Võro leid

VõroSpoken in:Estonie
 Soothren EstonieTot spaekers:70,000Geneticclassification:Uralic
 Finno-Ugric
  Finno-Lappic
   Baltic-Finnic
    Sooth Estonian
    &nbsp:VõroLeid codesISO 639-1NaneISO 639-2fiuISO 639-3vro


The Võro leid (, )Võro language by Kara D. Brown, Phd at  Indiana UniversityDatabase Linguae: Maailma keeled, kirjad ja rahvad at Institute of the Estonian Language is a leidDocumentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro at  ISO 639-3 belangin tae the Baltic-Finnic branch o the Finno-Ugric leids.Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia by Tapani Salminen. Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages.  Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280. Tradeetionally it haes been considered a dialect o Sooth Estonian dialect group o the Estonian leid, but nouadays it haes its awn literary leidVõru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language) by Sulev Iva, Phd at Tartu University, (English summary pp 144-146) an is in sairch o offeecial recognition as an autochthonous regional leid o Estonie. Võro haes aboot 70,000 speakers (Võros) maistly in sooth-eastren Estonie, in the aicht parishes o historical Võru Coonty: Karula, Harglõ, Urvastõ, Rõugõ, Kanepi, Põlva, Räpinä, an Vahtsõliina. Thir parishes are currently centered (due tae redestrictin) in Võru an Põlva Coonties wi pairts extendin intae Valga an Tartu coonties. Speakers can an aa be foond in the touns o Tallinn, Tartu an the rest o Estonie.About the Võro language at  Võro InstituteVõro language by Evar Saar, Phd at Võro InstituteVõro language at Omniglot linguistic database

 History 
Võro is a descendant o the auld Sooth Estonian tribal leid an is the least influenced bi Staundart Estonian (which is based on Northren Estonian dialects). Võro wis ance spoken further sooth an east o historical Võromaa in Sooth Estonian-speakin enclaves Lutsi, Leivu an Kraasna in wha is nou Latvie an Roushie. In addition tae Võro, ither contemporary variants o Sooth Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu an Seto leid or dialect.

Ane o the earliest written evidences o Sooth Estonian is a translation o the New Testament (Wastne Testament) published in 1686. Awtho the status o Sooth Estonian began tae diminish efter the 1880s, the leid began tae unnergo a revival in the late 1980s.

 Present situation 
The day, Võro is uised in the wirks o some o Estonie's maist well kent playwrights, poets, an authors (Madis Kõiv, Ülle Kauksi, Jaan Kaplinski, Ain Kaalep etc.). Ane newspaper is printit in Võro: the fortnichtly Uma Leht (literally Oor Awn Newspaper). 26 public schools affer weekly special (maistly extracurricular) classes in modren Võro. 
Estonie's contreibution tae the Eurovision Sang Contest 2004 wis the sang "Tii", which wis performed bi Neiokõsõ in Võro. The leid is definitely endangeredUNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger UNESCO bi staundart Estonian due tae the lack o the govrenment's legal commitment tae pertect the leid.

 Writin seestem 
Võro employs the Laitin alphabet, lik Estonian an Finnish.

АBCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSŠTUVWÕ ÄÖ ÜXYZŽ'

Maist letters (includin ä, ö, ü, an õ) denote the same soonds as in Estonian, wi a few exceptions. The letter q staunds for the glottal stop  an y denotes , a vouel vera close tae Roushie ы or Pols y (frae 2005 written õ). The acute accent marks palatalization of consonants (lik in Pols): ś, ń, ľ, ť, , , , an sae on.

 Phonology 
 Vouels 
 Front BackUnroonditRoonditUnroonditRoonditCloseMidOpen

In Võro thare is vouel harmony, teepical o mony Finno-Ugric leids but lackin in modren staundart Estonian.

 Consonants 
 Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Plosive    Affricate  Nasal    Fricative    Approximant   Trill 

Aw Võro consonants (except  an ) can be palatalized. The glottal stop (q, IPA ) is a vera common soond in Võro.

