Winter Paralympic Games

Imikino ya Paralempike y'Imbeho nirushanwa mpuzamahangarihuza abakinnyi bafitubumuga bw'umubiri, amaso, n'ubwonko ahobarushanwa mumikino y'urubura n'urubura . Irirushanwa ririmo abakinnyi bafitubumuga bwokugenda, ubumuga bwogucikamibice, ubumuga bwokutabona, n'ubumuga bwo mu bwonko . Imikino ya Paralempike y'Imbeho iba buri myaka ine nyuma y'imikino Olempike y'Imbeho kandi (kuva mu 1992) yaberaga muruwomujyi. Komite Mpuzamahanga y'Imikino ya Paralempike (IPC) igenzura iyimikino. Imidari itangwa muriburi irushanwa: zahabu kumwanya wambere, feza kuwa kabiri, n'umuringa kuwa gatatu, hakurikijwe umuco w'uko imikino Olempike yatangiye mu 1904.

Imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba yatangiye mu 1976 i Örnsköldsvik, muri Suwede. Iyomikino niyo ya mbere Paralympic yagaragayemo abakinnyi batari abagendera kuntebe z'abamugaye. Imikino yagutse kandi ikura, harimo n'imikino ya Paralympic y'impeshyi, ibigice cy'imikino mpuzamahanga minini nyuma ya Olempike. Bitewe n'uko yagutse, hakenewe uburyo bwihariye bwo gushyira mu byiciro . Ububuryo kandi bwatejimpaka kandi bufungura inzira zitandukanye zogukopera, byangije ubunyangamugayo bw'imikino.

Noruveje yabayigihugu kiri kumwanya wambere (imidari) mumikino ine ya Paralempike y'itumba: 1980, 1988, 1994, na 1998. Ubudage bwabaye igihugu kiri kumwanya wambere (imidari) mu mikino itatu ya Paralempike y'itumba: 1976, 2002, na 2010. Uburusiya ( 2006 na 2014 ) na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ( 1992 na 2018 ) byabaye igihugu kiri ku mwanya wa mbere inshuro ebyiri buri kimwe. Otirishiya ( 1984 ) n'Ubushinwa ( 2022 ) byabaye igihugu kiri kumwanya wa mbere inshuro imwe buri kimwe. 

 Amateka 
Inkomoko y'imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba isacyane n'imikino ya Paralympic y'impeshyi . Abasirikare bakomeretse bavuye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yosebashakaga siporo nk'inzira yo gukira.  Yateguwe na Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, amarushanwa y'imikino hagati y'ibitaro by'Abongereza byakiraga indwara yatangiyemu 1948 akomeza kugeza mu 1960 ubwimikino Olempike yaberaga i Roma nyuma y'imikino Olempike yo mu mpeshyi yo mu 1960. Abakinnyi b'amagare barenga 400 bitabiriye imikino ya Paralympic yo mu 1960, yajekwitwa Paralympic ya mbere. 
Sepp Zwicknagl, watangije imikino yogusiganwa kurubura kubakinnyi bafite ubumuga, yari umukinnyi wo gusiganwa ku rubura wo muri Otirishiya ufite amaguru abiri, wagerageje gusiganwa ku rubura akoresheje ibyuma bisimbura. Akazi ke kafashije abantu bafite ubumuga kwitabira imikino yo mu gihe cy'itumba.  Iterambere ryagenze buhoro, kandi nibwo mu 1974 habaye irushanwa rya mbere ryemewe ku isi ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga, ryarimo gusiganwa ku misozi no gusiganwa ku maguru.  Imikino yambere y’abamugaye yabereye mugihe cy'itumba mu 1976 i Örnsköldsvik, muri Suwede kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Gashyantare. Imikino yogusiganwa ku rubura mumisozi miremire no mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba nibyo byari ingenzi ariko gusiganwa kurubura byashyizwemo nk'igikorwa cyokwerekana.  Hari abakinnyi 198 bitabiriye baturutse mu bihugu 16,  kandi ni bwo bwa mbere abakinnyi bafite ubumuga uretse abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'ibimuga bemerewe gusiganwa. 

