Ghadames

Ghadames, n'umujyi wa Oasis mu karere ka Nalut  mu karere ka Tripolitania ukaba uherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Libiya. .

Ghadames, uzwi ku izina ry'isaro ryo mu butayu, uhagarara muri oasisi. Ni umwe mu mijyi ya kera yabanjirije Sahara kandi ni urugero rwiza rwo gutura gakondo. Imyubakire y'imbere mu gihugu irangwa no kugabana ibikorwa bihagaritse hasi ikoreshwa mu bubiko,igorofa ya mbere ni iy'umuryango, hejuru y'inzira zitwikiriye zirema hafi ya rezo yo munsi y'ubutaka bw'inzira nyabagendwa; kandi, hejuru, amaterasi y'indinganire yagenewe abagore. 

 Ubumenyi bw'isi 
Ghadames ireshya hafi  mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Tripoli, hafi y'umupaka wa Alijeriya na Tuniziya. Ghadames ihana imbibi n'intara ya Illizi, Alijeriya na Guverineri wa Tataouine, Tuniziya.

Oasisi ituwe n'abaturage bagera ku 10,000,cyane Berber . Igice cya kera cy'umujyi kizengurutswe n'urukuta rw'umujyi, cyatangajwe ko ari umurage w'isi wa UNESCO. Buri miryango irindwi yahoze ituye muri kariya gace k'umujyi yari ifite akarere kayo, buriwese ukaba wari ufite ahantu rusange hashobora kubera ibirori.

 Amateka 
Hasabwe ko hashingiwe ku bimenyetso by'ubucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo, ko ako gace katuwe kuva mu kinyagihumbi cya 4 mbere ya Yesu, kandi ko ari kamwe mu turere twa cyera cyane mbere ya Sahara. Ibihe byacyo hafi y'isoko y'amazi hagati y'ubutayu byari kuba ahantu h'ingenzi ku bantu bose bashaka gutura muri kariya gace.

Inyandiko za mbere zanditswe zivuga kuri Ghadames zanditswe mu gihe cy’Abaroma, igihe gutura kwari kuzwi nka Cydamus, aho Ghadames ya none yakomotse ku izina ryayo. Mu kinyejana cya mbere ya Yesu, umutware w’Abaroma Lucius Cornelius Balbus yateye Cydamus ku ngoma y'umwami  Augustus . z’Abaroma zashinzwe ku ngoma ya Septimiyo Severus, kandi umwami w'abami ashobora kuba yarasuye uwo mudugudu ahagana mu mwaka wa 202 nyuma ya Yesu.

Mu kinyejana cya 6,abaturage bamaze guhinduka abakirisitu n'abamisiyonari ba Byzantine . Yabaye igihome gikomeye cy'ubuyobe bwa Donatiste kugeza igihe yigaruriwe n'Abarabu b'Abayisilamu .

Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 7,Ghadames yategekwaga n'abarabu b'Abayisilamu. Abaturage bahise bahindukirira Islam kandi Ghadames bagize uruhare runini nk'ishingiro ry'ubucuruzi bwambukiranya muri Sahara kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19.

Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'isi mu kinyejana cya 12 Abu Hamid al-Gharnati yashyizemo Ghadam mu bihugu bya Sudani (ni ukuvuga ibihugu by'abirabura), hypothesis Saad ibona ko bishoboka, kubera ko Ghadamis yahoraga ifite abimukira bamuhagarariraga ITimbuktu .

Ghadamis wari umujyi ukomeye mu bucuruzi bw'abacakara ba Sahara . 

 Etymology 
Imyitwarire y'izina Ghadames ifitanye isano rya hafi n'inkomoko y'abasangwabutaka. iri zina ryakomotse ku moko yo mu bwoko bwa Garamantes ya kera, na bo ubwabo bakomoka kuri Tehenu  abaturage ba kera bo muri Libiya ndetse n'abaturage ba mbere batuye ku nkombe za Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, kuva muri Maroc kugera i Levant (mbere yuko abateye binjira mu karere). Dazaga-Annaga-Tedaga n'izina ryabo rya kera ni Gara-umuryango wa Garamantes witwaga Tedamansi. Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'isi mu Bugereki Ptolémée yasanze ubwoko bwa Tedamansi hagati y'uturere twa Tripolitania na Fezzan, agaragaza ko bahari muri ako gace kazahinduka Ghadames. Izina Tedamansi ryangijwe n’Abaroma cyangwa Abadage bateye kugira ngo bakore izina Cydamus, ari naryo ryahaye izina Ghadames. Ijambo Amazagh  rikomoka kuri Toubou, aho risobanura " abantu " naho " zagh " risobanura " inkambi ." Mu mvugo ya Toubou Dazaga, ibi bisobanurwa mu buryo butaziguye “abantu-bakambitse ,” mu gihe mu mvugo ya Toubou Tedaga bigaragara ko ari Zaghna ( zagh = inkambi, na = abantu ), bisobanura kandi ijambo “ abantu-nkambi ” kandi aya magambo yavuzwe mu bwami bwa Kanem-Borno bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya 7 nk'uko byavuzwe na Palmer. 

 1900s - ubungubu 
Mu Kwakira 1911, nyuma gato y'intambara yo mu Butaliyani na Turukiya, Ghadames yigaruriwe n'abasirikare b'Abataliyani bavaga ITripoli. Icyakora Ubutaliyani bwafashe uyu mujyi bwahagaritswe inshuro nyinshi kugeza muri Kamena 1915, igihe umujenerali wazamutse muri Libiya yose yatumaga abapolisi bo mu Butaliyani basubira I Ghadames berekeza mu gihome cya Tripoli. Kugenzura neza umujyi byagarutsweho mu Kuboza 1918, ariko kwigomeka muri Fezzan  byatumye Ghadames y'ihutirwa kugeza mu 1923.

Mu mwaka wi 1943, ingabo z’Abafaransa zigenga zigaruriye Ghadames n’akarere kayikikije mu majyepfo y’icyahoze ari ubukoloni bw’Ubutaliyani bwa Libiya, zishyiraho Intara ya gisirikare ya Fezzan-Ghadames kugeza igihe Libiya yigengaga mu mwaka wi 1951. Ghadames yagizwe umurwa mukuru w’icyo gihe.

Mu mwaka wa 70, guverinoma yubatse amazu mashya hanze y’umujyi wa kera. nyamara, abaturage benshi basubira mu gice cya cyera cyumujyi mu gihe cy'izuba, kuko imyubakire yacyo itanga uburinzi bwiza k'ubushyuhe.

Muri icyo gihe, umuyobozi Moustapha Akkad yahisemo Ghadames nk'ahantu hafatirwa amashusho y’imbere mu mujyi wa Medina muri the message na filime y’ikinamico y’ubuyisilamu.

Mu ntambara yo muri Libiya , ingabo z'inama y'inzibacyuho zinjiye muri uyu mujyi ku ya 30 Kanama 2011,  yari yagoswe n'ingabo za NTC kuva amakimbirane yatangira. Kugeza mu 2011, umujyi wagenzurwaga n'ingabo zigenga za Tuareg. Nyuma yo gufatwa n’ingabo z’igihugu cya Libiya, umuryango wa Tuareg wose wahatiwe guhunga mu gikorwa cyo guhanagura amoko.  https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-138

 Amashakiro 
Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations