ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (ᱡᱤᱣ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ/ᱵᱟᱭᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ)

ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (Biology) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱣᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱨᱟᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ, ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ, ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ, ᱚᱢᱚᱱ, ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱢ (theme) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ: ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱮᱠᱚᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞ (cell), ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱱ (gene), ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ (evolution), ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (energy) ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ (homeostasis)᱾ 

ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱩᱞ (molecules) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱟᱢ (ecosystem) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ, ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ, ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ (evolutionary biology) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ᱾

 ᱑. ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ (Etymology) 

"ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ" (Biology) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ βίος (bíos) 'ᱡᱤᱣᱤ', ᱟᱨ λογία (logia) 'ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱗᱓᱖ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱟᱱᱳᱣ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱢᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱰᱳᱥ (᱑᱗᱙᱙), ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱰᱨᱤᱠ ᱵᱩᱨᱰᱟᱪ (᱑᱘᱐᱐) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱ-ᱵᱟᱯᱴᱤᱥᱴ ᱞᱟᱢᱟᱨᱠ (᱑᱘᱐᱒) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

 ᱒. ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ (History) 

ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱚᱯᱚᱴᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟ (᱓᱐᱐᱐-᱑᱒᱐᱐ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱯᱩᱨᱵᱚ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ (Aristotle) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱹᱞ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱱᱴᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱣᱮᱱᱦᱩᱠ (Anton van Leeuwenhoek) ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱠᱚᱯ (microscope) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ (microscopic life) ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱞᱮᱭᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱣᱟᱱ (Schleiden and Schwann) ᱥᱮᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ (cell theory) ᱠᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾

᱑᱘᱕᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ (Charles Darwin) ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ On the Origin of Species ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ (evolution) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ (natural selection) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ [5] ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱟᱴᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱤᱠ (Watson and Crick) DNA ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱸᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾

 ᱓. ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ (Chemical basis) 

ᱮᱴᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱩᱞ (Atoms and Molecules)

ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱡᱮᱱ, ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ, ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱭᱴᱨᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ (᱙᱖%)᱾

 ᱫᱟᱜ (Water) 

ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱞᱵᱷᱮᱱᱴ (solvent) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱨᱟᱥᱟᱭᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ (Organic compounds)

ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱩᱞ (macromolecules) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ:

ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ (Carbohydrates): ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ᱾

ᱞᱤᱯᱤᱰ (Lipids): ᱥᱩᱱᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱞ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ᱾

ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ (Proteins): ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱡᱟᱭᱤᱢ (enzyme) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ᱾

ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱠᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ (Nucleic acids): DNA ᱟᱨ RNA, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾

 ᱔. ᱥᱮᱞ (Cells) 

ᱥᱮᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

ᱯᱨᱳᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱴᱤᱠ (Prokaryotic): ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ)᱾

ᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱴᱤᱠ (Eukaryotic): ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ)᱾

ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ

ᱥᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱨᱫᱟ (membrane) ᱛᱮ ᱮᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ 'ᱥᱟᱭᱴᱚᱯᱞᱟᱡᱚᱢ' (cytoplasm) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱴᱤᱠ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱚᱝᱜᱚ (organelles) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ:

ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱠᱞᱤᱭᱚᱥ (Nucleus): DNA ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾

ᱢᱟᱭᱴᱚᱠᱚᱱᱰᱨᱤᱭᱟ (Mitochondria): ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱥᱮ ATP ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ᱾

ᱨᱟᱭᱵᱚᱡᱚᱢ (Ribosomes): ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ᱾

ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱚᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ (Metabolism)

ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱵᱚᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱯᱷᱚᱴᱚᱥᱤᱱᱛᱷᱮᱥᱤᱥ (Photosynthesis): ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱟᱦᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱟ᱾

ᱥᱮᱞᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱤᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ (Cellular Respiration): ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱩᱰᱩᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

 ᱕. ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ (Genetics) 

ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱡᱤᱱ (Genes): ᱡᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ DNA ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱮ ᱜᱚᱜ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ᱾

DNA: ᱰᱤ-ᱚᱠᱥᱤᱨᱟᱭᱵᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱠᱞᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱹᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱟᱞᱟᱝ (double helix) ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱜᱨᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱰᱟᱞ (Gregor Mendel) ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱮᱭᱟ᱾ [6]

 ᱖. ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ (Evolution) 

ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ (species) ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ:

ᱱᱮᱪᱩᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ (Natural Selection): ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱱᱴ (Common Descent): ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ (ancestor) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

 ᱗. ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱜᱟᱨ (Diversity) 

ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ (Domains) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱭᱟ (Archaea): ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱝᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱵᱮᱠᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ (Bacteria): ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾

ᱤᱭᱩᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ (Eukarya): ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ (Plants), ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ (Animals), ᱯᱷᱚᱝᱜᱤ (Fungi) ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱴᱤᱥᱴ (Protists) ᱠᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ᱾

ᱵᱷᱟᱭᱨᱟᱥ (Viruses): ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾

᱘. ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ (Ecology)

ᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱵᱽ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱤᱠᱳᱥᱤᱥᱴᱟᱢ (Ecosystem): ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ (biotic) ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱱ-ᱡᱤᱣᱤ (abiotic) ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱟᱱᱛᱨᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ (energy) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱤᱸᱜᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ-ᱧᱩ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ (food chain) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾

ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱥᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟᱨ (Biosphere): ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

 ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ (References) 

^ ᱵᱟᱭᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ - ᱣᱤᱠᱤᱯᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ

^ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ (Campbell Biology)

^ "Biology" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

^ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ

^ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ, On the Origin of Species

^ ᱢᱮᱱᱰᱟᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱸᱫᱽ