ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ

ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ (Helmend, or Helmund, Hirmand; ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ/ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ: هیرمند / هلمند; ᱜᱽᱨᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ: τύμανδρος (Etýmandros); ᱞᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ: Erymandrus) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱫᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱨᱫᱟᱠ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱩᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱞᱚᱠ ᱦᱮᱰᱠᱩᱣᱟᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱭ ᱯᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱩᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

 ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ 
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱵᱷᱮᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱴᱩᱢᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ "ᱰᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱰᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ", ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾Jack Finegan. Myth & Mystery: An Introduction to the Pagan Religions of the Biblical World. Baker Books, 1997. , 9780801021602

 ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ 
ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱑᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱗᱑᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱠᱩᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱫᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱚᱠ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢᱼᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱔᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮ (᱓᱔° ᱓᱔′ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱖᱘° ᱓᱓′ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱵᱽ) ᱩᱛᱟᱹᱨᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱮᱭᱠᱩᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱨᱩᱡᱽᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱥᱠᱟᱨᱜᱷᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱟᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ-ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ (᱓᱑°᱙′N ᱖᱑°᱓᱓′E) ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱵᱳᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱢᱩᱱᱟᱤ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱨᱱᱟᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱜᱷᱟᱱᱰᱟᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾

ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱜᱷᱟᱱᱫᱟᱵᱽ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱚᱴᱚᱨᱤᱴᱤ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱱᱮᱨᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱞᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱢᱩᱱ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱞᱩᱪᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱤ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨᱜᱚᱱᱫᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱟᱜ (᱑᱓°᱒᱗'N ᱖᱔°᱒᱓'E ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ), ᱠᱟᱱᱫᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱰᱮᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

 ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ 
ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ (ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱜᱟᱨᱰ ᱑:᱓) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱴᱩᱢᱟᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱨᱭᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱚᱫᱟᱥᱴᱨᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤ.ᱥ. ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱤ.ᱥ. ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱵᱩᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱷᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾Vendidad 1, at Avesta.orgBeyond is Arachosia, 36 schoeni. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians.Avesta, translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898) ᱑᱗᱕᱘ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘᱔᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱮᱞᱢᱟᱱᱰ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱨᱟᱦᱩᱭᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾

 ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ 
᱒᱐᱒᱓ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱤᱨᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ

ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ

ᱠᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱰᱮᱢ

ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱤ ᱰᱮᱢ

 ᱱᱳᱴᱥ 

 ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ 

 ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ 

From Wetland to Wasteland: The Destruction of the Hamoun Oasis