ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ (ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ, ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ, ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ-ᱢᱤᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ (᱕᱗᱐ CE ᱥᱩᱨ) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ "we have noted that Gurjaratra or Gurjarabhumi was the base from which several lineages tracing descent from the Gurjaras emerged"

᱑᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ 'ᱦᱩᱞᱜᱟᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ' (turbulent) ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱛᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱜᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱤᱱᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱱᱟᱦᱩᱱᱟᱹᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱟᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ, ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱑᱙᱘᱘ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱩᱯᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱕᱓% ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱔᱖.᱘% ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱐.᱒% ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾Sukhbir Singh, "[(https://apgin.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Vol-10_1988.pdf) Distributional Pattern of the Major Agricultural Communities (Ahirs, Gujars, Jats and Rajputs) in Their Traditional Abode of the North-Western Indian Subcontinent]", Population Geography, Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2, June–December 1988, pp. 1–17, table 2 on p. 6. [Archived 23 June 2025.

ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ, ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱴᱟᱹᱺᱰᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱦᱳᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ, ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ, ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱣᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱣᱩᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ; ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ᱾

 ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ 
ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ jati, zaat, qaum ᱥᱮ biradari ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ 'ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱫᱽ (ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱮᱥᱣᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱮᱦ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾

 ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ 

 ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ 
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱨᱳᱯᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱑ CE ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱯᱲᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ (ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ) ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ Aydogdy Kurbanov ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ, ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, Hephthalites ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾

B. D. Chattopadhyaya ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱗ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, Tanuja Kothiyal ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ "ᱱᱤᱨᱚᱠᱷᱚᱨ" ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ-ᱯᱨᱚᱛᱤᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱛᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ: ᱡᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ, ᱡᱟᱴ, ᱨᱟᱭᱠᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱚᱪᱚᱨᱤᱛᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱖᱓᱐ CE ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱬᱚᱵᱷᱚᱴᱴᱚ, ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱦᱚᱨᱥᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱷᱟᱠᱚᱨᱵᱚᱨᱫᱷᱚᱱ (᱕᱖᱐-᱕᱘᱐ CE) ᱫᱚ "ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱛᱚᱨ" ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ—ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾

ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ ᱱᱟᱛᱷ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱶᱩᱱᱴ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱥᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱵᱩ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱖ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱩᱜᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱛᱨᱚ (ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ) ᱥᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱵᱷᱩᱢᱤ (ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾

ᱥᱚᱸᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱡᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ "ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣᱤᱡ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ: gur ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱵᱟᱹᱭᱨᱤ" ᱟᱨ ujjar ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ "ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱣᱤᱡ")᱾

 ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ 
ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨ, ᱦᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱡᱷᱚᱠᱷᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱰᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴᱠᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱢᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱬᱜᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱒᱖ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱦᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱡᱽᱱᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱣᱚᱫᱷ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱢᱩᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾ ᱑᱕᱒᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗᱐᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱚᱣᱨᱚᱝᱡᱮᱵᱽ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱩᱨ-ᱡᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

 ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ 
᱑᱘ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱠᱷᱤᱛᱜᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱤᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱱᱮᱭᱱ ᱥᱤᱝ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱢᱳᱨᱮᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱢᱛᱷᱟᱨ, ᱫᱷᱳᱞᱯᱩᱨ, ᱥᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱱᱯᱩᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱲᱠᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱮᱴᱠᱟᱞᱯᱷ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱞᱩᱴ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱘᱕᱗ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

 ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ 
 ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ 
ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱡᱽᱣᱳᱠ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱ ᱱᱤᱣᱩᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ-ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱟᱯᱤᱥᱟ, ᱵᱟᱜᱷᱞᱟᱱ, ᱵᱟᱞᱠᱷ, ᱠᱩᱱᱫᱩᱡᱽ, ᱛᱟᱠᱷᱟᱨ, ᱵᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷᱥᱟᱱ, ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱞᱟᱜᱷᱢᱟᱱ, ᱱᱟᱱᱜᱟᱨᱦᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱳᱥᱛ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱑᱔ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

 ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ 
ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (OBC) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ, ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱳᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ (ST) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾

 ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ 
ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱦᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱯᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣᱟ᱾

 ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ 
ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱯᱚᱧᱪᱟᱭᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

 ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ 
ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱨᱡᱚ, ᱫᱮᱵᱽᱱᱟᱨᱟᱭᱚᱱ (ᱵᱤᱥᱱᱩ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱵᱚᱛᱟᱨ), ᱥᱤᱵᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱚᱵᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱡᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱖ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱡᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱩᱨ ᱦᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ OBC ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ST ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱓ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱤᱭᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱴᱤ (BJP) ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

 ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ 
ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱮᱨᱵᱟᱞ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ (ST) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱡᱳᱣᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱯᱩᱧᱪ, ᱨᱤᱭᱟᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱠᱤᱥᱛᱣᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾

᱒᱐᱑᱑ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱥᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟᱭᱟ᱾

 ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ 
ᱟᱱᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱒᱐% ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾

 ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ 
ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ, ᱜᱩᱡᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

 ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ 

 ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨᱟᱫᱮᱥ
 ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱡᱚᱨ
 ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ

 ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ 

 ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ 

ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱩᱨᱡᱚᱨ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱨᱟᱡᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱡᱟᱹᱢᱢᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱥᱢᱤᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱫᱷᱭᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱢᱟᱪᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱨᱤ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