ڏکڻ آمريڪا

ڏکڻ آمريڪا (South America) ستن کنڊن مان هڪ آهي، جیڪو مڪمل طور تي اولهه اڌ گول ۾ ۽ گهڻو ڪري ڏاکڻي اڌ گول ۾ آهي. اهو پڻ آمريڪاز جي ڏاکڻي علائقي جي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي سرحد اولهه ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ اتر ۽ اوڀر ۾ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ آهي؛ اتر آمريڪا جو کنڊ ۽ ڪيريبين سمنڊ اتر-اولهه طرف آهن. براعظم ۾ عام طور تي ٻارهن خودمختيار رياستون: ارجنٽائن، بوليويا، برازيل، چلي، ڪولمبيا، ايڪواڊور، گيانا، پيراگوئي، پيرو، سورينام، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا؛ ٻه منحصر علائقا: فاڪلينڊ ٻيٽ ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا ۽ ڏکڻ سينڊوچ ٻيٽ؛ ۽ هڪ اندروني علائقو: فرينچ گيانا آهي. ان کان علاوه، هالينڊ جي بادشاھت جا ای بی سی جزائر (ABC Islands)، اسانشيون ٻيٽ (سينٽ ھيلينا جو انحصار، اسانشيون ۽ ٽرسٽان دا ڪنھا)، ھڪ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقو، بوویٽ ٻيٽ (ناروي جو انحصار)، پاناما ۽ ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو پڻ ٿي سگھي ٿو، ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا حصا سمجهيا وڃن ٿا.

ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ايراضي 1,78,40,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (68,90,000 چورس ميل) آهي. سال 2016ع تائين ان جي آبادي 42 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا علائقي ۾ چوٿون نمبر (ايشيا، آفريڪا ۽ اتر آمريڪا کان پوءِ) ۽ پنجون نمبر آبادي ۾ (ايشيا، آفريڪا، يورپ ۽ اتر آمريڪا کان پوءِ) آهي. برازيل تمام گهڻي آبادي وارو ڏکڻ آمريڪي ملڪ آهي، جنهن ۾ براعظم جي لڳ ڀڳ اڌ آبادي آهي، ان کان پوءِ ڪولمبيا، ارجنٽائن، وينزويلا ۽ پيرو آهن. تازن ڏهاڪن ۾، برازيل پڻ براعظم جي جي ڊي پي (GDP) جو اڌ پيدا ڪيو آهي ۽ براعظم جي پهرين علائقائي طاقت بڻجي چڪو آهي.

اڪثر آبادي براعظم جي الهندي يا اڀرندي ساحلن جي ويجهو رهندي آهي جڏهن ته اندروني ۽ ڏور ڏکڻ ۾ گهٽ آبادي آهي. اولهندي ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي جاگرافي تي اينديز جبلن جو تسلط آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، اڀرندي ڀاڱي ۾ ٻهراڙي وارا علائقا ۽ وسيع هيٺاهين وارا علائقا شامل آهن جتي نديون جهڙوڪ ايمازون درياهه، اورنيڪو (Orinoco) ندي ۽ پرانا (Paraná) ندي وهن ٿيون. گهڻو ڪري براعظم ٽروپڪ جی ٽاڪری ۾ واقع آهي، سواءِ ڏاکڻي مخروط جو هڪ وڏو حصو جيڪو وچ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ۾ واقع آهي. 

براعظم جي ثقافتي ۽ نسلي نقطه نظر ان جي ابتڙ يورپي فاتحن ۽ مهاجرن سان ۽ مقامي طور تي، آفريقي غلامن سان مقامي ماڻهن جي رابطي سان آهي. نوآباديات جي ڊگهي تاريخ ڏني وئي، ڏکڻ آمريڪن جي وڏي اڪثريت اسپيني يا پرتگالي ڳالهائيندا آهن ۽ سماج ۽ رياستون مغربي روايتن سان مالا مال آهن. سال 1900ع کان پوءِ جو ڏکڻ آمريڪا، یورپ، ايشيا ۽ آفريڪا جي مقابلي ۾، سواء ڪجهه جنگين جي، پرامن براعظم رهيو آهي.Holsti 1996, p. 155

جاگرافي
ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڪل ايراضي 1,78,40,000 ڪلوميٽر چورس (68,90,000 چورس ميل) آهي جيڪو زمين جي ڪل ايراضي جو 3.5 سيڪڙو ٿئي ٿو. سال 2005ع جي مطابق هن کنڊ جي آبادي 37,10,00,000 آهي. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ايراضي ۽ آبادي جي لحاظ کان چوٿون نمبر کنڊ آهي.