 Differences amang Võro, Estonian an Finnish 
 A significant difference atween staundart Estonian an the Võro leid is vouel harmony. Thare is nae vouel harmony in the majority o North Estonian dialects an staundart Estonian, but it exists in the Võro an Finnish leids; compare:

 Estonian Võro Finnish Meaningkülaküläkyläveelageküsinudküsünüqkysynyt(haes) askedhõbedanehõbõhõnõhopeinen(made of) siller

 Some morphological features o the Võro leid are considered toae be vera auld. For instance the 3rd body singular o the indicative muid can be aither athoot an endin or, alternatively, wi a s-endin:

 Estonian Võro Finnish Meaninkirjutabkirotaskirjoittaahe writesannabanantaahe gies

Amang the Finnic leids, sic dooble verb conjugation can be foond anerlie in the Sooth Estonian an Karelian leids.

 Võro haes a negative particle that is appended tae the end of the verb, whauras standard Estonian an Finnish hae a negative verb, which precedes the verb. In Estonian an Finnish, the negative verb ei (Finnish en/et/ei/emme/ette/eivät) is uised in baith present an past negation, whauras in Võro the same is expressed bi different particles endin wi -i(q) or -s:
 Estonian Võro Finnish Meaningsa ei annasaq anna-aiqsinä et annaYou don't givema ei tulemaq tulõ-õiqminä en tuleI don't comesa ei andnudsaq anna-assinä et antanutYou didn't givema ei tulnudmaq tulõ-õsminä en tullutI didn't come

 Differences in vocabulary atween Estonian an the Võro leid can be clearly seen in iveryday speech (yet a common Estonian is able tae unnerstaund maist iveryday Võro wirds, syne mony o them exist in Staundart Estonian as dialectal synonyms for the wirds gien or in literary leid); mony Võro wirds are closer tae Finnish than tae Estonian:

 Estonian Võro Dialectal/literary Estonian Finnish Meaninpunaneverrevverev(punainen)redsoelämmilämmi, lämbelämminwarmjaheoigõ-(haalea)cool, chillyõdesõsarsõsarsisarsisteruusvahtsõnõvastne(uusi)newkoerpinipeni(koira)dogpöialpäss-(peukalo)thumbpesemamõskmamõskma(pestä)tae washtänavutimahavva-(tänä vuonna)this yearhuntsusisusisusiwolfmägerkähr-(mäyrä)badgerlaupäevpuulpäiv-(lauantai)Saturdaysuremakuulmakoolmakuollatae diesõstarhõrak-herukkacurrantkaskkõivkõivkoivubirchnutmaikmaitkemaitkeätae weepmärkamarõbahtama-(huomata)tae notice

 Leid example 
Airticle 1 o the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Võro:

As comparison the same sentence in Staundart Estonian:

In Finnish:

Basic greetins

Tereq! - Hello! Guid day!
(Tere) hummogust - Good fornuin
(Tere) õdagust - Guid forenicht
Hääd üüd / hüvvä üüd - Guid nicht
Näemiq - See you later
Hüvvä / hääd nägemist - Guidbye
Rõõm nätäq - Nice tae meet you
Aiteh / Aitjumma - Thank you
Kuis lätt - Hou are you / Hou you doin?
Häste - A'm fine
Olõq terveq tulõmast! - Walcome!

