Uburenganzira bw'Abagore mu Rwanda n'Iterambere ry'Umugore

Uburenganzira bw'Abagore mu Rwanda ni imwe mu ngingo zafashije igihugu kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'uburinganire n'iterambere ry'imibereho myiza. U Rwanda rwabaye igihugu cya mbere ku isi rufite abagore benshi mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, rugera kuri 63.3% by’intebe mu mwaka wa 2024National Gender Statistics Report 2024, NISR.

Mu myaka yakurikiye Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Leta y’u Rwanda yashyize imbere politiki n’amategeko agamije kugarura uburenganzira bw’umugore, kumurinda ihohoterwa no kumufasha kugira uruhare mu bukungu n’imiyoborere y’igihuguMIGEPROF, Gender Policy Framework.

Iyi nyandiko isuzuma amateka y’uburenganzira bw’abagore, uko byagiye byiyongera, intambwe imaze guterwa, imbogamizi zisigaye, n’uko iterambere ry’umugore rifasha igihugu mu buryo bw’imibereho, ubukungu n’imiyoborere.

 Amateka y'Uburenganzira bw'Abagore mu Rwanda 
Mbere ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, abagore mu Rwanda bari bafite uruhare ruto cyane mu miyoborere n’ubukungu bw’igihugu. Imyumvire ya kera yashyiraga umugore mu rugo, ikamugabanyiriza amahirwe yo kwiga no kugira umutungoÉtudes Rwandaises, Vol. 3, 2019 – "La Femme Rwandaise et l’évolution du rôle social".

Nyuma ya 1994, gahunda zinyuranye zashyizweho, zirimo iyubahirizwa ry’uburinganire mu mategeko, gushyiraho Ministeri y’Uburinganire n’Iterambere ry’Umuryango (MIGEPROF), ndetse no kubaka inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburinganire nka Gender Monitoring OfficeGender Monitoring Office - Annual Report 2023.

Ibi byatumye umugore w’Umunyarwanda ava mu rwego rwo kuba “ufasha mu rugo” akajya mu rwego rw’umuyobozi, umushoramari, umucuruzi cyangwa umuhinzi ufite uburenganzira busesuye bwo gucunga umutungo we bwiteUNFPA Rwanda – Progress Towards Gender Equality, 2023.

 Amategeko n'Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ashingiye ku Burenganzira bw'Abagore 
Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho uburyo bw’amategeko buha umugore uburenganzira bungana n’ubw’umugabo mu nzego zose. Ibi bigaragara cyane mu:

 Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 (ryavuguruwe mu 2015), aho ingingo ya 10 ivuga ko “Abagore n’abagabo bafite uburenganzira bungana mu by’amategeko, mu miyoborere, n’ubukungu.”Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, 2015
 Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga nk’aya CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) u Rwanda rwasinye mu 1981UN Treaty Series, CEDAW 1981.
 Protocole de Maputo (African Union Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa), yemejwe n’u Rwanda mu 2004.
 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), yemejwe n’u Rwanda mu rwego rwo gushyigikira uburinganire n’iterambere ry’abagoreBeijing Declaration, UN Women, 1995.

Mu rwego rw’imbere mu gihugu, hashyizweho amategeko asobanutse yerekeye:

 Uburenganzira ku butaka – Itegeko No. 43/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena ko abagore n’abagabo bafite uburenganzira bungana mu guhabwa no gutunga ubutakaLand Law No. 43/2013, Parliament of Rwanda.
 Kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina – Itegeko No. 59/2008 rigamije kurengera abagore n’abana rishingiye ku gukumira no guhana abakoze ihohoterwaLaw No. 59/2008 on Gender-Based Violence.
 Politiki y’Igihugu y’Uburinganire yashyizweho na MIGEPROF muri 2010, igamije gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo kugenzura uburinganire mu nzego zose za Leta n’abikoreraMIGEPROF, National Gender Policy 2010.