انڊيز هتان جو سڀ کان وڏو جابلو سلسلو آهي جڏهن ته کنڊ جي اوڀر واري علائقي ۾ ايمازون درياهه سان گڏ جھنگن سان ڀريو پيو آهي. ايمازون جو وڏو جھنگ 25,10,000 چورس ميل تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ اندازن دنيا جي سڀ معلوم ٿيل زنده جانورن جي اڌ آبادي هتي آهي.ڈی کے اسٹوڈنٹس اٹلس، ناشر: ڈی کے پبلشنگ انکارپوریٹڈ، آئی ایس بی این 0789490528

اميزون ۽ پارانا هتي جا وڏا درياهه آهن جيڪي ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ ۾ ڪرن ٿا. انڊيز جي جابلو سلسلي ۾ آتش فشان به آهن جن ۾ کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو متحرڪ آتش فشان ڪوٽوپئڪسي به شامل آهي جنهن جي بلندي 19,347 فٽ آهي. هي آتش فشان اولهه جي ملڪ ايڪواڊور ۾ آهي. انڊيز جو جابلو سلسلو اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين پکڙيل آهي جنهن جي ويڪر 4,500 ميل آهي. اهڙي طرح هي دنيا جو ڊگھو ترين جابلو سلسلو آهي.

کنڊ ۾ ريگستاني علائقا به آهن جن ۾ پيٽاگونيا ۽ اٽاڪاما جا ريگستان مشهور آهن. دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي آبشار، "اينجل آبشار"، ايراضي جي حساب سان سڀ کان وڏو درياهه، اميزون درياهه، ڊگھو ترين جابلو سلسلو، انڊيز، زمين جو خشڪ ترين علائقو، اٽاڪاما ريگستان، سڀ کان وڏو جھنگ "ايمازون جھنگ"، سمنڊ جي سطح کان سڀ کان مٿي گادي جو هنڌ لاپاز، بوليويا، دنيا جي سڀ کان اوچي ڍنڍ، ٽٽيڪاڪا ڍنڍ ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان ڏورانهون شهر، "پورٽو ٽرٽو"، چلي هن ئي کنڊ ۾ آهي.


 تاريخ 
17 هين صدي ۾ اسپين ۽ پرتگال جي جهازرانن جي طرفان هن زمين جي ڳولهڻ کان پوء ٻنهي ملڪ هتي قبضو ڪري ڇڏيو ۽ هتان جا ملڪ ڊگھي غلامي ۾ هليا ويا. اسپين ۽ پرتگال هتي پنهنجي ثقافت جو گهرو اثر ڇڏيو جيڪو اڄ به ڏسي سگھجي ٿو. ڏکڻ  آمريڪا جي ملڪ برازيل ۾ پرتگيزي جڏهن ته تقريبن ٻين ملڪن ۾ هسپانوي ٻولي ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. اتر ۾ سرينام ۽ گيانا جا ننڍا  ملڪ نيدرلينڊ ۽ برطانيه جي غلامي ۾ رهيا آهن. ڊگھي غلامي جي ڪري هتي مختلف نسلن جا ماڻهو ملن ٿا جن ۾ يورپي، آبائي آمريڪي ۽ آفريڪي نسل شامل آهن. ڪجهه اصل آمريڪي ماڻهو اڄ به آميزون جي گھاٽن جھنگن م رهن ٿا.

 آبادي 
کنڊ جي اڪثريت ساحلي علائقن ۾ رهي ٿي. برازيل ايراضي ۽ آبادي جي لحاظ کان کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو ملڪ آهي ۽ کنڊ جي آبادي جو اڌ هتان کن تعلق رکي ٿو. گھڻي آبادي شهرن ۾رهي ٿي جن ۾ ڪافي شهر گھاٽي آبادي ۽ غير مغياري رهائشي سهولتن جي ڪري مسئلن جو شڪار آهن. برازيل جو شهر سائو پولو دنيا جي تيزي سان وڌندڙ شهرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ هن کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. اميزون جا جھنگ ۽ انڊيز جو جابلو سلسلو نه جي برابر آباد آهن.