Guhera mu 1988, imikino Olempike y'abamugaye yomu mpeshyi yabereye mumujyi umwe n'imikino Olempike y'impeshyi . Ibibyatewe n'amasezerano yagiranyehagati ya Komite Mpuzamahanga Olempike (IOC) na Komite Mpuzamahanga y'abamugaye (IPC). Imikino ya Paralempike y'imbeho yo mu 1992 ni yoyambere mumikino y'imbeho yakoresheje ibikoresho bimwe n'imikino Olempike y'imbeho . "History of the Paralympic Games". The Government of Canada. Retrieved 2010-04-14.

 Uburiganya 

Abakinnyi bakopfoye cyanemukugaragaza ubumuga kugira ngobagire amahirwe yoguhangana, no gukoresha imiti yongerimbaraga.   Umudagukina skiing Thomas Oelsner yabaye umukinnyi wa mbere wa Paralympian mugihe cy'itumba wapimwe imiti ya steroide mu 2002. Yariyaratsindiye imidari ibiriya zahabu mumikino yomumisozi miremire arikoyambuwe imidari ye.  Imwemu mpungenge abayobozi ba Paralympic ububahanganye nuburyo bwokongera umuvuduko w'amaraso, buzwi nka autonomic dysreflexia . Ukwiyongera k'umuvuduko w'amaraso gushobora kongera imikorere kukigero cya 15% kandi ningirakamaro cyane mumikino yokwihangana nko gusiganwa ku maguru . Kongera umuvuduko w'amaraso abakinnyi baterihungabana kumaguru nkana munsi y'igikomere cy'umugongo. Iri hungabana rishobora kuba ririmo kuvunika amagufwa, guhambira ingingo cyane nogukoresha amasogisi yogukandacyane. Imvunentibabaza umukinnyi ariko igira ingaruka ku mubiri kandi igira ingaruka ku muvuduko w'amaraso w'umukinnyi, kimwe n'uburyo bushobora gukoreshwa nkokureka uruhago rukazura cyane. 

Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Imikino y’Abamugaye (IPC) yasanze ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uburyo bwo gusiganwa ku maguru bwakozwe mu mikino y’abamugaye yo mu gihe cy’itumba ya 2014 i Sochi.  Kuya 7 Kanama 2016, Inama Nyobozi ya IPC yatoye kumugaragaro kwikipe yose y’Uburusiya ibujijwe kwitabira imikino y’abamugaye yo mu mpeshyi ya 2016, ivuga ko Komite y’Imikino y’Abamugaye y’Uburusiya idashobora gushyira mubikorwa Itegeko rya IPC ryokurwanya imiti ikoreshwa mu gusiganwa ku maguru n’Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ryo kurwanya imiti ikoreshwa mugusiganwa kumaguru, ariryo "gisabwa n’itegeko nshinga".  Perezida wa IPC, Sir Philip Craven, yavuze ko guverinoma y’Uburusiya "yananiwe cyane abakinnyi bayo ba Para".  Perezida w’Inama y’Abakinnyi ba IPC, Todd Nicholson, yavuzeko Uburusiya bwakoresheje abakinnyi nk'"abakoresha imbaraga" kugira ngo "byerekane ubuhanga ku isi". 

 Ibyiciro by'abafite ubumuga 
IPC yashyizeho ibyicirobitandatu by'abafite ubumuga birebimikino y'abafite ubumuga yomu mpeshyi n'iy'itumba. Abakinnyi bafitebumwe murububumuga bw'umubiri bashobora kwitabira imikino y'abafite ubumuga, nubwo atari buri siporo ishobora kwemerera buricyiciro cy'abafite ubumuga. 

