ᱩᱠᱤᱞ

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟ.ᱨᱫᱷᱟ.ᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱳᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱮᱴᱚᱨᱱᱤ, ᱵᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ, ᱠᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱳ ᱱᱚᱴᱚᱨᱤ, ᱠᱳᱣᱥᱮᱞ, ᱠᱳᱣᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ, ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ, ᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱣᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ  ?  ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary?wprov=sfla1 ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠ ᱮᱯᱞᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_C._Hazard_Jr.?wprov=sfla1
ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ

ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱦᱟᱞᱟᱝᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ, "lawyer" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱩᱠᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ (ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱰᱵᱚᱠᱮᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱟᱣᱱᱥᱮᱞᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ-ᱟ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱡᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ (ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱵᱽᱨᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱱᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱥᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱡ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱳᱯᱷ ᱮᱥᱳᱥᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱮᱱᱰᱟ (ᱠᱮᱵᱮᱠ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ), ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ, ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱭᱩᱡᱤᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥᱛᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾https://web.archive.org/web/20080819185257/http://barcouncilofindia.nic.in/disk1/196125.pdf

ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱯᱷᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱥᱠᱭᱩᱥᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱮᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱚᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ। ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱮᱴᱚᱨᱱᱮᱴᱥ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ,https://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/rule_5_5_unauthorized_practice_of_law_multijurisdictional_practice_of_law/ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱮᱰᱵᱚᱠᱮᱴᱥ" ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱩᱡᱤᱰ ᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥᱰᱤᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ "ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ "ᱮᱴᱚᱨᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱣᱩᱱᱥᱤᱞᱚᱨ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, "ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ" ᱟᱨ "ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤᱴᱚᱨ" ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱤᱴᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, "trial lawyer" ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱫᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱣᱮᱞᱥ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ ᱚᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ, ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ, ᱴᱨᱮᱰᱢᱟᱨᱠ ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ, ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥᱮᱰ ᱠᱚᱱᱵᱷᱮᱭᱮᱸᱴᱟᱨᱥ, ᱯᱚᱵᱞᱤᱠ ᱱᱳᱴᱟᱨᱤᱥ, ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱥᱚᱱᱚᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱥ, ᱤᱢᱮᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱮᱠᱡᱤᱠᱩᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱚᱜᱽ ᱥᱟᱨᱵᱤᱥ ᱟᱠᱴ ᱒᱐᱐᱗ ᱨᱮ, "ᱞᱚᱜᱽᱥᱚᱨ" ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱮᱞᱤᱜᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾Carl W. Battle, The Patent Guide: A Friendly Guide to Protecting and Profiting from Patents (New York: Allworth Press, 1997), 49.David G. Cooper and Michael J. Gibson, Introduction to Paralegal Studies, 2nd ed.(Clifton Park: Thomson Delmar Learning, 1998), 4.https://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/rule_5_5_unauthorized_practice_of_law_multijurisdictional_practice_of_law/

ᱟ.ᱝᱜᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ
ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱤᱥᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱳ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ, ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱟᱭ ᱱᱳᱴᱟᱨᱤ, ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱮᱱᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ "lawyers" ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ  ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Abel_(lawyer) Merryman, 105–109.ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾Walter O. Weyrauch, The Personality of Lawyers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), 27. ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ Hazard, 21–33

ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱳ ᱡᱤᱨᱤᱥᱰᱤᱠᱥᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱢᱟ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱚᱬᱦᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱰᱤᱞ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱞᱤᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱚᱨᱮᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱱᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱱᱳᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾Benoit Bastard and Laura Cardia-Vonèche, "The Lawyers of Geneva: an Analysis of Change in the Legal Profession", trans. by Richard L. Abel, in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 295–335 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 297.Carlos Viladás Jene, "The Legal Profession in Spain: An Understudied but Booming Occupation", in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 369–379 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 369.Vittorio Olgiati and Valerio Pocar, "The Italian Legal Profession: An Institutional Dilemma", in Lawyers in Society: The Civil Law World, vol. 2, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 336–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 338.

ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾Bastard, 299, and Hazard, 45. Harry W. Arthurs, Richard Weisman, and Frederick H. Zemans, "Canadian Lawyers: A Peculiar Professionalism", in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 123–185 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 124. David Weisbrot, "The Australian Legal Profession: From Provincial Family Firms to Multinationals", in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 244–317 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 250.Georgina Murray, "New Zealand Lawyers: From Colonial GPs to the Servants of Capital", in Lawyers in Society: The Common Law World, vol. 1, eds. Richard L. Abel and Philip S.C. Lewis, 318–368 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 324.ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱳ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱞ ᱞᱳ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ, ᱑᱙᱙᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱙᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱞᱳ-ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱮᱯᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ Anne Boigeol, "The Rise of Lawyers in France", in Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization: Latin America and Latin Europe, eds. Lawrence M. Friedman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, 185–219 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 208. ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

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