 معيشت 
ارجنٽائن کنڊ جو سڀ کان امير ملڪ آهي جتان جي عوام جو معيارِ زندگي ڪافي مٿي آهي. جڏهن ته گيانا ۽ بوليويا ڪمزور معيست ڪجي ڪري غريب ملڪ سمار ٿيندا آهن ۽ انهنجو ذياده تر انحصار خام مالن جي ڪاروبار تي هوندو آهي. ڪولمبيا ۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ منشيات جي ڪاري ڪاروبار جي ڪري ڏوه ۽ بدعنواني تمام گھڻي آهي.

ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ زراعت روزگار جو سڀ کان اهم ذريعو آهي ۽ ڪافي ۽ ڪوڪو جي پوک کان علاوه مال پاليو ويندو آهي. سڀ کان وڌيڪ صنعتون برازيل ۾ آهن جنهن کان پوء ارجنٽائن، وينزيويلا ۽ چلي اچن ٿا. سمنڊ ڪناري واقع شهر ريوڊي جنيرو، ليما، سائو پولو۽ بيونس آئرس ۾ سڀ کان گھڻو روزگار ملي ٿو انجي ڪري هي شهر ڳوٺن مان لڏي ايندڙن سان ڀريا پيا آهن. سائو پولو برازيل جو سڀ کان وڏو صنعتي شهر آهي جتي لوه جو ڪم، ڪار ٺاهڻ، چمڙي وعيره جون مصنوعات ٺهن ٿيون. بوليويا ۽ ڪولمبيا جي پهاڙي علائقن ۾ ڪوڪا جا ٻوٽا پوکي انهن مان ڪوڪين تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي جنهن سان هتي غيرقانوني منشيات جو ڪاروبار گھڻو آهي. وينزويلا ۾ ماراڪائبو ڍنڍ تيل جي ذخيرن سان مالامال آهي ۽ هن کنڊ جو سڀ کان وڏو تيل جو ذخيرو آهي. تيل جي ڳولها سان وينزويلا ڏينهون ڏينهن ترقي پيو ڪري. _کڻ آمريڪا معدني وسيلن سان مالامال آهي جتي تيل کان علاوه ڪوئلي ۽ ٽامي جون به کاڻون آهن.

دنيا ۾ ملندڙ ڪيترائي ٻوٽا ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي پيداوار آهن جن ۾ ٽماٽو ۽ پٽاٽو قابلِ ذڪر آهن. اڄڪله ۡافي، ڪوڪا ، رٻڙ ، مڪئي ۽ ڪمند هتان جون اهم پوکون آهن جڏهن ته انڊيز جي وادين ۾ انگور به پوکيا وڃن ٿا.

کنڊ جو گھڻو حصو انٽارڪٽيڪا جي ويجھو هجڻ جي ڪري ڏاڍو ٿڌو علائقو آهي.

 ملڪ 
گڏيل قومن موجب هيٺيان ملڪ ڏکڻ آمريڪا کنڊ ۾ آهن.

 جھنڊو ملڪ/ٽیریٽري ایراضي  آبادي() آبادي جی ڪثافت گاديء وارو شھر آفیشیل بولي ۾ نالو  ارجنٽائن 27,66,890 چورس ڪلوميٽر (10,68,300 چورس ميل)  14.3 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر 
(37 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) بیونس آئرس Argentina  بوليويا 10,98,580 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(4,24,160 چورس ميل)  8.4 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(22 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) لاپاز، سڪري   Bolivia/Mborivia/Wuliwya/Puliwya  برازيل 85,14,877 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(32,87,612 چورس ميل)

