ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ

ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ( , ᱞᱟᱣ ວຽງຈັນ, ᱛᱷᱟᱭ ᱺ เวียงจันทน์) ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱑᱕᱖᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱘᱒᱐,᱐᱐᱐᱾

ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱛᱛᱚ (monument) ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱺ ᱯᱷᱟ ᱛᱷᱟᱴ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱝ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱤᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱠᱚᱱ (icon) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱲᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱨᱩᱫ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱫᱤᱨ ᱪᱮᱫᱞᱮᱠᱟ  ᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱷᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱣᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ 

᱒᱐᱐᱙ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱯᱚᱪᱮ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱕ ᱛᱚᱢᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾

ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ᱾ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱞᱟᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱦᱟᱲᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱪ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱭᱮᱱ (ᱞᱟᱳ ᱺ ຈັນທນ໌) ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱰᱟ᱾

ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱫ ᱫᱚ "ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ" ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ (ຈັນທຣ໌, ᱫᱚ Sanskrit चन्द्र ᱪᱟᱱᱽᱨᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ "ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱷᱟ" (ຈັນທນ໌, ᱫᱚ Sanskrit चन्दन ᱪᱚᱸᱱᱫᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ) ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱰᱟᱨᱱ ᱞᱟᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ຈັນ ᱪᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞᱟ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ
ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱵᱚᱰᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱢᱮᱠᱚᱝ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱳᱠᱮᱥᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱑᱗°᱕᱘'N  ᱟᱨ ᱑᱐᱒°᱓᱖'E ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱗᱔ ᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ (᱕᱗᱐ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ) ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱱᱛᱤᱭᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ² ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱶ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ 

ᱦᱚᱭ‌ ᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ

ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ
ᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ
ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ
ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ
Healthcare
ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ
ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
ᱟᱨᱦᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ
 Askew, Marc, William Stewart Logan, and Colin Long. Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape. London: Routledge, 2007. 
 Sharifi et al., Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane, Laos?. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.014
 Flores, Penelope V. Good-Bye, Vientiane: Untold Stories of Filipinos in Laos. San Francisco, CA: Philippine American Writers and Artists, Inc, 2005. 
 Renaut, Thomas, and Arnaud Dubus. Eternal Vientiane. City heritage. Hong Kong: Published by Fortune Image Ltd. for Les Editions d'Indochine, 1995.
 Schrama, Ilse, and Birgit Schrama. Buddhist Temple Life in Laos: Wat Sok Pa Luang". Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2006. 
 Women's International Group Laos. Vientiane Guide''. Vientiane: Women's International Group, 1993.
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