 Imibereho n’Imibare y’Uburenganzira bw’Abagore mu Rwanda 
Mu myaka ya vuba, imibare igaragaza ko abagore mu Rwanda bagenda bagira uruhare runini mu nzego zose z’ubuzima – uburezi, ubukungu, ubuzima, n’imiyoborere.

 Uburezi 
Mu rwego rw’uburezi, U Rwanda rwashyizeho gahunda yo gutuma abakobwa bagira amahirwe angana n’abahungu mu mashuri yose. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2023, abakobwa bigaga mu mashuri yisumbuye bari 59.3%, mu gihe abahungu bari 40.7%National Gender Statistics Report 2024, NISR.  Muri kaminuza, umubare w’abagore wiyongereye ugera kuri 46.2% mu mwaka wa 2024Higher Education Council Rwanda - Annual Report 2024.  Leta yashyizeho porogaramu nka “Girls’ Education Policy” n’iyitwa “STEM for Girls” igamije kongera ubwitabire bw’abakobwa mu masomo y’ubumenyi, ikoranabuhanga n’imibareMIGEPROF, Girls Education Policy 2018.

 Ubuzima 
Mu rwego rw’ubuzima, abagore bashobora kubona serivisi z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, kuboneza urubyaro, no kuboneza gahunda y’ababyeyi. 98% by’abagore batwite bitabira nibura uruzinduko rumwe kwa muganga mbere yo kubyaraRwanda Demographic and Health Survey 2023.  Indangamuntu y’igihugu (Mutuelle de Santé) yatumye abagore benshi bashobora kubona serivisi z’ubuzima ku giciro gito, bituma urupfu rw’ababyeyi rugabanyuka cyane kuva ku 1071 ku bana 100,000 bavuka (mu 2000) rugera kuri 210 mu 2023Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Maternal Health Report 2023.

 Ubukungu 
Abagore bagira uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu bw’igihugu. 68.9% by’abaturage bakora ubuhinzi, kandi 94.8% by’abagore bafite ubutaka butangwa n’amategekoNISR, Gender Statistics 2024.  Nubwo abagore bafite uruhare mu buhinzi, abashobora kubona inguzanyo mu mabanki baracyari 35% gusa ugereranyije n’abagabo 65%National Bank of Rwanda, Financial Inclusion Report 2023.  Leta yashyizeho gahunda “Women Guarantee Fund” ifasha abagore kubona inguzanyo mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi no kwihangira imirimo.

 Imiyoborere n'Ubutabera 
Abagore mu Rwanda bafite uruhare runini mu miyoborere. Mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, abagore bafite 63.3% by’intebeNISR, Gender Statistics 2024, mu gihe mu Nama Njyanama z’Uturere bari 49%Rwanda Governance Board, Citizen Report Card 2023.  Mu rwego rw’ubutabera, 52% by’abacamanza ni abagore, ndetse 48% by’abashinjacyaha bakuru ni abagoreRwanda Judiciary – Gender in Justice Report 2023.

 Intambwe zimaze guterwa 
U Rwanda rufatwa nk’igihugu cy’intangarugero muri Afurika mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umugore.

 Amavugurura mu Mategeko 
Amategeko yo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ayo ku mitungo, n’ayo ku butaka yahawe imbaraga, bituma abagore bagira uburenganzira busesuye. Ibi byagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugabanya ihohoterwa no kongera umutekano w’umugore mu muryango.

 Politiki n’Ubukangurambaga 
Porogaramu nka HeForShe Rwanda yatumye abagabo nabo baba abafatanyabikorwa mu rugamba rwo guteza imbere uburinganireRwanda UN Women – HeForShe Campaign.  Hari kandi gahunda za Leta ziteza imbere abagore mu bucuruzi n’ubuhinzi nka “Hanga Umurimo”, “Made in Rwanda”, na “Kuremera Program”Rwanda Development Board, SME and Women Entrepreneurship Report 2024.

 Uruhare rw’Imiryango Mpuzamahanga 
Imiryango nka UN Women, USAID, na ActionAid yatanze inkunga mu bikorwa by’ubukungu n’uburezi bw’abagore, ishyiraho amahugurwa n’amikoro yo guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’abagore mu cyaroUN Women Rwanda Annual Report 2024.