20,76,52,865,00000 20,76,52,865 22 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(57 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) برازیلیا Brasil   چلي 7,56,950 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(2,92,260 چورس ميل)  22 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(57 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) سانتیاگو  Chile  ڪولمبيا 11,41,748 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(4,40,831 چورس ميل)  40 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(100 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) بوگوٽا Colombia  ايڪواڊور 3,83,560 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(1,09,480 چورس ميل)  53.8 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(139 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) ڪيوٽو Ecuador/Ikwayur/Ekuatur  فالڪس آئیلینڊ (برطانیا) 12,173 چورس ڪلوميٽر (4,700 چورس ميل)  0.26 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(0.67 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) اسٽئنلي Falkland Islands 50px فرينچ گيانا (فرانس) 91,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (35,000 چورس ميل)  2.1 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
5.4 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) ڪئيني پريفيڪچر  Guyane  گيانا 2,14,999 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(83,012 چورس ميل)  3.5 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(9.1 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) جارج ٽائون Guyana  پيراگوئي 4,06,750 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(1,57,050 چورس ميل)  15.6 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(40 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) اسانشيون Paraguay/Paraguái  پيرو 12,85,220 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(4,96,230 چورس ميل)  22 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(57 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) ليما Perú/Piruw/Piruw  ڏکڻ جيورجیا  ۽ ڏکڻ سینڊوچ  آئیلینڏ (برطانیا)  3,093 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(1,194 چورس ميل) 20 0 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(0 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) ڪنگ ايڊورڊ پوائنٽ  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  سرينام 1,63,270 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(63,040 چورس ميل)  3 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(7.8 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) پاراماريبو  Suriname  يوروگوئي 1,76,220 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(68,040 چورس ميل)  19.4 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(50 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) مونٽيويڊيو  Uruguay/Uruguai  وينزولا 9,16,445 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(3,53,841 چورس ميل)  27.8 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(72 ماڻهو في چورس ميل) ڪاراڪس  Venezuela ڪل (ڏکڻ آمريڪا کنڊ) 1,78,24,513 چورس ڪلوميٽر
(68,82,083 چورس ميل) 42,04,58,044 21.5 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر
(56 ماڻهو في چورس ميل)

حڪومت ۽ سياست

تاريخي طور تي، هسپانوي ملڪ ريپبلڪن ڊڪٽيٽرشپ،  ڪيڊيلوس جي اڳواڻي ۾ قائم ڪيا ويا. برازيل صرف هڪ استثنا هو، پنهنجي پهرين 67 سالن جي آزاديءَ لاءِ آئيني بادشاهت جي حيثيت سان، جيستائين هڪ فوجي بغاوت ان کی هڪ  جمهوريه بنائن جو اعلان ڪيو. 19ھین صدي جي آخر ۾، سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ برازيل، چلي، ارجنٽائن ۽ يوراگوئي هئا. 

سڀ ڏکڻ آمريڪي ملڪ، سواءِ سورينام جي، هڪ پارلياماني جمهوريه، صدارتي جمهوريه آهن. فرينچ گيانا هڪ ​​فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ آهي، جڏهن ته فاڪلينڊ ٻيٽ ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا ۽ ڏکڻ سينڊوچ ٻيٽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقا آهن. هي هن وقت دنيا ۾ بادشاهت کان سواءِ واحد آباد براعظم آهي؛ برازيل جي سلطنت 19 صدي عيسويء ۾ موجود هئي ۽ ڏکڻ ارجنٽائن ۽ چلي ۾ اروڪنيا ۽ پيٽاگونيا جي سلطنت قائم ڪرڻ جي ناڪام ڪوشش هئي. پڻ ويهين صدي ۾، سرينام هالينڊ جي بادشاهي جي هڪ جزوي سلطنت جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو ۽ گيانا پنهنجي آزاديء کان پوء 4 سالن تائين برطانوي بادشاهه کي رياست جي سربراهه طور برقرار رکيو. 

تازو، هڪ بين الاقوامي ادارو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي جنهن جو مقصد ٻن موجوده رواج يونين کي ضم ڪرڻ آهي: مرڪوسور ۽ اينڊين ڪميونٽي، اهڙيء طرح دنيا ۾ ٽيون نمبر وڏو واپاري بلاڪ ٺاهيندي.  هي نئين سياسي تنظيم، يونين آف سائوٿ آمريڪن نیشنز جي نالي سان مشهور آهي، ماڻهن جي آزاد حرڪت، اقتصادي ترقي، گڏيل دفاعي پاليسي ۽ محصولن جي خاتمي جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿي.

