ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ

ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱤᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟ, ᱦᱮᱱᱨᱤ ᱥᱣᱤᱴ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱥᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱮᱞᱤᱭᱚᱴᱟᱭᱤᱯ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱴᱟᱭᱯᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱩᱛ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱠᱟᱹᱴᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱨᱳ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱪᱨᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱤᱵᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱴᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱨᱚᱢᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱩᱰᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱠᱞᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ "ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ" ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ "ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱝ" ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

ᱥᱣᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱪᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

IPA ᱪᱤᱠᱤ  ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱩᱪᱨᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮ ᱮᱝᱜᱽᱞᱚ-ᱥᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, ᱮᱥ , ᱮᱛᱷ  ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱨ  ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ IPA ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

Tables
ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ "ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱢᱟᱨ" ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱣᱨᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱴᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ (1892: 38).

Consonants
  Lab. Lab-D. Dent. Alv. Palv. Pal. Velar Labv. Phar. Glot. Nasal mℎ · m   nℎ · n  ñℎ · ñ ŋℎ · ŋ    Plosive p · b   t · d  c · ɟ k · g   (ʼ)? Fric./approxt.  · β f · v þ · ð s · z ʃ · ʒ ç · j x · ᵹ ʍ · w ɹℎ · ɹ h ·  Lateral    lℎ · l  λℎ · λ ꞁℎ · ꞁ    Rhotic    rℎ · r     

 were eventually replaced with  in the IPA. was principally used for dark (velarized) , which Sweet analyzed as a velar sound. Apart from Sweet's use of italic ℎ for voicelessness, the rest of the alphabet continues intact in the modern IPA.

Vowels
In "wide" vowels, the tongue is described as relaxed and flattened; in "narrow", it is tense and more convex. This corresponds to descriptions of vowels as lax and tense. Lax vowels are indicated by italic type. In the case of the mid back unrounded vowel , the description of its place of articulation does not accord well with some of the words given as examples. Sweet described vowels as narrowed with the tongue raised as in high vowels, but the jaw open as in low vowels. This conflicts with the presentation of the IPA, in which high and close are synonymous, as are low and open. Other than the back unrounded vowels and the value of  for IPA  (but also for English bird, in broad notation), Sweet's notation is essentially that of the IPA.

 Tense vowels(italicize for lax vowels) Front Central Back High i · y ï · ü ʌ · u Mid e · ə ë · ö a· o Low æ · œ ä · ɔ̈ ɐ · ɔ

Italic a takes its traditional shape, which would later be made distinct in the IPA. That is, italic a was , and italic ɐ, . Long vowels are written double. Nasal vowels with an italic nasal consonant letter, such as  or (for French) .

These are defined by Sweet as:
: French , : German , Scots , : Swedish 
: French , : French , : Swedish 
: Welsh , : German , : English sir
: Norwegian , ...
: Gaelic ,This is indeed a high back unrounded vowel  in Scottish Gaelic. : English but,In broad transcription, Sweet used  for French  and Northern German  and, as long , for English father and German , while he used  for English come, which has the same vowel as but (see next symbol) – essentially the same as the usage of these letters in the IPA. However, these transcriptions may be remnants of his earlier sound values for these letters – see #History. : Cockney park
: French , Scots , : German , : English law

The lax vowels are defined by Sweet as:
: English bit, : English men, : English man
: French , : (German  is overrounded œ)
: English pretty, : start of English eye, better, : start of English how, Portuguese 
: English value, : French 
: English father, : Swedish 
: English put, : German , English boy, : English not

 History 
The 1877 version of the Romic alphabet differed rather substantially from the 1892 version. It was very similar to Ellis's Paleotype.

Vowels
Central vowels were indicated with a non-italic 'h' rather than a diaeresis, with regular  for later irregular .

The unrounded back vowels were irregular in their composition, in that laxness was not indicated by italicizing, which was used instead for the low vowels. They were (tense) high , mid  (English but), low  and (lax) high , mid  (English father) and low  (Scots ).

 was used for the unstressed English schwa. It was not listed in the vowel chart because it was not considered to have any particular articulation, being merely an independent element of voicing (what Sweet called a 'glide vowel'), and the voiced equivalent of unarticulated  (which would later become ).  is an open glottis,  (or ) a whispery glottis.

Nasal vowels were indicated with a following italic 𝑛, the French "guttural" nasals with a following italic 𝑞, as in  and .

Vowel length was indicated with a following  rather than doubling, as in  (or extra-long ).

Reduced or barely pronounced sounds were marked by brackets, so .

Indices were used to avoid complex detail when it would be understood, as  for English diphthongal 

Consonants
Glottal stop was x, the velar nasal q. Digraphs were used where later Sweet would use distinct characters.

  Lab. Lab-D. Dent. Alv. Palv. Pal. Velar Labv. Phar. Glot. Nasal mh · m   nh · n  ɴh · ɴ qh · q    Plosive p · b   t · d  ᴛ · ᴅAlthough specifically palatal in the explanation of symbols in the table. Although  and  are elsewhere defined as palatalized  and , contrasting with  and  for palatalized  and , here Sweet notes that palatal  and  are merely likely to be confounded with the palatalized sounds. k · g   x Fric./approxt. ph · bh f · v th · dh s · zrh · r sh · zh jh · j kh · gh wh · w ʀh · ʀ ʜ · ʌ Lateral    lh · l  ʟh · ʟ h ·    

 and  (IPA [h] and [ə]) might both be considered vowels, without any particular place of articulation, though at least [h] can sometimes behave as a glottal consonant.

English ch and j sounds were written  and .  was specifically an English .

Modifications of consonants
Consonants took diacritics for fronting, as in dental ,Though the dental fricative was simply , without a diacritic. or retraction, as in uvular , retroflection, as in , and protrusion, as in interdental .

Where the IPA uses superscript letters for secondary articulation, Sweet used italics. Labialization and palatalization were indicated by a following italic  and . An italic  was used for trills, e.g. Italian  (and voiceless Welsh ), German , bilabial , and epiglottal  and   as in Arabic ain and heth.

Aspiration was marked with . (This was not italicized, but would be later when replaced with ℎ.) Whispered sounds were marked e.g. .

Simultaneous articulation was marked with *, as in .

As with vowels, barely articulated or pronounced consonants were set off with [brackets].

Much of the notation for phonetic detail may have carried over into later versions.

Stress and pitch
Stress is indicated with a  placed after the onset of the syllable, as in  'try' ( 'a try' vs  'at Rye'). Extra stress was marked with doubled , half stress with . Increasing, level, and decreasing stress (illustrated with the letter 'a') were , ,  respectively.

Tone and intonation were indicated with iconic symbols such as rising , falling , level , rising-falling , etc., as in early IPA usage.

 See also 
History of the IPA

Notes

 Bibliography 
Sweet, Henry. (1892) A Primer of Phonetics, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (archive.org)
Sweet, Henry. (1877) A Handbook of Phonetics, Including a Popular Exposition of the Principles of Spelling Reform, Oxford: Clarendon Press. (archive.org)

External links
 Henry Sweet's Romic alphabet reform

Category:Phonetic alphabets
Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1870s
Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1890s
Category:1877 introductions
Category:1892 introductions