 Imbogamizi zisigaye 
Nubwo intambwe imaze guterwa ari nyinshi, haracyari imbogamizi mu nzego zimwe.

 Imyumvire n’Umuco 
Hari ibice by’igihugu bigifite imyumvire ya kera igaragaza umugore nk’udashobora gufata ibyemezo cyangwa kuyobora. Ibi bigira ingaruka ku bwisanzure n’ubushobozi bwe mu miyoborere y’aho atuyeGender Monitoring Office, Attitude Survey 2023.

 Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku Gitsina 
Nubwo amategeko ahari, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina riracyabaho cyane mu ngo. 31% by’abagore baracyavuga ko bahura n’ihohoterwa ryo mu ngoRwanda Biomedical Centre, GBV Report 2023.  Gahunda zo gukumira ihohoterwa, nka Isange One Stop Centre, zafashije gutanga ubufasha bwihuse ariko zikenewe mu gihugu hose.

 Ubukungu n’Ikoranabuhanga 
Abagore mu cyaro bafite amahirwe make yo kubona ikoranabuhanga. 64% gusa ni bo bafite telefone ngendanwa, mu gihe 32% gusa bafite interinetiRwanda ICT Household Survey 2024.  Ibi bituma bagira uruhare ruke mu bucuruzi bushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga.

 Ingaruka z’Iterambere ry’Umugore ku gihugu 
Iterambere ry’umugore ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu kubaka ubukungu n’imibereho myiza mu Rwanda.

 Mu Bukungu 
Kongerera abagore ubushobozi byatumye ubukungu bw’igihugu bwiyongera. Inyigo ya World Bank igaragaza ko uburinganire mu bukungu bwongereye umusaruro w’igihugu ku gipimo cya 2% buri mwakaRwanda Gender and Development Report, World Bank 2023.

 Mu Muryango n'Ubuzima 
Abagore bafite ubushobozi n’ubumenyi bafasha mu iterambere ry’imiryango yabo, bakagira uruhare mu kurera neza, kubungabunga ubuzima no guteza imbere uburezi bw’abanaRwanda Biomedical Centre, Family Health Impact 2023.

 Mu Miyoborere 
Ubwitabire bw’abagore mu miyoborere bwagize uruhare mu gukumira ruswa no kuzamura imikorere y’inzego za LetaRwanda Governance Board, Gender in Governance Index 2024.

 Ku rwego mpuzamahanga 
U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 10 bya mbere ku isi mu kigereranyo cy’uburinganire, rukaba urutonde rwa 6 ku Isi muri Global Gender Gap Report 2024World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2024.

 Amayeri n’Inama z’Iterambere 
Kugira ngo iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda rikomeze kugenda neza kandi rirambye, hashyizweho amayeri n’inama mu nzego zitandukanye:

 Gushyira mu bikorwa neza amategeko n’ingamba – kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko arengera abagore no gukurikirana gahunda za politiki z’uburinganireMIGEPROF, National Gender Policy 2010.
 Kongera ubushobozi bw’abagore – kongera amahirwe y’uburezi, ikoranabuhanga, ubuhinzi n’ubucuruzi, amahugurwa n’inguzanyo z’abagore.
 Gukuraho imbogamizi z’imico – gahunda zo kurwanya imyumvire ishaje ishingiye ku gitsina n’imico ituma abagore badafata ibyemezo mu ngo no mu nzego za politikiGender Monitoring Office, Attitude Survey 2023.
 Guteza imbere uburinganire mu bukungu – gushyiraho amahirwe angana mu kubona inguzanyo, ubutaka, imishinga y’iterambere, n’amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimoRwanda Development Board, SME and Women Entrepreneurship Report 2024.
 Kugira uruhare mu miyoborere n’ubutabera – kongera ubwitabire bw’abagore mu nzego za Leta n’iz’abikorera, kuzamura abagore mu buyobozi bw’imijyi n’uturere, no gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amategeko y’uburinganire.

