Itangazo rya Cairo ku burenganzira bwa muntu muri Islamu

Itangazo rya Cairo ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Islamu ( CDHRI )  ry’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’umuryango w’ubufatanye bwa kisilamu ( OIC)  mbere i Cairo, mu Misiri, ku ya 5 Kanama 1990 , Inyandiko ya 1990 yemeza ko shariya ya kisilamu ari yo soko yonyine, mu gihe verisiyo ya 2020 idasaba shariya.

CDHRI yatangaje ko intego yayo ari "ubuyobozi rusange ku bihugu bigize Umuryango [OIC] mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu". Iri tangazo ryemerwa cyane nk'igisubizo cya kisilamu ku itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR), ryemejwe mu 1948. Riremeza ko bamwe, ariko atari bose, ba UDHR kandi rikaba ari inyandiko nzima y’amabwiriza y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yashyizweho n’abanyamuryango ba OIC gukurikiza, ariko akababuza ku buryo bugaragara imipaka yashyizweho na shariya. Kubera iyi mipaka, CDHRI yanenzwe nkugerageza gukingira ibihugu bigize OIC kunengwa n’amahanga kubera ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse no kutubahiriza ubwisanzure bw’amadini, bifite ishingiro ku gihano cy’umubiri no kwemerera ivangura ridafite abayisilamu n’abagore.

 Amateka 
Ibihugu bitandukanye by’abayisilamu byari binenze Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu ryo mu 1948 kubera ko rititaye ku bijyanye n’umuco n’idini by’ibihugu bitari Iburengerazuba . National Review Online, Human Rights and Human Wrongs , David G. Littman, January 19, 2003, retrieved 30 May, 2012 Mu 1981, Said Rajaie-Khorassani - uhagarariye Irani nyuma y’impinduramatwara muri Loni - yavuze uko igihugu cye gihagaze ku bijyanye na UDHR, avuga ko ari "imyumvire idahwitse y’imyumvire y’umuco wa gikirisitu ya gikirisitu ", idashobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa n’abayisilamu batanyuranyije n’amategeko ya kisilamu. Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, Benjamin Glahn: Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law p. 113. Oxford University Press, 2012.

CDHRI yemejwe mu 1990 n’abanyamuryango b’umuryango w’inama ya kisilamu . Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012, yari yarasinywe n'ibihugu 45.  Mu 1992, CDHRI yashyikirijwe Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, aho yamaganwe cyane na komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’abahanga mu mategeko .

Iri tangazo ritangira rivuga ngo "Abantu bose bagize umuryango umwe abayoboke bahujwe no kugandukira Allah no gukomoka kuri Adamu", kandi bibuza "ivangura rishingiye ku bwoko, ibara, ururimi, imyizerere, igitsina, idini, amashyaka ya politiki, imibereho cyangwa ibindi bitekerezo". Ikomeza itangaza ko ubuzima bwera, ikanatangaza ko "kubungabunga ubuzima bwa muntu" ari "inshingano yashyizweho na Shariya". CDHRI iremeza kandi abadafite intambara - nk'abasaza, abagore n'abana, inkomere n'abarwayi, n'imfungwa z'intambara - uburenganzira bwo kurya, aho kuba, no kubona umutekano no kwivuza mu gihe cy'intambara. 

CDHRI iha abagore "icyubahiro cya muntu kimwe", "uburenganzira bwabo bwo kwishimira", "inshingano zo gukora", "umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta", "ubwigenge bw’amafaranga", n "" uburenganzira bwo kugumana izina rye n’umuryango ". Abagabo n'abagore bombi bahabwa "uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa" batitaye ku bwoko bwabo, ibara ryabo, cyangwa ubwenegihugu. Iri tangazo rituma ababyeyi bombi bagomba kurinda umwana, haba mbere na nyuma yo kuvuka, mu gihe ashimangira ko umugabo afite inshingano zo kurengera imibereho n'imibereho y'umuryango we, harimo abana ndetse n'abagore. 

Itangazo ryemera uburenganzira ku mutungo n’ibanga ku bantu ku giti cyabo.   Ingingo ya 18 (b) ivuga ko "Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwiherera mu bikorwa by’ibikorwa bye bwite, mu rugo rwe, mu muryango we, ku bijyanye n’umutungo we n’umubano we. Ntabwo byemewe kuneka maneko, kumukurikirana cyangwa kumutesha izina ryiza. Leta izamurinda kwivanga ku bushake".  Irabuza gusenya no kwambura inzu iyo ari yo yose no kwirukana umuryango.  Byongeye kandi, umuryango uramutse utandukanijwe mugihe , ni inshingano za leta "gutegura gusura cyangwa guhurira mumiryango". 

Ingingo ya 10 y’iryo tangazo igira iti: "Islamu ni idini ry’imiterere idahumanye. Birabujijwe gukoresha umuntu uwo ari we wese ku gahato cyangwa gukoresha ubukene bwe cyangwa ubujiji bwe kugira ngo amuhindure mu rindi dini cyangwa kutemera Imana ." Kubera ko muri societe ya kisilamu impamvu zose zituma abantu bava mubuyisilamu bafatwa nk’agahato cyangwa ubujiji, ibi birabuza rwose kuva mu idini ya Islam. 

Iri tangazo ririnda buri muntu gufatwa atabishaka, iyicarubozo, gufatwa nabi, cyangwa uburakari. Byongeye kandi, ntamuntu numwe ugomba gukoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwubuvuzi cyangwa siyanse atabanje kubiherwa uruhushya cyangwa ibyago byubuzima bwe cyangwa ubuzima bwe. Irabuza kandi gufata bugwate umuntu uwo ari we wese "ku ntego iyo ari yo yose". Byongeye kandi, CDHRI yemeza ko ari umwere ; icyaha kigomba kugaragazwa gusa binyuze mu rubanza "aho [uregwa] azahabwa ingwate zose zo kwiregura". Iri tangazo ribuza kandi gutangaza "amategeko yihutirwa yatanga ubuyobozi bukuru ku bikorwa nk'ibyo". Ingingo ya 19 iteganya ko nta bindi byaha cyangwa ibihano uretse ibivugwa muri shariya . Shariya yemerera igihano cyumubiri (gukubita, gutemwa) nigihano cyo kwicwa no gutera amabuye cyangwa gucibwa umutwe . Uburenganzira bwo gukora imirimo ya There shall be no crime or punishment except as provided for in the Schari’a. gukoreshwa gusa hakurikijwe sharSmith (2003), p. 195iya

Iri tangazo ryibanda kandi ku "burenganzira busesuye bwo kwishyira ukizana no kwishyira ukizana ", no kurwanya ubucakara, gukandamizwa, gukoreshwa, no gukolonizwa . CDHRI itangaza ko kugendera ku mategeko, ishyiraho "uburinganire n'ubutabera kuri bose", hamwe n'imbogamizi ziteganijwe n'amategeko ya kisilamu . CDHRI yizeza kandi abantu bose "uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye mu micungire y’ibikorwa rusange by’igihugu cye". CDHRI irabuza kandi gukoresha nabi ububasha "bugengwa na Shariya ya Kisilamu." 

Ingingo ya 22 (a) y’iri tangazo igira iti: "Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga igitekerezo cye mu bwisanzure ku buryo butanyuranyije n’amahame ya Shariya." Ingingo ya 22 (b) ivuga ko "Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kunganira icyiza, no kwamamaza icyiza, no kuburira icyiza n'ikibi akurikije amahame ya Shariya ya Islamu." Ingingo ya 22 (c) igira iti: "Amakuru ni ngombwa cyane muri sosiyete. Ntishobora gukoreshwa cyangwa gukoreshwa nabi ku buryo ishobora guhungabanya ubutagatifu n’icyubahiro cy’abahanuzi, gutesha agaciro indangagaciro mbwirizamuco cyangwa imyitwarire, gusenya, kwangiza cyangwa kwangiza sosiyete, cyangwa guca intege kwizera kwayo." Iri ni ukubuza mu buryo bweruye umudendezo wo kuvuga icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gufatwa nk'igitutsi, igihano cyo gukora gishobora kuba urupfu kandi nk'amagambo y'iyi ngingo yemerera igihano cy'urupfu cyo gutukana binyuranyije na UDHR. Ingingo ya 22 (d) ivuga ko "Ntabwo byemewe gukangura urwango rushingiye ku gukunda igihugu cyangwa ku nyigisho cyangwa gukora ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose gishobora gukangurira ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose." 

