ralph Allen (1694–1764). Allen, to advertise the quality of his quarried limestone, commissioned the elder John Wood to build a country house on his Prior Park estate between the city and the mines. Allen was responsible for improving and expanding the postal service in western England, for which he held the contract for more than forty years. Although not fond of politics, Allen was a civic-minded man and a member of Bath Corporation for many years. He was elected mayor for a single term in 1742.

In the early 18th century, Bath acquired its first purpose-built theatre, the Old Orchard Street Theatre. It was rebuilt as the Theatre Royal, along with the Grand Pump Room attached to the Roman Baths and assembly rooms. Master of ceremonies Beau Nash, who presided over the city's social life from 1704 until his death in 1761, drew up a code of behaviour for public entertainments. Bath had become perhaps the most fashionable of the rapidly developing British spa towns, attracting many notable visitors such as the wealthy London bookseller Andrew Millar and his wife, who both made long visits. In 1816, it was described as "a seat of amusement and dissipation", where "scenes of extravagance in this receptacle of the wealthy and the idle, the weak and designing" were habitual.

Late modern
The population of the city was 40,020 at the 1801 census, making it one of the largest cities in Britain. William Thomas Beckford bought a house in Lansdown Crescent in 1822, and subsequently two adjacent houses to form his residence. Having acquired all the land between his home and the top of Lansdown Hill, he created a garden more than  in length and built Beckford's Tower at the top.

Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia spent four years in exile, from 1936 to 1940, at Fairfield House in Bath. During World War II, between the evening of 25 April and the early morning of 27 April 1942, Bath suffered three air raids in reprisal for RAF raids on the German cities of Lübeck and Rostock, part of the Luftwaffe campaign popularly known as the Baedeker Blitz. During the Bath Blitz, more than 400 people were killed, and more than 19,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.

Houses in Royal Crescent, Circus and Paragon were burnt out along with the Assembly Rooms. A  high explosive bomb landed on the east side of Queen Square, resulting in houses on the south side being damaged and the Francis Hotel losing  of its frontage. The buildings have all been restored although there are still signs of the bombing.

A postwar review of inadequate housing led to the clearance and redevelopment of areas of the city in a postwar style, often at variance with the local Georgian style. In the 1950s, the nearby villages of Combe Down, Twerton and Weston were incorporated into the city to enable the development of housing, much of it council housing. In 1965, town planner Colin Buchanan published Bath: A Planning and Transport Study, which to a large degree sought to better accommodate the motor car, including the idea of a traffic tunnel underneath the centre of Bath. Though criticised by conservationists, some parts of the plan were implemented.

In the 1970s and 1980s, it was recognised that conservation of historic buildings was inadequate, leading to more care and reuse of buildings and open spaces. In 1987, the city was selected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, recognising its international cultural significance.

Between 1991 and 2000, Bath was the scene of a series of rapes committed by an unidentified man dubbed the "Batman rapist". The attacker remains at large and is the subject of Britain's longest-running serial rape investigation. He is said to have a tights fetish, have a scar below his bottom lip and resides in the Bath area or knows it very well. He has also been linked to the unsolved murder of Melanie Hall, which occurred in the city in 1996. Although the offender's DNA is known and several thousand men in Bath were DNA tested, the attacker continues to evade police.

Since 2000, major developments have included the Thermae Bath Spa, the SouthGate shopping centre, the residential Western Riverside project on the Stothert & Pitt factory site, and the riverside Bath Quays office and business development. In 2021, Bath become part of a second UNESCO World Heritage Site, a group of spa towns across Europe known as the "Great Spas of Europe". This makes it one of the only places to be formally recognised twice as a World Heritage site.

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