 Abacitse urugingo : Abakinnyi bafite igice cyangwa igice cy'urugingo nibura kimwe cyatakaye .
 Indwara yo mu bwonko : Abakinnyi bafite ikibazo cy’ubwonko kidakomeza kwangirika, urugero nk’indwara yo mu bwonko itera indwara, imvune yo mu bwonko iterwa n’ihungabana, ubumuga bwo mu bwonko cyangwa ubumuga nk’ubwo bugira ingaruka ku mikorere y’imitsi, kuringaniza cyangwa guhuza imikorere .
 Ubumuga bwo mu mutwe : Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bukomeye mu mikorere y'ubwenge n'imbogamizi zijyanye nabwo mu myitwarire ijyanye no kwiyubaka.
 Intebe y'abamugaye : Abakinnyi bafite imvune zo mu mugongo n'ubundi bumuga bubasaba gusiganwa mu igare ry'abamugaye .
 Abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona : Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona kuva ku kutabona igice, bihagije kugira ngo bacirweho iteka nk'impumyi, kugeza ku buhumyi busesuye.
 Les Autres : Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri budashyirwa mu cyiciro kimwe mu bindi byiciro bitanu, nko kuba dwarfism, multiple sclerosis cyangwa ubumuga bw'ingingo nk'ubwo buterwa na thalidomide (izina ry'iki cyiciro ni Igifaransa risobanura "abandi"). "Making sense of the categories". BBC Sport. 2000-10-06. Retrieved 2010-04-07.

 Gushyira mu byiciro 
Mubyiciro bitandatu by'abafitubumuga, abakinnyi bagombakugabanywa hakurikijwe urwego rw'ubumugabwabo. Uburyo bwo gushyira mubyiciro butandukanye bitewe n'imikino. Uburyo bugenewe gufungura imikino ya Paralympic ku bakinnyi benshi bashoboka, bashobora kwitabira amarushanwa atunganye n'abakinnyi bafite ubushobozi bumwe. Ibintubingana cyane mu marushanwa y'abadafite ubumuga ni ibyiciro by'imyaka mu mikino y'abana bato, n'ibiro mu mikino yokurwana, guterana iteramakofe, noguterura ibiremereye. Ibyiciro biratandukanye hakurikijwe ubuhanga butandukanye busabwa kugira ngo umuntu akore uyumukino. Ikibazo gikomeye muri gahunda yogushyira mubyiciro nuburyobwo gusobanurubwoko bwinshi n'uburemere bw'ubumuga. Kubera iyompamvu, hazabaho ubumuga butandukanye mucyicirorunaka.  Ibikurikira ni urutonde rw'imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba n'uburyo ishyirwa mubyiciro.

Gusiganwa kurubura mumisozi miremire : Haribintu bibiri mugusiganwa kurubura mumisozi miremire: slalom na slalom nini. Gusiganwa ku rubura mu misozi miremire byakira abakinnyi bafite ubumugabukurikira: imvune z'umugongo, indwara zomubwonko, gucibwa ibice by'umubiri, Les Autres n'ubumuga bwo kutabona neza. Hariibyiciro cumi na kimwe, birindwi kubakinnyi bahagaze, bitatu ku bakinnyi bicaye, na bitatu kubakinnyi bafitubumuga bwokutabona. Ibyiciro bigenwa n'urwego rw'imikorere y'abakinnyi n'ibikenewe kubikoresho bibafasha (prosthesis, inkingi zo gusiganwa ku rubura, nibindi).  Umusaraba wa Snowboard ubu uri muri iki cyiciro, nubwo amarushanwa azabaho gusa mu byiciro bike (reba hepfo).

Biathlon : Biathlon nuruhurirane rw'imikino yogusiganwa kurubura hamwenokurasa intego. Bisaba imbaraga z'umubiri nokurasaneza. Ibibirori bifunguye kubakinnyi bafitubumuga bw'umubiri n'ubumuga bwokutabona. Haribyiciro cumi na bitanu ahwabakinnyi bazashyirwamo bitewe n'urwego rw'imikorere yabo. Ibyiciro cumi na bibiri ni iby'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri naho bitatu ni iby'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona. Abakinnyi barushanwa hamwe, kandi igihe cyo kurangiza gishyirwa muburyo bw'icyiciro cyabo cy'ubumuga kugira ngo hamenyekane uko abakinnyi barangiza muri rusange. Abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwokutabona bashobora guhatana binyuze mu gukoresha ibimenyetso by'amajwi. Ubukana bw'ibimenyetso buratandukanye bitewe niba umukinnyi arikuntego cyangwa atari yo. 

