ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ

ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ (ᱜᱨᱤᱠ: ἔθνος, ᱮᱛᱷᱚᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ 'ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ' ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ  ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣᱟᱭ (ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱼᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ)᱾

 ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ 

ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ, ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ, ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱟ᱾

ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤᱭᱟ (ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ) ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱡ ᱠᱳᱞᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱗᱘᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱨᱤᱥᱠᱵᱷᱮ ᱯᱵᱷᱤᱵᱞᱤᱪᱤ ᱨᱮᱜᱽᱱᱤ ᱵᱷᱚᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱮᱢᱳᱱᱤᱛᱮᱴᱮᱥ (Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates) ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱣᱦᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱪᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ: "ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ, ᱥᱮ, ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱼᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱱᱤᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱤ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ᱾

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ Gheorghiţă Geană, "Discovering the whole of humankind: the genesis of anthropology through the Hegelian looking-glass." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology. 1995. ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱦᱟᱝᱜᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱞᱠᱟᱱ᱾ ᱳᱴᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱯᱟᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ᱾

ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱭ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱱᱫᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ "ᱦᱚᱲ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ" ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ (ᱯᱦᱤᱞᱳᱥᱳᱯᱷᱟᱨ) ᱠᱚ (ᱦᱮᱜᱮᱞ, ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥ, ᱥᱴᱚᱨᱠᱪᱚᱨᱚᱞᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ) ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹᱞ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱨᱮᱴ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱟᱯᱥᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱥᱴᱡ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟᱭᱟ ᱯᱚᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ᱾᱾

ᱤᱭᱳᱨᱳᱯᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱤᱰᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ (ᱯᱚᱪᱷᱤᱢ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱢᱼᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱮᱢᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ 

᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱜᱮᱞᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱯᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱠᱩᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱛᱷᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱮᱱᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱸᱫᱳᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱤᱼᱥᱴᱨᱟᱥ, ᱯᱳᱞ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱮᱴ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱞ ᱜᱨᱤᱣᱩᱞ, ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱴᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱ ᱨᱩᱪ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾

alt=text|thumb|200x200px|ᱤᱡᱽᱢᱤᱨ ᱮᱱᱛᱷᱱᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱢᱤᱣᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ (ᱤᱡᱽᱢᱤᱨ ᱮᱴᱱᱳᱜᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱡᱮᱥᱤ) ᱯᱤᱸᱰᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

 ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ 

ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ: ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱜᱟᱹᱠᱷᱩᱲᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ

ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱢᱮ

ᱯᱷᱚᱨᱥᱴᱟᱨ, ᱡᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱮᱰᱟᱢ. Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop, Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4, and 5 (2 vols), London (1777).
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. The Elementary Structures of Kinship, (1949), Structural Anthropology (1958)
ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱮᱞ. originally published as Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques in 1925, this classic text on gift economy appears in the English edition as  The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies.
ᱢᱟᱭᱵᱩᱨᱤ-ᱞᱮᱣᱤᱥ, ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱰ. Akwe-Shavante society (1967), The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States (2003).
ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱴᱨᱮᱥ, ᱯᱟᱭᱨᱮ. Society Against the State (1974).
ᱯᱚᱯ, ᱢᱤᱦᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱞᱟᱣᱠᱳ ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱟ᱾ "Problemi generali dell'etnologia europea", La Ricerca Folklorica, No. 1, La cultura popolare. Questioni teoriche (April 1980), pp. 89–96.

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

 What is European Ethnology?
 Webpage "History of German Anthropology/Ethnology 1945/49-1990
 Languages describes the languages and ethnic groups found worldwide, grouped by host nation-state.
 Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History – over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online.
 National Museum of Ethnology – Osaka, Japan


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