Uburenganzira bw’Abaturage (Civil Liberties)

Uburenganzira bw'abaturage ni uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bw'ibanze buri ku rwego rw’umuntu, aho leta yemera kutabuhungabanya, haba binyuze mu Itegeko Nshinga, amategeko asanzwe, cyangwa ibisobanuro by’imanza, kandi hatabayeho gukurikiza amategeko agenga imikorere y’ubutabera.Mill, J.S. (1859). On Liberty. Project Gutenberg.Hayek, F.A. (1944). The Road to Serfdom. Internet Archive.

Buri gihugu kigira uburyo bwacyo bwo gusobanura uburenganzira bw’abaturage, ariko akenshi harimo:

 Ubwisanzure bw’umutima n’imyemerere (freedom of conscience and religion)
 Ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga no gutanga ibitekerezo (freedom of expression, freedom of speech)
 Ubwisanzure bwo gutanga amakuru n’itangazamakuru (freedom of the press)
 Ubwisanzure bwo guteranira hamwe (freedom of assembly)
 Uburenganzira ku mutekano w’umuntu n’ubwigenge bwite (personal security and liberty)
 Uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza n’uburenganzira bwo kuba umuntu wubaha amategeko (right to life and due process)
 Uburenganzira ku mutungo n’uburenganzira bwo kwirwanaho (property rights and self-defense)Rand, A. (1957). Atlas Shrugged. Ayn Rand Institute.Paul, R. (2007). The Revolution: A Manifesto. Ron Paul Institute.

 Inyito Rusange n’Amateka 
Uburenganzira bw’abaturage bushobora kugaragarira mu Itegeko Nshinga, ibikubiye mu mategeko y’ibanze, cyangwa mu masezerano mpuzamahanga nka:

 European Convention on Human RightsCouncil of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe.
 International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsUnited Nations. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. OHCHR.

Igitekerezo cya civil liberties gishobora gusubizwa inyuma kugeza ku Itegeko rya Magna Carta ryashyizweho mu Bwongereza muri 1215, rikaba ryari ishingiro ry’uburenganzira bw’abaturage n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze.British Library. (1215). Magna Carta.

Uburenganzira bw’abaturage buracyari ikibazo mu bihugu byinshi bitewe n’ingaruka z’intambara, iterabwoba, n’icyemezo cyo gusubika uburenganzira bwihariye mu bihe byihutirwa.UN Human Rights Office. (2020). Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism. OHCHR.

 Uburenganzira bw’Abaturage mu Bihugu Bitandukanye 

 Ubushinwa 
Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa rirengera uburenganzira bw’abaturage ku rwego runaka, cyane cyane Ingingo z’Iburenganzira n’Inshingano z’Abaturage. Ariko, mu bikorwa bya politiki, leta ikoresha amategeko yiswe "subversion of state power" na "protection of state secrets" mu gufunga abagaragaje ibitekerezo bibangamiye ishyaka rya Communist Party n’abayobozi b’igihugu.Constitution of the People's Republic of China. (1982). Constitution of PRC. National People's Congress.Human Rights Watch. (2023). China: Events of 2023. HRW.

 Ubuhinde 
Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuhinde (Part III) rirengera uburenganzira bw’ibanze (Fundamental Rights) burimo uburinganire, ubwigenge, uburenganzira bwo kurengera umutungo, ubwisanzure bw’iyobokamana, n’uburenganzira ku bucuruzi n’uburezi.Government of India. (1950). Fundamental Rights, Constitution of India. Legislative Department.

 Ibi birenganzira byubahirizwa n’ubutabera, kandi umuntu wese, atitaye ku idini, ubwoko, igitsina, cyangwa inkomoko, ashobora gusaba inkiko nkuru (High Court cyangwa Supreme Court) kubirengera, harimo no gukoresha "public interest litigation".Shah, S. (2018). Public Interest Litigation in India. Legal Service India.

 Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuhinde ritekereza ko uburenganzira bwo kuvuga, guteranira hamwe, no gutura busabwa kubahirizwa n’abaturage gusa, naho uburenganzira bwo kwaka akazi no kurengera uburenganzira bwose bugomba kubahirizwa n’abaturage bose.Government of India. (1950). Fundamental Rights, Constitution of India.

 Ubuyapani 
Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuyapani rya 1947, rizwi nka "Postwar Constitution" cyangwa "Peace Constitution", rirengera uburenganzira bw’abaturage cyane mu bice 10–40, harimo n’Ingingo ya 25 ishyiraho uburenganzira bwo kugira imibereho iboneye.Constitution of Japan. (1947). Constitution of Japan. Government of Japan.

 Uburyo bwo kubahiriza ubu burenganzira bwagaragajwe mu mategeko yo guha abagore n’abagabo amahirwe angana mu kazi (Equal Opportunity in Employment Law, 1985) ndetse no kwemerera Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri 1979.Matsui, S. (2015). Human Rights in Japan. The Japan Focus.

 Ariko, hari ibibazo birimo gukorerwa abana, abatishoboye, abagore, abanyamahanga, n’abantu bafite ubumuga, bikagaragara mu bushakashatsi bw’abagize uruhare mu kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu.Human Rights Watch. (2022). Japan: Human Rights Report. HRW.

 References