Important wirds an phrases

 jah / jaa - yes
 ei - no
 ma olõ - I am
 maq, saq, tä - I, you, he/she
 miiq, tiiq, nääq - we, you, thay
 seo - this, it
 taa / tuu - that, it
 muidoki - o course
 Mul om - A hae
 Sul om - You hae
 Kas sul om?  - dae you hae?
 Mul olõ-õiq - I hae no
 üts, kats, kolm, neli, viis - ane, twa, three, fower, five
 kuus, säidse, katõsa, ütesä, kümme -  sax, seiven, aicht, nine, ten
 sada, tuhat, mill'on - hunder, thoosan, million
 vabandust / pallõ andis - sorry or excuse me
 vesi - watter
 Eesti - Estonie
 Võromaa - Võro aurie
 võro kiil - Võro leid
 võrokõnõ - Võro (body)
 eestläne - Estonian (body)
 saa-i arvo - I daena unnerstaund
 saa arvo - (A) unnerstaund
 Kas võro kiilt mõistat? - Dae you unnerstaund Võro?
 Kas inglüse kiilt kõnõlõt? - Dae you speak Inglis?
 Ma olõ ingläne / ameeriklanõ / kanadalanõ / austraallanõ / vahtsõmeremaalanõ / iirläne / sotlanõ - A am Inglis / American / Canadian / Australian / New Zealander / Erse / Scots
 Kon sa elät / kon ti elät? - Whaur dae you live?

 See an aa 
 Sooth Estonian leid
 Baltic-Finnic leids
 Võro Institute
 Uma Leht, newspaper in the Võro leid

 Notes 

 Further readin 
 Ehala, Martin & Niglas, Katrin (2007): Empirical evaluation o a mathematical model of ethnolinguistic vitality: the case of Võro. Jurnal of Multilingual an Multicultural Development.
 Eller, Kalle (1999): Võro-Seto leid. Võro Instituut'. Võro.
 Iva, Sulev; Pajusalu, Karl (2004): The Võro Language: Historical Development an Present Situation. In: Language Policy an Sociolinguistics I: "Regional Languages in the New Europe" International Scienteefic Conference; Rēzeknes Augstskola, Latvija; 20–23 Mey 2004. Rezekne: Rezekne Augstskolas Izdevnieceba, 2004, 58 - 63.
 Iva, Sulev (2007): Võru kirjakeele sõnamuutmissüsteem (Inflectional Morphology in the Võro Literary Language). Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 20, Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus (online: http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/4860/1/iva_sulev.pdf, Inglis summary pp 144–146).
 Jüvä, Sullõv(2002): Võro-eesti synaraamat (Võro-Estonian dictionary). Publications of Võro Institute 12. Tarto-Võro.
 Keem, Hella (1997): Võru keel (Võro leid). Võro Instituut ja Eesti teaduste akadeemia Emakeele selts. Tallinn.
 Koreinik, Kadri (2007): The Võro leid in eddication in Estonie. Regional dossiers series. Mercator. European Research Centre on Multilingualism an Language Learnin (online: http://www1.fa.knaw.nl/mercator/regionale_dossiers/PDFs/vo%CC%83ro_in_estonia.pdf ).
 Koreinik, Kadri; Pajusalu, Karl (2007): Language naming practices an linguistic identity in South-Eastern Estonie. – Language an Identity in the Finno-Ugric Warld. Proceedings of the Fowert International Symposium at the University of Groningen, Mey 17–19, 2006. R. Blokland an C. Hasselblatt (eds). (Studia Fenno-Ugrica Groningana 4). Maastricht: Shaker.

 Freemit airtins 

 Võro leid an alphabet at Omniglot
  Võro-Estonian dictionary (Võro Institute)
  Võro Institute
  Võro leid newspaper "Uma Leht"
 Audio example o Võro leid
 "Estonian dialects an layers" on http://www.estonica.org 
 Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: vro 
 Swadesh leet for Baltic-Finnic leids
  Hamepage o computer programs in Võro 
  Inglis-Võro dictionary o computer terms 
 Eurominority 
 Uralic languages (Salminen 2003)
  Online games in Võro leid
  Collection o cartoons in Võro 

Category:Võro
Category:Baltic-Finnic leids
Category:Estonie cultur
Category:Estonie dialects
Category:Estonie society
Category:Leids o Estonie
Category:Põlva Coonty
Category:Sooth Estonie leid
Category:Võru Coonty
Category:Vouel-hermony leids