انفراسٽرڪچر
توانائي 

ٽوپوگرافي جي تنوع جي ڪري ۽ پليويوميٽرڪ ورهاڱي جي حالتن جي ڪري، علائقي جي پاڻي جا وسيلا مختلف علائقن ۾ تمام گهڻو مختلف آهن. اينڊس ۾، نيويگيشن جا امڪان محدود آهن، سواءِ مگدالينا ندي، ٽٽيڪاڪا ڍنڍ ۽ چلي ۽ ارجنٽائن جي ڏاکڻين علائقن جي ڍنڍن جي. اتر۔اولهه پيرو کان پيٽاگونيا تائين زراعت لاء آبپاشي هڪ اهم عنصر آهي. سال 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين اينڊس جي ڄاڻايل بجليءَ جي 10 سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ صلاحيت استعمال ٿي چڪي هئي. برازيل جي هاءِ لينڊز ۾ اینڊس علائقي جي ڀيٽ ۾ هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ جي تمام گهڻي صلاحيت آهي ۽ ان جي استحصال جا امڪان تمام گهڻا آهن ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪيترن ئي وڏين ندين جي موجودگي جي ڪري وڏين وڏين ندين جي موجودگي ۽ وڏن فرقن جي واقعن جي ڪري وڏيون  تبديليون آهن، جهڙوڪ پولو افونسو، اگواڪو ۽ ٻيا. ايمازون درياهه جي سسٽم ۾ اٽڪل 13,000 ڪلوميٽر واٽر ويز آهن، پر هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ استعمال لاءِ ان جا امڪان اڃا تائين اڻڄاتل آهن. براعظم جي اڪثر توانائي هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ پاور پلانٽس ذريعي پيدا ٿئي ٿي، پر اتي پڻ ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ ۽ ونڊ انرجي جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. برازيل ۽ ارجنٽائن واحد ڏکڻ آمريڪي ملڪ آهن جيڪي هر هڪ ٻه ايٽمي پاور پلانٽس سان، ايٽمي طاقت پيدا ڪن ٿا. سال 1991ع ۾ انهن ملڪن هڪ پرامن ايٽمي تعاون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ڪيو.  

The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand. In the beginning of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.

Brazil is one of the main world producers of hydroelectric power. In 2019, Brazil had 217 hydroelectric plants in operation, with an installed capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16% of the country's energy generation. In the total generation of electricity, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority, hydroelectric).

In 2013, the Southeast Region used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Hydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% coming mostly from thermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais for about 25%; Rio de Janeiro for 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The South Region owns the Itaipu Dam, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of Three Gorges Dam in China. It remains the second largest operating hydroelectric in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with Paraguay: the dam is located on the Paraná River, located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. North Region has large hydroelectric plants, such as Belo Monte Dam and Tucuruí Dam, which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.

 according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind power was 22 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%. While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%; the average capacity factor in the Northeast Region is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior. In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country. In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand. In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021 and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, United States and Germany.Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, Wind Power generation

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity. The nuclear power generation monopoly is owned by Eletronuclear (Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A), a wholly owned subsidiary of Eletrobrás. Nuclear energy is produced by two reactors at Angra. It is located at the Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto (CNAAA) on the Praia de Itaorna in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. It consists of two pressurized water reactors, Angra I, with capacity of 657 MW, connected to the power grid in 1982, and Angra II, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connected in 2000. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished.

 according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 21 GW, with average capacity factor of 23%. Some of the most irradiated Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO (Goiás), which have indeed world irradiation level records. In 2019, solar power represented 1.27% of the energy generated in the country. In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022 and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).

In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through biomass (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.

After Brazil, Colombia is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). Argentina was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. Paraguay stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. Bolivia stand out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015. Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.

Transport:
Transport in South America is basically carried out using various modes including: roads, seaports and airports. The railway and fluvial sector, although having more robust contemporary potential, are still somewhat treated in a secondary way.

Roads

Due to the Andes Mountains, Amazon River and Amazon Forest, there have always been difficulties in implementing larger scale transcontinental or bioceanic highways. Practically the only route that existed was the one that connected Brazil to Buenos Aires, (in Argentina) and later to Santiago, (in Chile). However, in recent years, with the combined effort of countries, new routes have started to emerge, such as Brazil-Peru (Interoceanic Highway), and a new highway between Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile (Bioceanic Corridor).

Some of the most modern roads extend through northern and south-east Argentina; and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link Brasília, the federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil.

