Uburenganzira karemano n’uburenganzira bw’amategeko

Uburenganzira karemano n’uburenganzira bw’amategeko ni ibitekerezo bibiri by’ingenzi mu mategeko n’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bamwe mu batekereza ku mategeko n’uburenganzira batangaza ko hariho ubwoko bubiri bw’uburenganzira: uburenganzira karemano (natural rights) n’ uburenganzira bw’amategeko (legal rights).Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2020). Natural Rights. Stanford University.

 Uburenganzira Karemano 
Uburenganzira karemano ni uburenganzira umuntu afite atari ukubwe ku mategeko cyangwa imigenzo y’umuco runaka cyangwa leta. Ni uburenganzira buhoraho, bw’ingenzi, kandi budashobora guhabwa cyangwa gukurwaho n’abantu. Nubwo amategeko ashobora kutubahiriza, umuntu ashobora kubuhomba bitewe n’imyitwarire ye, urugero nko guhonyora uburenganzira bw’undi.United Nations Human Rights Office. (n.d.). Human Rights as Natural Rights. OHCHR.

 Uburenganzira karemano bwagaragaye bwa mbere mu mitekerereze ya kera ya Grèce, bukavugwa na filozofe w’Umurayi Cicero, bukomezwa na Saint Paul, hanyuma bukagarukwaho n’abafilozofe ba gikatolika mu gihe cy’Abanyamuryango b’Abakoloni n’Abahanga nka Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, na Jean Gerson.Gerson, J. (1402). De Vita Spirituali Animae. Jean Gerson 1402.

 Mu gihe cy’Age of Enlightenment, uburenganzira karemano bwakoreshwaga mu guhangana n’uburenganzira bwa kera bw’abami (divine right of kings), ndetse bukoreshwa nk’uburyo bwo gushyigikira amasezerano y’imibereho, amategeko yemewe, n’ubuyobozi.Pangle, T. (2002). Enlightenment and Natural Rights. Cambridge University Press.

 Uburenganzira bw’Amategeko 
Uburenganzira bw’amategeko ni uburenganzira umuntu ahabwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’amategeko runaka. Ubu burenganzira bushobora guhinduka, gukurwaho cyangwa kugenzurwa n’amategeko y’abantu. Ibi bihuza n’icyitwa amategeko yemewe (positive law).Hart, H.L.A. (1994). Concept of Law. Oxford University Press.

 Mu buryo bw’ibanze, amategeko agenga uburenganzira bw’amategeko aharanira ko abaturage bubahiriza amategeko y’igihugu, kandi akagaragaza uburyo uburenganzira bw’umuntu bushobora kugenzurwa n’inzego za leta.

 Uburyo Uburenganzira Karemano Bwahuye n’Uburenganzira bw’Amategeko 

 Ibitekerezo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu bishingiye ku burenganzira karemano.United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN.
 Abatekinisiye bamwe bavuga ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira karemano, ahubwo uburenganzira bwa muntu bukaba ari  ubusimbura bw’uburenganzira karemano budaterwa n’amategeko karemano cyangwa inyigisho za gikirisitu.Finnis, J. (2011). Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford University Press.

 Amateka y’Uburenganzira Karemano 
Uburenganzira karemano bufite inkomoko mu mitekerereze ya kera kandi bukomeje kugira uruhare mu mategeko n’uburenganzira bwa muntu kugeza n’ubu.

 Igihe cya kera: Stoics n’Abanyamuryango ba Zoroastrian 

 Abanyastois bigishaga ko nta muntu wavutse ari umugaragu, ahubwo ubwigenge bw’imbere mu muntu (sui juris) buba budashobora gufatirwa cyangwa kugirirwa nabi.Carlyle, A.J. (1890). Stoic Philosophy and Natural Rights. Archive.org.
 Idini rya Zoroastrian ryigishaga ko abaturage bafite uburenganzira karemano bwo kuyobora neza igihugu no kwanga abayobozi babi.Kinzer, S. (2005). All The Shah's Men. The New York Times.

 Igihe cya Roma n’Abafilozofe ba Gikirisitu 

 Filozofe w’Umurayi Cicero yavuze ko abantu bavukana uburenganzira bwo kubaho mu butabera, kandi ko amategeko ya muntu atabushobora gukuraho.Cicero, M.T. (45 BCE). De Legibus. Perseus Digital Library.
 Saint Paul na filozofe ba gikatolika mu kinyejana cya 14-15 barateje imbere igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano, bahuriza ku mahame y’ubutabera n’ubwigenge.Aquinas, T., & Gerson, J. (1402). De Vita Spirituali Animae. Google Books.