 Imibare yerekana iterambere ry’abagore mu Rwanda  
Igice2010201520202024Abagore mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko (%)56%61%61.3%63.3%Abagore mu mashuri yisumbuye (%)45%48%55%59.3%Abagore bafite ubutaka (%)88%91%93%94.8%Abagore mu buyobozi bw’uturere (%)42%46%48%49%Abacamanza n’abashinjacyaha (%)40%45%48%50%
National Gender Statistics Report 2024, NISR

 Inama z’iterambere 

 Komeza gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda z’uburezi bw’abakobwa n’icyerekezo cya STEM ku bagore.
 Kongera imikoranire hagati ya Leta, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, n’abafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga mu guteza imbere ubushobozi bw’abagore.
 Gukurikirana no guhangana n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, harimo gukoresha ubuhamya n’inkunga z’imiryango.
 Guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu by’ubukungu bw’abagore, cyane cyane mu cyaro.

 Imibereho y’Abagore n’Inkuru Zifatika 
Mu rwego rwo kugaragaza iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda, hari inkuru zifatika z’abagore bahinduye imibereho yabo n’iy’imiryango yabo. Izi nkuru zerekana uko amategeko, gahunda za Leta, n’imikoranire y’abagore mu bukungu n’uburezi bihuriza hamwe .

 Inkuru z’Abagore Bafatika 

 Aline Uwimana – Umuhinzi w’umugore wateje imbere umusaruro w’ibirayi n’imbuto mu karere ka Bugesera, abikesha gahunda ya "Women Guarantee Fund" yahawe inguzanyo yo gutangiza ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere.
 Claire Mukamana – Umuyobozi wa koperative y’abagore bo mu cyaro, bagurisha ibikomoka ku bihingwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ashyigikiwe na gahunda ya "Made in Rwanda" na MINAGRIMINAGRI, Women Agribusiness Program.
 Sandrine Niyonsaba – Umwarimu wigisha STEM mu mashuri yisumbuye, yafashije abakobwa 150 kumenya ikoranabuhanga no gukunda imibare, abikesha gahunda ya "STEM for Girls"MIGEPROF, STEM for Girls Program.

 Imibare y’Iterambere ry’Abagore mu Rwanda (Graphical Table) NISR, National Gender Statistics Report 2024 
Igice2010201520202024Impinduka (%)Abagore mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko56%61%61.3%63.3% +7.3%Abagore mu mashuri yisumbuye45%48%55%59.3% +14.3%Abagore bafite ubutaka88%91%93%94.8% +6.8%Abagore mu buyobozi bw’uturere42%46%48%49% +7%Abacamanza n’abashinjacyaha40%45%48%50% +10%

 Graphical Representation 

 Inama z’Iterambere zishingiye ku mibare 

 Komeza guteza imbere gahunda z’uburezi n’ubumenyi ku bagore no gukurura abakobwa mu masomo ya STEM.
 Gukomeza kongera amahirwe y’ubukungu n’ubuhinzi ku bagore bo mu cyaro.
 Gukoresha imibare y’uburinganire mu nzego zose za politiki no mu miyoborere y’uturere kugira ngo hagaragare aho hakiri ubusumbane.
 Gushyira imbaraga mu gukurikirana no gukumira ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, hashingiwe ku bipimo n’imibare

 Umusozo 
Iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda ryagaragaje ko uburinganire ari urufunguzo rwo kugera ku iterambere rirambye. Abagore bafite uruhare mu miyoborere, ubukungu, uburezi, ubuzima, n’imibereho myiza y’imiryango.

Nk’uko imibare yerekana, u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bya mbere ku isi mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburinganire, kandi politiki z’igihugu n’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu byahindutse intangarugero muri Afurika. Gukomeza gushyira imbere uburezi, ubushobozi, uburinganire mu butabera n’ubukungu bizafasha umugore kugira uruhare rugaragara kandi rirambye mu iterambere ry’igihugu.

 Reba kandi 

 Inkomoko