Uburenganzira bw'umugabo

Intangiriro 
Uburenganzira bw'umugabo, cyangwa "Men’s Rights", ni igice cy'uburenganzira bwa muntu gishingiye ku burenganzira, inshingano, n'amahirwe abagabo bafite mu muryango, mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Nk’uko amategeko mpuzamahanga, imico, n’amateka byabigaragaje, abagabo bagira inshingano zinyuranye mu muryango n’ahandi, ariko hari igihe uburenganzira bwabo budahabwa agaciro cyangwa bukagorwa n’imyitwarire y’imiryango, leta, cyangwa sosiyete. Ubusanzwe, ibiganiro ku burenganzira bw’umugabo bifitanye isano no gusuzuma uburyo abagabo bahabwa amahirwe angana n’abandi mu nzego zose z’ubuzima, harimo uburenganzira bwo kwiga, gukora, kugira imibereho myiza, no kugira uruhare mu buyobozi bw’imiryango n’igihugu.

 Inkomoko n’Amateka 
Inkomoko y’inkuru ku burenganzira bw’umugabo ishobora gusurwa mu mateka y’ubuzima bw’abantu n’iterambere ry’imico n’amategeko. Mu bihugu byinshi by’uburasirazuba n’iby’uburengerazuba, abagabo bagize uruhare rukomeye mu buyobozi, mu mirimo, ndetse no mu muryango, ariko nubwo bagize ubushobozi n’imbaraga mu bikorwa bitandukanye, ntibahabwaga amahirwe angana mu bijyanye n’uburenganzira bw’umuntu wese mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.

Mu kinyejana cya 19 n’icya 20, hagaragaye impinduka zikomeye ku bijyanye n’imibereho y’abagabo, aho imibereho y’imiryango, intambara, ndetse n’ihindagurika ry’imyemerere y’umuco byagize ingaruka ku burenganzira bwabo. Aha, hakenewe kureba uburyo abagabo bahuye n’ibibazo bijyanye n’ubuzima, uburenganzira bwo gutura, uburenganzira bwo kurengera ubuzima bwabo, ndetse no guhabwa amahirwe angana mu mashuri n’akazi.

Mu mateka y’isi yose, abagabo bakunze kugaragarizwa imirimo ikomeye ndetse no guhatanira amahirwe mu rwego rw’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza, ariko hakiri igihe imiterere y’amategeko cyangwa imico yababuza kubona uburenganzira busesuye. Ibi byagaragaje ko nubwo abagabo bahabwa ubushobozi mu mirimo, hariho inzitizi ku burenganzira bwabo bwite, ndetse no mu bijyanye n’imibereho, ubuzima, n’imiryango.

 Iby’ingenzi by’Uburenganzira bw’Umugabo 
Uburenganzira bw’umugabo burimo ibintu byinshi bigamije kurengera no guteza imbere imibereho myiza y’abagabo, harimo:

 Uburenganzira ku buzima bwabo: Abagabo bafite uburenganzira bwo kubona serivisi z’ubuzima, kwivuza, no kurindwa indwara z’ibyorezo n’izindi. Hariho ikibazo cy’uko abagabo bashobora kutitabwaho bihagije ku buzima bwo mu mutwe, indwara z’ibitugu, ndetse no mu rwego rw’ihungabana.

 Uburenganzira bwo kwiga: Abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kwiga, ariko hari igihe abagabo bavanwa mu mashuri cyangwa bakajyanwa mu mirimo hakiri kare, bityo bagatakaza amahirwe yo kubona ubumenyi buhagije.

 Uburenganzira bwo gukora: Abagabo bafite uburenganzira bwo gukora no guhabwa amahirwe angana n’abandi mu kazi, ariko hari ibihugu cyangwa imiryango itabaha ubufasha bungana mu bijyanye n’imishahara, ibyangombwa by’akazi, n’uburenganzira bwo gucibwa cyangwa kwirukanwa mu buryo butubahirije amategeko.

 Uburenganzira mu muryango: Abagabo bafite uburenganzira bwo kwitabwaho mu muryango, mu burere bw’abana, mu gukemura amakimbirane, no mu burenganzira bwo kugira uruhare mu itegeko ry’imiryango.

 Uburenganzira bwo guhabwa imibereho myiza: Abagabo bagomba guhabwa amahirwe angana n’abandi mu rwego rw’imibereho myiza, birimo kubona ubushobozi bwo gutunga imiryango yabo, kubona ubwisungane mu buzima, ndetse no kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina.

 Impamvu Z’ingenzi Zo Kwita ku Burenganzira bw’Abagabo 
Hari impamvu nyinshi zituma uburenganzira bw’umugabo bugomba kwitabwaho:

 Kurwanya ihohoterwa n’akaga k’ubuzima: Abagabo bahura n’ibibazo byo kwicwa, guhohoterwa mu miryango, no guhangana n’indwara z’ihungabana.

 Guteza imbere imibereho myiza y’imiryango: Umugabo afite uruhare runini mu muryango, kandi kurengera uburenganzira bwe bituma imiryango iba myiza kandi ihamye.

 Kugira amahirwe angana n’abagore: Mu gihe twita ku burenganzira bw’abagabo n’abagore, tugera ku muryango n’igihugu byuzuye kandi bifite ubushobozi bwo gukorera hamwe mu buryo bw’uburinganire.

 Guhanga uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane: Kwita ku burenganzira bw’abagabo bituma habaho ibiganiro no gukemura amakimbirane mu muryango, mu kazi, no mu buzima busanzwe.

 Umwanzuro w’Intangiriro 
Intangiriro ku burenganzira bw’umugabo igaragaza ko abagabo, kimwe n’abandi bose, bafite uburenganzira busesuye bwo kugira imibereho myiza, uburenganzira bwo kwiga, gukora, no kurindwa ihohoterwa. Nubwo abagabo bahabwa inshingano nyinshi mu muryango no mu gihugu, hari igihe uburenganzira bwabo butubahirizwa cyangwa bukagorwa n’imiryango, leta, cyangwa sosiyete. Kumenya no gusuzuma uburenganzira bw’umugabo ni ingenzi kugira ngo habeho sosiyete yuzuye, itekanye, kandi itanga amahirwe angana ku bantu bose.

 Amategeko n’Uburenganzira bw’Umugabo 
Uburenganzira bw’umugabo bushingiye ku mategeko mpuzamahanga, ibihugu, n’imiryango y’ibanze. Mu rwego rw’amategeko, abagabo bafite uburenganzira busesuye bwo kwiga, gukora, kugira imibereho myiza, no kurindwa ihohoterwa, kimwe n’uburenganzira bwo kugira uruhare mu muryango no mu gihugu. Nubwo hari amategeko amwe atanga amahirwe angana ku bagabo n’abagore, hari ibihugu cyangwa imico bimwe na bimwe aho uburenganzira bw’umugabo bushobora kutubahirizwa cyangwa bukagorwa.

 Amategeko mpuzamahanga 
Amategeko mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu arengera abagabo kimwe n’abandi bose. Itegeko mpuzamahanga ry’ibanze ni **Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)** yashyizweho mu 1948, rikagena ko umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho, kwigenga, no kugira imibereho myiza. Uburenganzira bw’umugabo burimo:

 Uburenganzira bwo kubaho no kwirinda ihohoterwa 
 Uburenganzira bwo kwiga no kubona ubumenyi buhagije 
 Uburenganzira bwo gukora no guhabwa amahirwe angana n’abandi 

Ibyo amategeko mpuzamahanga byibanda ku gutanga amahirwe angana, kurengera imibereho myiza, no guhangana n’akaga kose gashobora guhungabanya ubuzima bw’umugabo.

 Amategeko y’igihugu 
Mu bihugu byinshi, amategeko y’igihugu arengera abagabo mu nzego zose z’imibereho. Ibi bikubiyemo:

 Uburenganzira bwo gukora: Amategeko y’umurimo arengera abagabo, harimo kugenerwa umushahara ungana n’uw’abandi, kurindwa gukurwaho ku kazi batabigizemo uruhare, no guhabwa ikiruhuko gikwiye.
 Uburenganzira mu muryango: Abagabo bafite uburenganzira bwo kwitabwaho mu muryango, kurera abana, no kugira uruhare mu byemezo by’ingenzi.
 Uburenganzira bwo kwiga: Mu mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu, abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kwiga no kubona ubumenyi buhagije, ariko hari igihe ibibazo by’ubukungu cyangwa imico bibabuza kubona ayo mahirwe.

Amategeko menshi arengera abagabo ku bijyanye no kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina. Ibi birimo ihohoterwa ryo mu miryango, ihohoterwa ryo ku kazi, n’iyicarubozo ry’ibindi bikorwa bibi bishobora guhungabanya imibereho yabo.

 Uburenganzira mu kazi 
Abagabo bafite uburenganzira bwo gukora no guhabwa amahirwe angana n’abandi mu kazi, harimo:

 Amahirwe angana mu guhabwa imishahara n’inyungu 
 Kurindwa guhezwa ku kazi bitewe n’ibitsina, imyaka, cyangwa imyemerere 
 Uburenganzira bwo gufata ikiruhuko, ikiruhuko cy’amavuko y’umwana, no kurindwa guhezwa kubera impamvu z’imiryango 

Nubwo amategeko abibemerera, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko abagabo benshi bakiriho ikibazo cyo kudahabwa uburenganzira buhagije bwo gufata ikiruhuko ku kazi cyangwa kwitabwaho ku buzima bwo mu mutwe.

 Uburenganzira ku buzima n’imibereho myiza 
Abagabo bafite uburenganzira bwo kubona serivisi z’ubuzima, harimo ubuvuzi bw’ibanze, ubuvuzi bw’indwara z’ihungabana, no gukingirwa indwara zitandukanye.

Imibereho myiza y’umugabo itegurwa no kurengera ubuzima bwe bw’umubiri n’ubw’umutwe, guhabwa amahirwe yo kwitabwaho mu miryango, no kurindwa ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina.

Ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho gahunda zo gukangurira abagabo kwita ku buzima bwabo bwo mu mutwe, kurwanya ihungabana, no gutanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi zihuse.

 Uburenganzira bwo kwiga 
Amategeko mpuzamahanga n’ayo mu bihugu byinshi arengera abagabo mu kubona ubumenyi buhagije. Ibi birimo:

 Kwiga amashuri abanza, ayisumbuye, na kaminuza 
 Amahirwe yo kwiga imyuga n’ubumenyi bwihariye 
 Kwitabwaho ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’abanyeshuri n’ubuvuzi bwihariye 

Nubwo amategeko abemerera aya mahirwe, imibare igaragaza ko abagabo bamwe bahura n’imbogamizi zishingiye ku bukungu, imyitwarire y’imiryango, cyangwa imico itabemerera kugera ku burezi buhagije.

 Uburenganzira mu muryango n’amategeko y’imiryango 
Abagabo bafite uruhare mu byemezo by’ingenzi mu muryango harimo:

 Gushyingirwa n’uruhare mu byemezo byo kubyara 
 Kurera abana no kugira uburenganzira mu byemezo byabo 
 Gutandukana n’umugore (divorce rights) n’uruhare mu gusaranganya umutungo 

Mu mategeko menshi, abagabo bafite amahirwe angana mu byemezo by’imiryango, ariko hari ibihugu aho amategeko atubahiriza uburenganzira bwabo mu guhabwa uburere bw’abana cyangwa gusaranganya umutungo.

 Umwanzuro w’Igice cy’Amategeko n’Uburenganzira 
Amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu n’ayo mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bw’umugabo mu nzego zose z’ubuzima. Uburenganzira bwabo burimo: gukora, kwiga, kugira imibereho myiza, no kurindwa ihohoterwa. Nubwo amategeko ariho, hagikenewe gukangurira sosiyete, leta, n’imiryango gushyira mu bikorwa uburenganzira bw’umugabo mu buryo bwuzuye kandi bwimbitse.

 Imibare n’Ibipimo (Statistics and Indicators) 
Mu rwego rwo gusobanukirwa neza uburenganzira bw’umugabo, ni ngombwa kureba imibare n’ibipimo bigaragaza uko abagabo babona amahirwe mu nzego zitandukanye z’imibereho. Imibare igaragaza uko abagabo bahabwa amahirwe mu burezi, akazi, ubuzima, ndetse n’ihohoterwa, ku isi hose no mu Rwanda.

 Uburenganzira bw’Umugabo mu Burezi 
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Uburezi (UNESCO) bubigaragaza, ku isi hose abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri abanza ku kigero cya 91%, amashuri ayisumbuye ku kigero cya 85%, na kaminuza ku kigero cya 43%.
+Urwego rw’uburezi ku bagabo ku isiUrwego% AbagaboAmashuri abanza91%Amashuri ayisumbuye85%Kaminuza43%
Mu Rwanda, abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kwiga amashuri abanza ku gipimo cya 97%, amashuri ayisumbuye ku gipimo cya 78%, na kaminuza ku gipimo cya 33%.
+Uburenganzira bw’abagabo mu burezi mu RwandaUrwego% AbagaboAmashuri abanza97%Amashuri ayisumbuye78%Kaminuza33%

 Uburenganzira bw’Umugabo mu Kazi 
Mu bijyanye n’akazi, ubushakashatsi bw’Ikigo Mpuzamahanga cy’Umurimo (ILO) bwerekana ko ku isi abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kubona akazi ku gipimo cya 75%, ariko bafite ikibazo cy’ubushomeri ku kigero cya 6.8%.
+Umugabo mu kazi ku isiIgipimo%Gushaka akazi75%Ubushomeri6.8%
Mu Rwanda, abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kubona akazi ku gipimo cya 72%, mu gihe ubushomeri bwabo bungana na 7.2%.

 Uburenganzira bw’Umugabo mu Buzima 
Ku bijyanye n’ubuzima, abagabo ku isi bafite amahirwe yo kubona serivisi z’ubuzima ku gipimo cya 88%, ariko hari aho ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abagabo batitabwaho mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.
+Uburenganzira bw’abagabo ku buzimaIgipimo%Serivisi z’ubuzima88%Kwinjira mu buvuzi bwo mu mutwe40%
Mu Rwanda, abagabo bafite amahirwe yo kubona serivisi z’ubuzima ku gipimo cya 82%, ariko kubona ubuvuzi bw’indwara zo mu mutwe bigera ku 35%.

 Uburenganzira bw’Umugabo ku Ihohoterwa 
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bw’ISHAMI rya WHO bubigaragaza, ku isi abagabo 1 kuri 5 bahura n’ihohoterwa ryo mu miryango cyangwa ku kazi.
+Ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagabo ku isiUbwoko bw’ihohoterwa% AbagaboIhohoterwa ryo mu miryango20%Ihohoterwa ku kazi15%
Mu Rwanda, ubushakashatsi bwa NISR bwerekana ko 18% by’abagabo bahuye n’ihohoterwa mu miryango, naho 12% bahuye n’ihohoterwa ku kazi.

 Imibare y’Uburezi, Akazi, Ubuzima, n’Ihohoterwa mu Mbonerahamwe Yombi 
+Ikigereranyo cy’uburenganzira bw’abagabo ku isi n’u RwandaIgipimoKu isi (%)Mu Rwanda (%)Amashuri abanza91%97%Amashuri ayisumbuye85%78%Kaminuza43%33%Akazi75%72%Ubushomeri6.8%7.2%Serivisi z’ubuzima88%82%Kwinjira mu buvuzi bwo mu mutwe40%35%Ihohoterwa ryo mu miryango20%18%Ihohoterwa ku kazi15%12%

 Umwanzuro 
Imibare n’ibipimo bigaragaza ko abagabo ku isi hose n’u Rwanda bafite amahirwe yo kwiga, kubona akazi, no kubona serivisi z’ubuzima, ariko hakiriho icyuho mu bijyanye n’ubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe, amahirwe ku mashuri yisumbuye n’ayisumbuye cyane, ndetse n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagabo.

Uko imibare igenda ihinduka, biragaragara ko hakenewe ingamba zihamye zo kongera amahirwe ku bagabo, kurengera uburenganzira bwabo, no kugabanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagabo mu muryango no ku kazi.

 Ibibazo n’Imbogamizi (Challenges and Barriers) 
Abagabo bahura n’imbogamizi nyinshi mu kubona no kubahirizwa kw’uburenganzira bwabo, bishingiye ku mico, imitegekere y’imiryango, amategeko, n’imyumvire ya sosiyete.

 Imbogamizi zishingiye ku muryango n’imico 
Mu muryango, abagabo bashobora guhura n’imbogamizi zo kudahabwa uburere bw’abana, cyangwa gukemura amakimbirane mu buryo budakwiye bitewe n’imico yaho.

Imico imwe n’imwe ishobora gutuma abagabo batitabwaho mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, guhangana n’ihohoterwa, no kubona amahirwe angana mu mashuri n’akazi.

 Imbogamizi zishingiye ku mategeko 
Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, amategeko ntahabwa agaciro bihagije ku burenganzira bw’abagabo. Ibi birimo: kudahabwa uburere bw’abana mu gihe cyo gutandukana n’umugore, kutitabwaho mu bijyanye n’ubuvuzi bwo mu mutwe, no kutabona amahirwe angana mu kazi.

 Imbogamizi zishingiye ku sosiyete n’imiryango 
Sosiyete imwe n’imwe igaragaza imyumvire ko abagabo bakwiye kwihanganira ibibazo ku giti cyabo, bituma batabaza cyangwa batabona ubufasha mu gihe bahuye n’ihohoterwa, indwara z’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, cyangwa ikibazo cyo kudahabwa amahirwe angana.

 Ibyemezo n’Inama (Recommendations) 
Kugira ngo uburenganzira bw’umugabo bubahirizwe mu buryo bwuzuye, hakenewe ingamba zihamye mu nzego zose.

 Gushyiraho amategeko arengera abagabo mu muryango, akazi, no mu burezi.
 Kongera amahirwe y’uburezi ku bagabo, by’umwihariko amashuri ayisumbuye na kaminuza.
 Gushyiraho gahunda zo kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagabo no gutanga ubufasha bwihuse.
 Gutanga ubufasha mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe, harimo kwigisha abagabo gusaba ubufasha no gutanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi zihuse.
 Gukangurira sosiyete guhindura imyumvire ivangura, hagamijwe gutanga amahirwe angana ku bagabo n’abagore.

 Umwanzuro (Conclusion) 
Uburenganzira bw’umugabo ni ingenzi mu guteza imbere sosiyete itanga amahirwe angana ku bantu bose, ikarengera imibereho myiza y’abagabo mu muryango, ku kazi, no mu burezi.

Nubwo amategeko mpuzamahanga n’ay’ibihugu amwe arengera abagabo, hakiri imbogamizi zishingiye ku mico, amategeko, n’imiryango. Kugira ngo hakemurwe izi mbogamizi, hakenewe ingamba zifatika zirimo amategeko, gahunda zo kwigisha sosiyete, gahunda z’uburezi, gahunda z’ubuzima, ndetse no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagabo.

Gushyira mu bikorwa izi ngamba bizafasha mu kugera ku sosiyete yuzuye, itekanye, kandi itanga amahirwe angana ku bagabo n’abagore bose.

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