Gusiganwa ku rubura mu misozi miremire : Gusiganwa kurubura mumisozi miremire, bizwi kandi nka Nordic skiing, bifunguye ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, ubumuga bwo kutabona neza nokutabona neza. Hariho ibyiciro cumi na bitanu, bitatu ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona neza, icyenda kubakinnyi bahagaze na bitatu kubakinnyi bicaye. Ibyiciro bigenwa mu buryo bumwe no gusiganwa kurubura mu misozi miremire hibandwa ku rwego rw'imikorere y'abakinnyi n'uburyo bakeneye ibikoresho bibafasha. 
Hoki yo mu Rubura : Hoki yomu Rubura ifunguye gusakubakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri mu gice cyohasi cy'umubiri wabo. Kuva mu 2010 yabaye umukinuvanze n'ibitsina mumikino Paralympique y'itumba, ariko abakinnyi b'abagore baracyari bake  Uyu mukino ukinwa hakoreshejwe amategeko mpuzamahanga ya hoki hamwe n'impinduka zimwe na zimwe. Abakinnyi bicara ku rubura rufite ibyuma bibiri byemerera puck kujya munsi y'urubura. Bakoresha kandi inkoni ebyiri, zifite icyuma gisunika n'icyuma gifata amasasu. Abakinnyi bashyizwe mu matsinda atatu: itsinda rya 1 ni iry'abakinnyi badafiticyuma gifata amasasu cyangwa bafite ubumuga bukomeye mu ngingo zo hejuru no hasi, itsinda rya 2 ni iry'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwo kwicara n'ubumuga buciriritse mugingo zabonaho abakinnyi bomwitsinda rya 3 bafite uburinganire bwiza n'ubumuga buciriritse mungingo zabo zohejuru nohasi. 

Gusimbuka kw'abamugaye : Gusimbuka kw'abamugaye nigikorwa cy'ikipe y'abakinnyi bafite ubumuga buhoraho bwo hasibubasaba gukoresha intebe y'abamugaye mubuzima bwabobwa buri munsi. Abakinnyi bafitubumuga bwomumutwe cyangwindwara ya Sclerosis nyinshi nabo bashobora gukina iyo bakoresheje intebe y'abamugaye. Gutanga ibuye bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe intoki cyangwahakoreshejwe inkingi. Ntabyiciro biharimuri ikigikorwa uretseko abakinnyi bose bitabiriye bagomba kuba bakeneye intebe y'abamugaye kugira ngo bashobore kugenda buri munsi. 

Para snowboard : Kuya 2 Gicurasi 2012, Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Imikino y’Abamugaye (IPC) yemeje kumugaragaro Para snowboarding (yahoze yitwa adaptive snowboarding ) nk'umudari mu mikino ya Para snowboarding yo mu gihe cy'itumba ya 2014 munsi ya Alpine Skiing. Habayeho amarushanwa yo gusiganwa ku rubura kubagabo n'abagore.  Irushanwa rya mbere ry’imikino y’abamugaye ryabereyemo abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bw’amaguru yo hasi gusa. Abakinnyi baciwe ingingo bemerewe kwambara icyuma gikingira. Ibirori byabereye mu buryo bw’igihe, ariko nta buryo bwakozwe hashingiwe kurwego rw’ubumuga bw’umukinnyi. Mumikino y’abamugaye yo mu gihe cy'itumba ya 2018, umubare w’imikino wariyongereye uva kuri 2 ugera kuri 10, aho ibice by’amaguru yo hasi byagabanyijwemo amatsinda abiri (LL-1 kubafite ubumuga bukomeye na LL-2 ku bafite ubumuga buke), ndetse no kongeramo slalom ya banki . Irushanwa ryo gusiganwa ku rubura ryakozwe muburyo bwoguhangana n’itsinda ry’abakinnyi (snowboard cross) hamwe n’amarushanwa menshi yo gukubitana kugirangohamenyekane abatsinze imidari.  Mu 2022, hongeweho amarushanwa ku bakinnyi bafite ubumuga bwohejuru, ariko IPC yakuyeho icyiciro cya LL-1 cy’abagore kubera ibura ry’abakinnyi muri iryotsinda. Abobakinnyi babanje kubuzwa nagato kwitabira irushanwa kugeza ubwo Brenna Huckaby womuri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yatsinze mu rubanza rwo "guhangana" n’itsinda rya LL-2.

