ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ

ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱢᱤᱫᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ (US) ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ (Dollar) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱸᱰ (pound) ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ 

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ-ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/history-money.html |title=The History of Money |author=NOVA |date=26 October 1996 |website=NOVA |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |accessdate=23 April 2015 ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱩᱱᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾  ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱮ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ  ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱯᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ , ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱰᱟ, ᱢᱮᱨᱚᱢ , ᱥᱤᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ-ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱦᱳᱲᱳ ᱪᱟᱣᱞᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ-ᱵᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱡᱽᱵᱟᱡᱽ ᱛᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ (ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠ, ᱜᱟᱹᱭ, ᱦᱳᱲᱳ, ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ) ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱢᱟ  ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱾ ᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱤᱦᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱫᱚᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱣᱟᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱪᱟᱯᱟᱞ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ (metal coins) ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ  ᱞᱟᱭᱰᱩᱭᱟ ᱾ cite web |url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/themes/money/the_origins_of_coinage.aspx |title=The origins of coinage |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Trustees of the British Museum |accessdate=23 April 2015 ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱬᱟᱝ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱟᱸᱫ  ᱯᱟᱪᱷᱮ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱛᱩᱲᱩᱠ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱵᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾  ᱞᱟᱭᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ  ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱾ 

ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ
ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ-ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱾ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱜᱮ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱜᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱡᱤᱡ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧᱟ, ᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱷᱟᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱟ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱾ 

ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱷᱩᱯᱰᱟᱹ ᱵᱮᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱶᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱭ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱬᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ-ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ 
ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱚ ᱫᱩᱨᱵᱩᱲ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱵᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱩᱯᱰᱟᱹ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱴᱟᱣ-ᱯᱩᱴᱤ ᱮᱯᱮᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚᱭ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱲᱦᱚ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ ᱰᱟᱺᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱜᱩᱦᱩᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱾

ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱾  ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱥᱩ ᱜᱩᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ cite web |url=http://www.archaic-jade.com/papermoney/money.htm  |title=A Short History of Money |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Chinese Archaic-Jade Shop |accessdate=23 April 2015   ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱣᱤᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱑᱖᱖᱐ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱖᱖᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱾ cite web |url=http://www.nbbmuseum.be/2008/04/cradle-european-banknote.htm  |title=The cradle of the European banknote's

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
 "Money", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Niall Ferguson, Richard J. Evans and Jane Humphries (In Our Time, Mar. 1, 2001)
 Linguistic and Commodity Exchanges by Elmer G. Wiens. Examines the structural differences between barter and monetary commodity exchanges and oral and written linguistic exchanges.
 Raise a Money-Smart Kid 

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

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