James C. Marsters

James Carlyle Marsters (5 Mata 1924 - 28 Nyakanga 2009) yari umu ortodontiste ufite ubumuga bwo k'utumva i Pasadena, muri Californiya, mu mwaka w'i 1964 akaba yarafashaga mubijyanye no  guhimba igikoresho cya mbere cyandika  gishobora gukoreshwa n'imirongo ya terefone . Igikoresho cyatumaga itumanaho kuri terefone rishoboka kubatumva. Nubwo Robert Weitbrecht yakoze byinshi mubikorwa byo gushushanya, Marsters yazamuye imikoreshereze yicyo gikoresho.

Marsters yavutse ku ya 5 Mata 1924, avukira i Norwich, mu mujyi wa  New York,  avukira ku umuyobozi mukuru wa farumasi Guy Marsters n'umugore we Anna Belle, umuforomo. 

Igihe yari akiri muto cyane, Marsters yabuze kumva kubera umuriro utukura n'iseru .  Ariko, yize kuvuga no gusoma iminwa. Yarangije mu ishuri rya Wright Oral School ry’abatumva mu mujyi wa New York mu 1943, niho yahuriye na John Tracy, umuhungu wa Spencer Tracy . Mu 1947 Marsters yabonye impamyabumenyi ya bijyanye nutabire yakuye muri Union College i Schenectady, muri New York .

Marsters yashakanye na Joan Tausik, umuhanzi na we wari ufite ubumuga bwo kutumva (nyuma baza gutandukana), ajya gukora mu ruganda rwa karuvati rwa se. Se wa Tausik ni we wasabye ko agomba kuba   umuvuzi wa amenyo . Nubwo amanota y'ibizamini bya Marsters yari menshi, amashuri y amenyo yaramwanze kubera kutumva. Nyuma yimyaka ibiri nigice yo gusaba, kaminuza ya New York yemeye kumwakira by'agateganyo yumva ko nta mfashanyo yihariye yari kubona. Yarangije muri kaminuza ya New York mu 1952.Yakundaga kuvuga ko ashobora kumva bamwe, kugira ngo afashe gutuza ubwoba bwa bamwe mu barimu be b'ishuri ry'amenyo. Yatwaye kandi indege hagati y'imijyi ibiri yakoreragamo imyitozo, akavuga ko radiyo ye idakora neza agasaba abashinzwe umutekano mu kirere gukoresha amatara kugira ngo bamuyobore.

John Tracy, izina rye riri ku ivuriro rya Los Angeles ry’abana bafite ubumuga bwo kutumva yashishikarije Marsters kuba ortodontiste, maze mu 1954, nyuma yo kwiga muri USC, atangira imyitozo ya Pasadena. Nyuma yaho gato, yashakanye na Alice Amelia Dorsey, umuyobozi w'iryo vuriro ryababana nubumuga ku ishuri ry’incuke rya John Tracy Clinic. Marsters yari afite abana batatu - James Marsters Jr., umuhanga mu by'ubutabire ndetse n'imiti  ; Jean Marsters, umuganga; na Guy Marsters, umucuranzi. Alice yapfuye mu 2003. Abashakanye bari bafite abuzukuru babiri. Nelson, Valerie J. (2009-08-15). "James C. Marsters dies at 85; Pasadena orthodontist helped establish phone use for the deaf". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-08-31. Marsters yapfuye ku ya 28 Nyakanga 2009, azize indwara y'umutima. Shapiro, T. Rees (2009-08-28). "James C. Marsters, 85: Phone System Increased Independence for Deaf". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-08-31.

Igihe Marsters yakiraga terefone, yishingikirije ku bandi kwitaba telefoni no kumunwa amagambo kugira ngo asome kuminwa yabo ibyi bavuga hanyuma agenekereze , nyuma asubiza kuri telefoni. Muri kiriya gihe, hari umuyoboro wa TTY wubucuruzi, ariko byari bihenze cyane kubantu. Marsters yegereye Robert Weitbrecht umuhanga mu bya fiziki wabanaga nubumuga bwo kutumva w’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Stanford maze amusaba ko yareba uburyo bwo gukora igikoresho cyemerera abadafite ubumuga bwo kutumva kuvugana n’abanditsi ba televiziyo ku murongo wa telefone.