 Urutonde rw'imikino Paralempike 
Hari igihe imikino itandukanye yagiye iba igice cya gahunda ya Paralympic.
Siporo Imyaka Isiganwa ry'ibirombe byo mu rubura 1980–1988, 1994–1998 Para alpine skiing 1976–ubu Para biathlon kuva mu 1988 Para skiing yo mu gihugu hose 1976–ubu Hockey y'urubura ya Para kuva mu 1994 Para snowboard kuva mu 2014 Kuzunguruka kw'intebe y'abamugaye kuva mu 2006

 Imbonerahamwe y'imidari y'ibihe byose 
Dukurikije amakuruyemewe ya Komite Mpuzamahanga y’Imikino y’Abamugaye . Iyi mbonerahamwe igaragaza ibihugu 20 byambere, hakurikijwe umubare wazahabu, hanyuma ifeza, hanyuma umuringa.

 Olempike y'abamugaye mu gihe cy'itumba (1976–2022) 
No.NationGamesGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Norway (NOR)13140111863342 United States (USA)13117130883353 Austria (AUT)131091181163434 Germany (GER)910985812755 Russia (RUS)68488612336 Finland (FIN)137951621927 France (FRA)136357601838 Canada (CAN)135852761869 Switzerland (SUI)1353555015810 West Germany (FRG)442433512011 Ukraine (UKR)738515214112 Sweden (SWE)1328354410713 Japan (JPN)132742379714 China (CHN)61920236215 Slovakia (SVK)81821226117 New Zealand (NZL)12177113518 Italy (ITA)121625327319 Spain (ESP)121516124320 Australia (AUS)121261735

 Urutonde rw'imikino ya Paralympic y'itumba 

Inkomoko: 
GamesYearHostOpened byDatesNational Paralympic CommitteesCompetitorsSportsEventsTop NationTotalMenWomen11976Örnsköldsvik, SwedenKing Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden21–28 February16196253 West Germany (FRG)21980Geilo, NorwayKing Olav V of Norway1–7 February1829963 Norway (NOR)31984Innsbruck, AustriaPresident Rudolf Kirchschläger14–20 January214193107 Austria (AUT)41988Innsbruck, AustriaPresident Kurt Waldheim18–25 January22377497 Norway (NOR)51992Tignes - Albertville, FrancePresident François Mitterrand25 March – 1 April2436528877378 United States (USA)61994Lillehammer, NorwayQueen Sonja of Norway10–19 March314715133 Norway (NOR)71998Nagano, JapanCrown Prince Naruhito5–14 March32571122 Norway (NOR)82002Salt Lake City, United StatesPresident George W. Bush7–16 March36416492 Germany (GER)92006Turin, ItalyPresident Carlo Azeglio Ciampi10–19 March39486558 Russia (RUS)102010Vancouver, CanadaGovernor General Michaëlle Jean12–21 March4450664 Germany (GER)112014Sochi, RussiaPresident Vladimir Putin7–16 March45550672 Russia (RUS)122018Pyeongchang, South KoreaPresident Moon Jae-in9–18 March4956980 United States (USA)132022Beijing, ChinaPresident Xi Jinping4–13 March4656478 China (CHN)142026Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy6–15 March79152030French Alps, France1-10 March162034Utah, United States10–19 March


 Imikino ya Paralempike yo mu mpeshyi

 Amareferensi 

 Amasano yo hanze 

 Urutonde rw'Imikoranire y'Abafite Paralempike
 Urubuga rwemewe rwa IPC
 Amateka ya Paralympic yanditswe na Susana Correia mu kinyamakuru cya Portugese Online Magazine kiboneka ku bantu benshi

Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations