ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ

ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ (ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ: ) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱔᱑ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱐ ᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ (ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱑᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱽ (ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱓᱙ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ) ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱨᱟᱭᱯᱷᱤᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱱᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱷᱤ ᱥᱟᱱᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱᱥ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱟᱣᱩᱱᱰᱟᱥᱚᱱ
᱑᱕᱐᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱳᱱᱰᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱤᱱᱰᱤ ᱥᱟᱦᱡᱚᱦᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱽᱫᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱥᱛᱤᱭ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱠ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱕᱑ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ, ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱤᱢ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱫᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱯᱤᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱙᱒᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱠ ᱮᱞ ᱕᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱟᱡᱽ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ-ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱒᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱤ-ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱗ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ-ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱫᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱽ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱘ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ (ᱜᱨᱤᱠ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱥᱯᱮᱥ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱽ ᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱮᱥᱯᱮᱥ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ (ᱥᱚᱝᱥᱠᱨᱤᱛ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱵᱚ) ᱟᱨ (ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱪᱚᱫᱷᱚᱨ) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱒᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾Kaushik Roy, India's historic battles: from Alexander the great to Kargil, Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004, p. 11 ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱡᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱳᱨᱚᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱔,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱰᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱝᱱᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱺᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱓᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱜᱮᱴ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾Ruth Sheppard, Alexander the Great at War: His Army – His Battles – His Enemies, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2008, p. 206

ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ
ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱑ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞ ᱜᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱫᱷᱤᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱒᱐᱐᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱤᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱱᱥᱤᱯᱟᱞᱴᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱴᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱘᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:

 ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱠᱣᱟᱞ ᱒᱐ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱓᱐ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱓᱐ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱘᱐

ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ
ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑᱙᱙᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱙᱙,᱔᱙᱖ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱑᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱙᱙.᱖᱒% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘,᱖᱐᱙ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

+ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ (᱑᱙᱔᱑−᱒᱐᱑᱗)ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢᱜᱩᱴ᱑᱙᱔᱑᱒᱐᱑᱗ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ 15px ᱖,᱑᱔᱖  ᱘᱖  ᱥᱤᱠᱷ 15px ᱔,᱒᱗᱗    ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢ 15px ᱒,᱒᱖᱘  ᱒᱑᱔,᱗᱒᱒  ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ 15px ᱖᱑  ᱒,᱑᱙᱑  ᱚᱦᱢᱚᱫᱤᱭᱟ 15px   ᱒᱑᱔  ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱐  ᱑᱙  ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱑᱒,᱗᱕᱒  ᱒᱑᱗,᱒᱓᱒ 

ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱳᱣᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱐° ᱘' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱑° ᱔᱐' ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱗᱓° ᱓᱖' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱗᱓° ᱓᱗' ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱣᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒.᱕ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱘.᱕ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑᱔.᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱗.᱗ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱜᱳᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ; ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱟᱵᱽ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱯᱤᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ); ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒,᱖᱗᱓ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱑,᱐᱓᱒ ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ, ᱯᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱞᱤᱠᱣᱟᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱥᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱦᱤᱞᱚᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱘°ᱥᱤ (᱑᱑᱘°ᱯᱷ) ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱤᱛᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱓°ᱥᱤ (᱓᱗°ᱯᱷ) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱘᱘ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱑᱕.᱓ ᱤᱸᱪ) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ, ᱙᱗% ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ"Mother tongue": defined as the language of communication between parents and children, but still everyone can speak Urdu language easily.; ᱩᱨᱫᱩ - ᱒.᱕%, ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱐.᱕%, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨᱟᱭᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱐.᱕% ᱾

ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ
ᱥᱚᱦᱛᱟᱡᱽ ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱩᱜᱟᱨ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱥᱟᱜᱟᱲᱚᱢ
ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ: ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱚᱨ-ᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱢᱚᱴᱚᱨᱵᱮ (ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱨᱟ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱪᱮᱱᱡᱽ), ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ, ᱦᱟᱯᱤᱡᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴ, ᱡᱷᱮᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱨᱜᱳᱫᱷᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾
 ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ: ᱞᱟᱞᱟᱢᱩᱥᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱰᱟᱨᱰ-ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱠ ᱥᱮᱨ ᱢᱩᱦᱟᱢᱢᱚᱫᱽ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱪᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱱᱣᱟᱞᱟ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱦᱞᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱞᱚᱠᱣᱟᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱯᱮᱰ: ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱵᱷᱤ.ᱟᱭᱤ.ᱯᱤ. ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱯᱮᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱸᱡᱚᱨᱥ, ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱳᱴᱥ

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱟᱣᱩᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱚ
ᱛᱷᱚᱠ:ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