 Igihe cy’Ubwenge (Age of Enlightenment) 

 Abafilozofe nka John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, na Thomas Jefferson bakoreshaga igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano mu guhangana n’ubutegetsi bw’abami, kandi bagashyigikira ihame ry’amasezerano y’imibereho (social contract).Locke, J. (1689). Two Treatises of Government. Project Gutenberg.
 Mu gihe cy’ubwigenge bw’Amerika, Thomas Jefferson yagaragaje ko abantu bose bavukana uburenganzira budashobora gukurwaho: ubuzima, ubwigenge, no gushaka ibyishimo (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness).United States. (1776). United States Declaration of Independence. National Archives.

 19th-20th Century: Impaka n’Imyanzuro 

 Francis Hutcheson yatanze itandukaniro hagati y’uburenganzira bushobora kugurishwa (alienable) n’ubudashobora kugurishwa (unalienable), aho ashyira imbere inyungu rusange mu miyoborere.Hutcheson, F. (1725). Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. Google Books.
 Jeremy Bentham na Edmund Burke banenzaga igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano, bavuga ko uburenganzira buterwa n’amategeko cyangwa umuco.Bentham, J. (1791). Bentham on Natural Rights. Liberty Fund.
 Mu gihe kimwe, abashinze ubwigenge bwa Amerika babona uburenganzira budashobora kugurishwa nk’iby’ibanze by’ihame ry’ubutegetsi n’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.Jefferson, T. (1776). United States Declaration of Independence. National Archives.

 Filozofe n’Abategetsi Bagaragaje Uburenganzira Karemano 
Uburenganzira karemano bwagiye burushaho gusobanurwa no guhabwa agaciro n’abafilozofe, abategetsi, n’abanditsi b’amateka mu bihe bitandukanye.

 John Locke (1632–1704) 

 Locke yashyize imbere ibitekerezo by'uburenganzira bw’ibanze: ubuzima, ubwigenge, n’umutungo (property) nk’uburenganzira karemano budashobora kwangirika n’amategeko. Yagize uruhare mu gushimangira ihame rya social contract n’uburenganzira bwo kurwanira ubwigenge.Locke, J. (1689). Two Treatises of Government. Project Gutenberg.

 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) 

 Rousseau yavuze ko uburenganzira karemano ari bwo bushingiye ku masezerano y’imibereho (social contract), aho abaturage batanga uburenganzira bwabo ku buyobozi kugira ngo barindwe no kurengera amahame y’ubutabera.Rousseau, J.J. (1762). The Social Contract. Project Gutenberg.

 Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) 

 Mu Iteka rya Amerika ry’Ubwigenge (1776), Jefferson yashyize imbere uburenganzira budashobora kugurishwa: ubuzima, ubwigenge, no gushaka ibyishimo (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness).United States. (1776). United States Declaration of Independence. National Archives.

 Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746) 

 Hutcheson yakoze itandukaniro ry’uburenganzira bushobora kugurishwa n’ubudashobora kugurishwa, agaragaza ko uburenganzira budashobora kugurishwa ari ingenzi mu miyoborere n’ubutabera.Hutcheson, F. (1725). Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. Google Books.

 Thomas Hobbes na Social Contract 
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) yatanze igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira karemano mu bitekerezo bye ku mategeko n’ubutegetsi, agashimangira ko abantu bavukana uburenganzira bwo gukoresha imbaraga zabo kugira ngo barinde ubuzima bwabo.

 Uburenganzira karemano bwa Hobbes 

 Hobbes yavuze ko mu state of nature, uburenganzira karemano bwa muntu bwuzuye, bukaba bushobora kugera ku mubiri w’undi muntu, bigatuma habaho intambara ya bose kuri bose (war of all against all).Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. Project Gutenberg.
 Kubera iyi mpamvu, abantu bemera gutanga uburenganzira bwinshi ku buyobozi bwa leta kugira ngo habeho amahoro n’umutekano, ari byo byaje kuba ishingiro rya **social contract theory**.Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. Project Gutenberg.

 Itandukaniro hagati y’amategeko n’uburenganzira 

 Hobbes yashimangiye ko amategeko (lex) atandukanye n’uburenganzira (jus). Amategeko agenga inshingano, mu gihe uburenganzira bugaragaza kubura inshingano, kandi umuntu ntashobora gukurikiza amategeko karemano adafite ubuyobozi bukomeye.Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. Project Gutenberg.

 Umusaruro w’ibitekerezo bya Hobbes 

 Igitekerezo cya Hobbes cyatumye habaho **guhanga sosiyete y’ubutegetsi bwemewe n’amategeko**, aho abantu basaranganya uburenganzira bwabo karemano mu nyungu rusange, bituma habaho amahoro, umutekano, n’imiyoborere yemewe.Tuck, R. (1989). Hobbes and the Modern State. Cambridge University Press.

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