Brazil has more than 1.7 million km of roads, of which 215,000 km are paved, and about 14,000 km are divided highways. The two most important highways in the country are BR-101 and BR-116. Argentina has more than 600,000 km of roads, of which about 70,000 km are paved, and about 2,500 km are divided highways. The three most important highways in the country are Route 9, Route 7 and Route 14. Colombia has about 210,000 km of roads, and about 2,300 km are divided highways. Chile has about 82,000 km of roads, 20,000 km of which are paved, and about 2,000 km are divided highways. The most important highway in the country is the Route 5 (Pan-American Highway) These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways.

In addition, there is a reputed Pan-American Highway, which crosses Argentina and the Andean countries from north to south, although various stretches are unfinished.

Aviation

In South America, commercial aviation has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo, and large airports, such as Congonhas, São Paulo–Guarulhos International and Viracopos (São Paulo), Rio de Janeiro International and Santos Dumont (Rio de Janeiro), El Dorado (Bogotá), Ezeiza (Buenos Aires), Tancredo Neves International Airport (Belo Horizonte), Curitiba International Airport (Curitiba), Brasilia, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, Viru Viru International Airport (Santa Cruz de la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém.

There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States. São Paulo International Airport, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, is the largest and busiest in the country – the airport connects São Paulo to practically all major cities around the world. Brazil has 44 international airports, such as those in Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Cuiabá, Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza, Belém and Manaus, among others. Argentina has important international airports such as Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto Iguazú, Neuquén and Usuhaia, among others. Chile has important international airports such as Santiago, Antofagasta, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas and Iquique, among others. Colombia has important international airports such as Bogotá, Medellín, Cartagena, Cali and Barranquilla, among others. Other important airports are those in the capitals of Uruguay (Montevideo), Paraguay (Asunción), Peru (Lima), Bolivia (La Paz) and Ecuador (Quito). The 10 busiest airports in South America in 2017 were: São Paulo-Guarulhos (Brazil), Bogotá (Colombia), São Paulo-Congonhas (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Lima (Peru), Brasília (Brazil), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque (Argentina), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza (Argentina), and Minas Gerais (Brazil).

Seaports and harbors
upright=.8|thumb|Port of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil
The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of Buenos Aires, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Bahía Blanca, Rosario, Valparaíso, Recife, Salvador, Montevideo, Paranaguá, Rio Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and Maracaibo.

About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest seaports in South America, such as Port of Santos, Port of Rio de Janeiro, Port of Paranaguá, Port of Itajaí, Port of Rio Grande, Port of São Francisco do Sul and Suape Port. Argentina has ports such as Port of Buenos Aires and Port of Rosario. Chile has important ports in Valparaíso, Caldera, Mejillones, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica and Puerto Montt. Colombia has important ports such as Buenaventura, Cartagena Container Terminal and Puerto Bolivar. Peru has important ports in Callao, Ilo and Matarani. The 15 busiest ports in South America are: Port of Santos (Brazil), Port of Bahia de Cartagena (Colombia), Callao (Peru), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Buenos Aires (Argentina), San Antonio (Chile), Buenaventura (Colombia), Itajaí (Brazil), Valparaíso (Chile), Montevideo (Uruguay), Paranaguá (Brazil), Rio Grande (Brazil), São Francisco do Sul (Brazil), Manaus (Brazil) and Coronel (Chile).

Rail
Two primary railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects Buenos Aires, in Argentina to Valparaíso, in Chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia Railroad, which makes it the connection between the port of Santos in Brazil and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia.

Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum network, which develops around the Platine region, largely belonging to Argentina, with more than 45,000 km in length; And the Southeast Brazil network, which mainly serves the state of São Paulo, state of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.

The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km of tracks, and at one stage was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about 100,000 km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. It is basically used for transporting ores. Chile has almost 7,000 km of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has about 3,500 km of railways.

Waterways

South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the Amazon basin, the Platine basin, the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, Brazil having about 54,000 km navigable, while Argentina has 6,500 km and Venezuela, 1,200 km.

Among the main Brazilian waterways, two stand out: Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais) and Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underused: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration. In Argentina, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are Zárate and Campana. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 km of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total exports of the country.

Public transport
The main public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities have a diverse system of metro and subway trains, the first of which was the Buenos Aires subte, opened 1913. The Santiago subway is the largest network in South America, with 103 km, while the São Paulo subway is the most heavily used, with more than 4.6 million passengers per day. Rio de Janeiro installed the continent's first railroad in 1854. Today the city has a diversified system of metropolitan trains, integrated with buses and subway. It has a Light Rail System called VLT, with small electrical trams at low speed, while São Paulo has inaugurated a monorail. In Brazil, an express bus system called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), which operates in several cities, has been developed. Mi Teleférico, also known as Teleférico La Paz–El Alto (La Paz–El Alto Cable Car), is an aerial cable car urban transit system serving the La Paz–El Alto metropolitan area in Bolivia.

ثقافت

ڏکڻ آمريڪن ثقافتي طور تي انهن جي مقامي ماڻهن، تاريخي لاڳاپو آئيبيرين پیننسولا ۽ آفريڪا سان ۽ دنيا جي چوڌاري مهاجرن جی لهرن کان متاثر آهن . ڏکڻ آمريڪي قومن ۾ موسيقي جي هڪ امير قسم آهي. ڪجھ مشهور صنفن ۾ ڪولمبيا کان ويلناٽو ۽ ڪومبيا، ڪولمبيا ۽ ايڪواڊور کان پاسيلو، برازيل مان سامبا، بوسا نووا ۽ ميوزڪ سرٽينيجا، وينزويلا مان جوروپو ۽ ارجنٽائن ۽ يوراگوئي مان ٽانگو شامل آھن. پڻ مشهور آهي غير تجارتي لوڪ صنف نوويا ڪنشيون   (Nueva Canción) تحريڪ جيڪا ارجنٽائن ۽ چلي ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي ۽ جلدي لاطيني آمريڪا جي باقي حصن تائين پکڙجي وئي.  

People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo (mixed) of South American rhythms such as the Marinera (from Lima), the Tondero (from Piura), the 19th-century popular Creole Valse or Peruvian Valse, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early-20th-century Paraguayan Guarania. In the late 20th century, Spanish rock emerged by young hipsters influenced by British pop and American rock. Brazil has a Portuguese-language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. In the central and western regions of Bolivia, Andean and folklore music like Diablada, Caporales and Morenada are the most representative of the country, which were originated by European, Aymara and Quechua influences.

The literature of South America has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the Latin American Boom of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel García Márquez in novels and Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda in other genres. The Brazilians Machado de Assis and João Guimarães Rosa are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers.

Food and drink:

Because of South America's broad ethnic mix, South American cuisine has African, Mestizo, South Asian, East Asian, and European influences. Bahia, Brazil, is especially well known for its West African–influenced cuisine. Argentines, Chileans, Uruguayans, Brazilians, Bolivians, and Venezuelans regularly consume wine. People in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Chile, Bolivia and Southern Brazil drink mate, an herb which is brewed. The Paraguayan version, terere, differs from other forms of mate in that it is served cold. Pisco is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, African, Arab, Andean, and Amazonic food.

Plastic arts:

The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919–1999) from Ecuador, represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The Colombian Fernando Botero (1932–2023) was one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture was able to develop a recognizable style of his own. For his part, the Venezuelan Carlos Cruz-Diez has contributed significantly to contemporary art, with the presence of works around the world.

Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by international art critics: Guillermo Lorca – Chilean painter, Teddy Cobeña – Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award in France) and Argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas – winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others.

Sport:


Other sports include basketball, cycling, polo, volleyball, futsal, motorsports, rugby (mostly in Argentina and Uruguay), handball, tennis, golf, field hockey, boxing, and cricket.

South America hosted its first Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2016, and has hosted the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2018. A multi-sport event, the South American Games, are held every four years. The first edition was held in La Paz in 1978 and the most recent took place in Santiago in 2014.

South America shares, with Europe, supremacy over football: all winners in the FIFA World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil has won the FIFA World Cup a record five times; Argentina three times, Uruguay twice. Five South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). Two were in Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978). South America is home to the longest-running international football tournament, the Copa América, which has been contested since 1916. Argentina and Uruguay have won the Copa América 15 times each, the most among all countries.

South American Cricket Championship is an international one-day cricket tournament played since 1995 featuring national teams from South America and certain other invited sides including teams from North America, currently played annually but until 2013 was usually played every two seasons.

پڻ ڏسو

• اينڊيز جبلن جو سلسلو 

• ايمازون دریاھہ

خارجي لنڪس


 South America's Ancient Civilisations at the National Geographic Society

 The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online Columbia University Press

زمرو:آمريڪا

Category:Continents

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