 Ibiranga idini 
CDHRI ikoresha imvugo yisi yose isa n’itangazo rusange ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ryakozwe mu buryo bwa kisilamu.  Ijambo ryibanze ahanini ni amagambo y’amadini, kandi umwihariko wa CDHRI urimo imirongo myinshi yerekeza kuri Korowani, shariya, hamwe n’imyemerere y’ubuyisilamu igaragara ku rundi rutonde mpuzamahanga rusa.  CDHRI yanzuye mu ngingo ya 24 n'iya 25 ko uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure byose bivugwa bigengwa na shariya ya kisilamu, ari nayo nkomoko y'iryo tangazo. CDHRI itangaza ko idini ry'ukuri ari "ingwate yo kuzamura icyubahiro nk'iki mu nzira igana ku butungane bwa muntu Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5, 1990, U.N. GAOR , World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) Ishyira kandi inshingano zo kurengera ubwo burenganzira kuri Umma yose. 

 Kunegura 
CDHRI yanenzwe kuba yarashyizwe mu bikorwa n’ibihugu byinshi bifite politiki n’imigenzo itandukanye cyane by’amadini bari bafite "inyungu rusange mu kwambura intwaro mpuzamahanga kunenga uburenganzira bwabo mu gihugu."  Ingingo ya 24 y’iri tangazo igira iti: "Uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure byose biteganijwe muri iri tangazo bigengwa na Shariya ya Kisilamu." Ingingo ya 19 nayo igira iti: "Nta cyaha cyangwa igihano kizabaho keretse ibiteganijwe muri Shariya." 

CDHRI yanenzwe n’iburengerazuba kuba yarananiwe kwemerera Abayisilamu ubuhakanyi, nk "" uburenganzira bw’ibanze kandi budasuzuguritse ".  Mu itangazo ryanditse ryatanzwe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku bantu n’imyitwarire (IHEU), umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta mu rwego rw’ubujyanama bwihariye, Ishyirahamwe ry’uburezi ku isi (AWE) n’ishyirahamwe ry’abaturage ku isi (AWC), hagaragaye impungenge nyinshi zerekana ko CDHRI igabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwisanzure mu idini, n’ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo. Iri tangazo ryanzuye rivuga ko "Itangazo ry’i Cairo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Islamu bigaragara ko ari ukugerageza kugabanya uburenganzira buvugwa muri UDHR n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Ntabwo bushobora kubonwa ko bwuzuzanya n’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga." 

 2020 CDHRI 
Muri Nzeri 2008, mu kiganiro yagejeje ku Muryango w'Abibumbye, Ikigo cy’iperereza cyanditse ko CDHRI "ibangamira uburinganire bw’abantu n’ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekereCDHRI yavuguruwe mu 2020  kandi yemezwa ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2020 n'Inama y'Abaminisitiri y'Ububanyi n'Amahanga mu nama ya 47 yabereye i Niamey, muri Nijeriya .  Inyandiko ya 1990 yemeza ko shariya ya kisilamu ari yo soko yonyine, mu gihe verisiyo ya 2020 itabaza shariya.zo n’amadini ishyiraho amategeko abuza uburenganzira bwa muntu hafi ya bwose bushingiye ku mategeko ya Shariya ya Islamu." Ikirego cyabo no kunegura kwabo kwari gushingiye ku kuba barwanya kwinjiza "gusebya amadini" mu mategeko mpuzamahanga n’uburenganzira bwa muntu.  Rhona Smith yanditse ko, kubera CDHRI yerekeza kuri Shariya, bisobanura urwego rwihariye rwo hejuru rwabagabo. Rhona, Smith. Textbook on International Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 2003, , p. 195

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