Afro-Germans

Abadage-Abadage ( German   ) cyangw'Abadage b'Abirabura ( German   ) nabaturage b'Abadage bafitinkomoko ikomoka mumokoyose y'abirabura yomur'Afurika .

Imijyi nka Hamburg na Frankfurt, yahoze arahantu haninihatuwe n’abantu benshi nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose n’abimukira baherutse, ifite imiryango myinshi y’Abadage n’Abanyafrika. Hamwe n’ubucuruzi n’abimukira banone, imiryango nka Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich, na Cologne ifite umubare ugenda wiyongera w’Abadage b’Abanyafrika. Ibarura ry’Abadage ntirikoresha ubwoko nk’icyiciro.  Umubare w’abantu "bafite amateka maremare y’abimukira" ( mit Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn, bivuze kobafite niburanyogokuru umwewavukiye hanze y’Ubudage), bivugwa ko barenga miliyoni 1.000.000.  Umuryango Schwarzer Deutscher (“Abirabura b’Abadage Initiative”) uvugako Abadage bosebafite inkomoko mur' Afurika barenga miliyoni 1.000.000. 
Nimero Umujyi Umubare (igiteranyo) Ibihugu bibiri bikomeye bikomoka muri Afurika 1 I Berlin 115.000 Nijeriya na Gana 2 Hamburg 55,500 Gana na Nijeriya 3 Kolone 30,000 Maroke na Nijeriya 4 Munich 26,500 Nijeriya na Etiyopiya 5 Frankfurt am Main 23.100 Maroke na Eritereya 6 Bremen 20,500 Gana na Nijeriya 7 Düsseldorf 19.200 Maroke na Nijeriya 8 Hanover 18,700 Gana na Nijeriya 9 Stuttgart 18,400 Nijeriya na Misiri 10 Dortmund 17,900 Maroke na Gana 11 Essen 17,300 Kameruni na Nijeriya 12 Nuremberg 16,800 Etiyopiya na Eritereya 13 Braunschweig 15,300 Tuniziya na Kameruni 14 Mannheim 15,200 Eritereya na Maroc 15 Duisburg 14,700 Nijeriya na Eritereya 16 Bonn 14,500 Maroke na Tuniziya 17 Karlsruhe 13.600 Eritereya na Maroc 18 Kiel 13,400 Gana na Nijeriya 19 Bochum 13,400 Gana na Kameruni 20 Wiesbaden 12,800 Maroke na Eritereya 21 Aachen 12,200 Maroke na Nijeriya
alt=Distribution of Africans in Germany.|thumb|Abanyafurika mu Budage
Murirusange, nibura abantu 711 000 bafitinkomoko mur'Afurika yomuri Subsharan.

 Amateka 

 Imibanire y'Abanyafurika n'Abadage kuva mu 1600 kugeza mu mpera za 1800 
Mu myaka ya 1720, Anton Wilhelm Amo wavukiye muri Gana yatewinkunga n'umutware w'Umudage kugira ngo abe Umunyafurika wa mbere wize kaminuza y'i Burayi; amaze kurangiza amasomo ye, yigishaga kandi yandika muri filozofiya .  Nyuma, Abanyafurika bazanywe nk'abacakara baturutse ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika aho imirima myinshi y'Abadage yashinzwe, cyane cyane ku Nkombe ya Zahabu . Nyumay'aho Umwami Friedrich Wilhelm wa I wa Prussia agurishije imirima ye ya Ghana Groß Friedrichsburg muri Afurika mu 1717, aho abantu bageraku 30.000 bari baragurishijwe muri Dutch East India Company, ba nyirayo bashya bategetswe n'amasezerano yo "kohereza abahungu 12 b'abirabura, batandatu muribobari bambaye iminyururu ya zahabu," kumwami. Abana b'abacakara bajyanywe i Potsdam na Berlin. 

 Imibanire y'Abanyafurika n'Abadage hagati ya 1884 na 1945 
Munama yabereye i Berlin muri Kongo mu 1884, yitabiriwe n'ibihugu bikomeye byose by'icyo gihe, ibihugu by'i Burayi byagabanyije Afurika mo ibice by'ingenzi byagenzuraga. Ubudage bwagenzuraga koloni mukarere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika na Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, aho Abanyafurika benshi bimukiye mu Budage bwa mbere. Ubudage bwashyizeho inzobere mu miyoborere n'ubukungu by'abakoloni, kandi urubyiruko rwinshi rw'Abanyafurika rwagiye mu Budage kwigishwa. Bamwe bahawe amashuri makuru mumashuri na za kaminuza z'Abadage, ariko abenshi bahuguwe mubigo by'amahugurwa y'ubutumwa n'amahugurwa y'abakoloni nk'abayobozi cyangwa abarimu b'ubutumwa bw'imbere mugihugu. Abanyafurika bakunzekuba abasemuzi b'indimi nyafurika mubigo by'ubushakashatsi by'Abadage n'Abanyafurika, ndetseno mu buyobozi bw'abakoloni. Abandi bimukiye mu Budage nk'abahoze ari abasirikare bashinzwe kurinda Abadage, Askari . [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">Icyitonderwa kirakenewe</span> ]

Akarere ka Afrikanisches Viertel ka Berlin nako numurage w’igihe cy’ubukoloni, ahwimihanda myinshi n’ibibuga by’amakuru byitiriwe ibihugu n’ahantu bifitanye isano n’ubwami bw’Abadage bwakolonijwe. Ubuniho harigice kinini cy’abaturage b’i Berlin bafitumurage w’Abanyafurika.

Abashakanye b’amoko atandukanye bomuturere twa koloni bashyizwemo igitutu gikomeye mu bukangurambaga bwo kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye kugitsina, birimogutesha agaciro ishyingiranwa, gutangaza ko abana b’amoko atandukanye aribirarane, nokubambura ubwenegihugu bw’Ubudage.  Mugihe cy’itsembatsemba ry’Abanama mu 1907 n’Ubudage, umuyobozi w’Abadage ushinzwe ibibazo by’ubukoloni, Bernhard Dernburg, yavuzeko "amwe mu moko kavukire, kimwe n’inyamaswa zimwenazimwe, agomba kurimburwa".  

 Repubulika ya Weimar 
Mugihe cy'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Ababiligi, Abongereza n'Abafaransa bigaruriye koloni z'Ubudage mur'Afurika. Imiterere y'abakoloni b'Abanyafurika mu Budage yarahindutse muburyo butandukanye. Urugero, Abanyafurika bari bafite ikarita y'indangamuntu y'Abadage ya gikoloni bari bafite uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk' "abanyamuryango b'uturere twahoze dukingirwa ". Nyuma y'Amasezerano ya Versailles (1919), Abanyafurika bashishikarijwe kubabaturage b'ibihugu bategetswe, arikwabenshi bahitamo kugumahobari. Mubusabe bwinshi (bwanditswe nezakuri Togoland y'Abadage na P. Sebald na Kameruni na A. Rüger), bagerageje kumenyesha abaturage b'Abadage ukwibintu byaribimeze muri koloni, kandibakomeje gusabubufasha n'inkunga by'Abadage. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2025)">Icyitonderwa kirakenewe</span> ]

Abanyafurika bashinze ikinyamakuru kivuga kundimi ebyiri cyasohotse mu Kidage no mu kidage : Elolombe ya Kameruni (Izuba rya Kameruni). Itsinda rya politiki ry’Abadage b’Abirabura ryashinze ishami ry’Abadage ry’umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu ufiticyicaro i Paris, Ligue de défense de la race nègre (Icyongereza: League for the Defense of the Negro Race) nk’ikinyamakuru Liga zur Verteidigung der Negerrasse, ku ya 17 Nzeri 1929. 

 Ubudage bwa Nazi 

Imitererey’Abadage b’Abanyafrika mu Budage yarushijeho kuba mibi mu gihe cy’Abanazi . Abadage b’Abanyafrika batakaje pasiporo zabo. Imiterere y’akazi n’ingendo byagoranye cyane ku bahanzi b’Abadage b’Abanyafrika, abakoramunjyana zitandukanye, abakora mumyitozo ya sirkisi cyangwa filime. Kubera politiki y’Abanazi, abakoresha ntibashoboye kugumana cyangwa guha akazi abakozi b’Abadage b’Abanyafrika.  

Abadage b’aba-Afro-Udage mu Budage baribaragizwe akato mumuryango kandibabujijwe gukoranimibonano mpuzabitsina nogushyingiranwa n’Aba-Aryan n’amategeko ya Nuremberg .   Mwihohoterwa ryakomeje gukorwa kubitwaga aba-Rhineland, abayobozi b’Abanazi bashyize abana b’aba-Afro-Udage bagera kuri 500 bo muri Rhineland mukato .  Abadage b’aba-Afro-Udage bafatwaga nk’ "abanzi b’igihugu gishingiye ku bwoko", hamwe n’Abayahudi n’Abaromani .  Abanazi babanje gushaka gukuraho Abayahudi n’Abaromani mugihugu cy’Ubudage binyuze mukwirukana (nomunyuma bagakurwaho), mugihe Abadage b’aba-Afro-Udage bagombaga gukurwaho burundu kandamaherezo bagakurwaho binyuze mukato. 

Bamwe mu Badage b'abirabura babayeho muriicyogihe nyumabanditse kubyobanyuzemo. Mu 1999, Hans Massaquoi yasohoye igitabo cyitwa Destined to Witness kivuga kubuzimabwe mu Budage ku ngoma ya Nazi, naho mu 2013 Theodor Wonja Michael, wari n'umutangabuhamya mukurumuri filime filime filime Pages in the Factory of Dreams, yasohoye igitabo kivuga kubuzima bwe, Deutsch Sein und Schwarz dazu.  

 Kuva mu 1945 
Irangira ry'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ryazanyingabo z'ibihugu by'Abongereza n'Abafaransa mu Budage. Ingabo z'Abanyamerika, Abongereza n'Abafaransa zarizirimo abasirikare benshi b'Abanyamerika b'Abanyafurika, Abanyakarayibe cyangwa Abanyafurika, kandi bamwe muri bo babyaranye abana n'abagore b'Abadage. Icyo gihe, izi ngabo muri rusange zakurikizaga amategeko yokudahuza abavandimwe kandizabuzaga ishyingiranwa ry'abasivili n'abasirikare. Abana bagera ku 5,000 murabobana b'Abanyakariyabeti b'amoko abiri bavutse nyuma y'intambara mu 1955.  Ababyeyi benshi b'Abadage b'abagore bonyine babyaye "abana b'umukara", ariko ibihumbi n'ibihumbi barerwaga n'imiryango y'Abanyamerika kandi bakurira muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Akenshi ntibamenyaga inkomoko yabo kugeza bageze mukigero cy'imyaka mikuru.

Kugeza kwiherezo ry’Intambara y’Ubutita, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z' Amerika zagumanye abasirikare ba Amerika barenga 100.000 ku butaka bw’Ubudage. Mugihecy’aho, ababagabo bashinze ubuzimabwabo mu Budage. Akenshibazanaga imiryango cyangwa bagashinga indimishya ifite abagore n’abana b’Abadage bomubwoko bw’Abadage. Guverinoma y’Ubudage bw’Iburengerazuba yashyizeho politiki yo gushyira mukato cyangwa gukura mu Budage abobana yitaga "abana b’abazungu b’amoko atandukanye". 

Audre Lorde, umwanditsi w’umwirabura w’Umunyamerika akaba n’umurwanizi, yamazimyaka kuva mu 1984 kugeza mu 1992 yigisha muri Kaminuza yigenga ya Berlin . Mugihe yamazemu Budage, akenshi hitwaga "Imyaka ya Berlin," yafashije mu gutuma ijambo "Afro-German" rishyirwa mu itsinda ryibanda ku guhuza amoko, igitsina n’imibonano mpuzabitsina. Yashishikarijabagore b’abirabura b’Abadage nka May Ayim na Ika Hügel-Marshall kwandika nogusohora imivugo n’amateka y’ubuzima bwabo kugirango bamenyekane. Yakurikiranye ubugore bw’ibihugu kwisi kandakora nk’umuvugizi w’iryo tsinda mu Budage. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">Icyitonderwa kirakenewe</span> ]

 Abimukira 
Kuvamu 1981, Ubudage bwabonye abimukira baturutse mubihugu by'Afurika, cyanecyane Nijeriya, Eritereya na Gana, bashakaga ubuhungiro bwa politiki, akazi cyangwa amasomo muri za kaminuza zomu Budage.

Hasihari amatsinda manini cyane yomur'Afurika (yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara) mu Budage. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">Icyitonderwa kirakenewe</span> ]
Country of birthImmigrants in Germany (2021 Census)Nigeria83,000Eritrea75,000Ghana66,000Cameroon41,000South Africa34,000Ethiopia27,000Kenya22,000Togo20,000Gambia16,000Angola15,000Guinea17,000Senegal15,000Congo-Kinshasa14,000Congo-Brazzaville10,000Uganda6,500Ivory Coast6,000Sudan5,000Rwanda5,000Sierra Leone4,000Tanzania4,100Mali4,000Zimbabwe3,715Benin3,000Burkina Faso2,100Mozambique2,100Liberia2,000Burundi1,000Zambia1,000

 Ivanguramoko n'urwego rw'imibereho 
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'Ikigo cy'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi gishinzwe Uburenganzira bw'ibanze, bukorerwa ubushakashatsi ku bimukira barenga 16.000, barimo abantu barenga 6.700 bavukiye mur'Afurika yomunsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara. Nk'ukubushakashatsi bubivuga, igipimo cy'ivangura cyavuzwe cyane mumyaka ishize cyari mu Burayi buvuga Ikidage, cyane cyane mu Budage - aho 54% batangaje kobahuye n'ihohoterwa rishingiye ku ivanguramoko, hejuru cyane y'impuzandengo ya 30% y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi 

 Abanyafurika-Abadage mu buvanganzo 

  Novel about a multiracial jazz group in Nazi Germany. The band's young trumpeter is a Rhineland Bastard who eventually is taken by the Nazis, while other members of the band are African Americans.
  Novel about a faith healer and rock band manager, featuring an Afro-German character, Josef Ehelich von Fremd, an affluent fellow who works in arbitrage and owns fine racehorses.

  An autobiography by Hans J. Massaquoi, born in Hamburg, Germany, to a German mother and a Liberian father of Vai ethnicity, the grandson of Momulu Massaquoi.
 Ika Hügel-Marshall. (2008) Marshall wrote an autobiography "Daheim unterwegs: Ein deutsches Leben", the English translation of which is entitled "Invisible Woman: Growing up Black in Germany". She details her life experiences growing up as an "occupation baby" and the struggle to find her identity as she grows up. Marshall details how the society she grew up in taught her to hate her complexion and how meeting her father, a black man, instilled a renewed pride in her heritage. The autobiography culminates in the struggle to find information on her father in the United States and finally getting to meet her American family.
 Ijoma Mangold (born 1971). Journalist and literary critic Mangold wrote his autobiography, published in English translation in 2021 as The German Crocodile: A literary memoir about growing up in Germany in the 1970s.

 Imitwe ya politiki ishingiye ku banyafurika n'abadage 

 Gutangiza Abirabura ( Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher ) 

 Iyigahunda yashyizeho umuryango wa politiki ushyigikira abirabura mu Budage. Intego zayo nyamukuru ni uguha abantu amahirwe yo kumvikana hagati yabo ndetse n'abadahuje ubunararibonye. Mu mwanya watanzwe n'amahuriro ya ISD, Abanyafurika-Abadage bashoboye kuvugana n'abantu bashobora kuba bari mu bihe nk'ibyo kandi bashobora kubaha inkunga.
 Inyigisho zavuye muri ISD zishimangira uruhare rw'amateka mugusobanukirwa politiki iriho ubu. Ibi biterwa n'imyizerere y'uko Ubudage bwakoze ubugome bwinshi mu bihe byashize (cyane cyane muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo y'Uburengerazuba), ariko nta mugambi bufite wo kwishyura indishyi ku miryango ikibabara kugeza ubu. ISD ivugako akamaro kokwishyura izi ndishyi ari ukubera impinduka mu miterere yakozwe ku buryo bwasenyutse kandi buvangura.
 ISD irwanya ivangura mu Budage binyuze mu gushyigikira byimazeyo, gukora ubukangurambaga binyuze mu itangazamakuru no kugeza ubutumwa kuri leta.

 Abadage bazwi cyane mu Budage bw'iki gihe 

 Politiki n'imibereho myiza 

 Joe Chialo (wavutse mu 1970), Minisitiri wa Leta ya Berlin (Senateri) ushinzwe umuco n'ubumwe bw'abaturage
 Karamba Diaby (wavutse mu 1961), umunyapolitiki w’umudage n’umunyafurika, akaba n’umwe mu bagize Bundestag
 John Ehret (wavutse mu 1971), Meya wa mbere w’Ubudage ukomoka mu Majyaruguru n’Ubudage
 Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana (wavutse mu 1949), niwe mudepite w’umwirabura wenyine wahagarariye Ubudage nyuma y’amatora y’i Burayi yo mu 2019 
 Charles M. Huber (wavutse mu 1956), umunyapolitiki w’umudage n’umunyafurika akaba n’uwahoze ari umukinnyi wa filime, umwe mu bagize Bundestag
 Ika Hügel-Marshall (1947–2022), yanditse ku byamubayeho nyuma y'intambara mu Budage
 Bärbel Kampmann (1946–1999), umurwanashyaka w’ivanguramoko akaba n’umwanditsi
 Hans Massaquoi (1926–2013), umunyamakuru, yanditse ku bwana bwe mu Budage bwa Nazi
 Aminata Touré (wavutse mu 1992), Minisitiri w'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage, Urubyiruko, Umuryango, Abageze mu zabukuru, Ubwuzuzanye n'Uburinganire bwa Leta ya Schleswig-Holstein
 Harald Weyel, umunyapolitiki, umunyamuryango wa Bundestag

 Ubuhanzi, umuco na muzika 
Ubuzima bw'umuco bw'Abanyafurika-Abadage burangwa n'uburyo butandukanye n'uburyo bugoye. Nyuma yo kugaragara kwa MTV na Viva, gukundwa kw'umuco wa pop w'Abanyamerika kwatumye Abanyafurika-Abadage bahagararirwa mu itangazamakuru n'umuco w'Abadage.

May Ayim (1960-1996), yari umusizi w’umudage ukomoka muri Afurika, umurezi akaba n’umurwanashyaka. Yari umwanditsi wungirije w’igitabo Farbe bekennen,  aho ubuhinduzi bwe mu Cyongereza bwasohotse nka Showing Our Colors: Afro-German Women Speak Out .

Abahanzi bazwi cyane bakomoka mu Budage barimo:


 Filime na televiziyo 
alt=Logo of SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland|right|100x100px|Ikirangantego cya SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende muri Deutschland
SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende in Deutschland ( Abakora Filimi b'Abirabura mu Budage ) ni ishyirahamwe ry'abanyamwuga rikorera i Berlin rigenewe abayobozi ba filime, abatunganya filime, abanditsi ba filime, n'abakinnyi b'ikinamico b'Abadage bakomoka muri Afurika cyangwa abirabura batuye mu Budage. Bateguye urukurikirane rwa "New Perspectives" mu Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Berlin . 

Abanyafurika b'Abadage bazwi cyane muri filime na televiziyo barimo:

 Louis Brody (1892–1951)
 Adunni Ade (wavutse mu 1970)
 Araba Walton (wavutse mu 1975)
 Bayume Mohamed Husen (1904–1944)
 Boris Kodjoe (wavutse mu 1973)
 Carol Campbell (wavutse mu 1966)
 Elfie Fiegert (wavutse mu 1946)
 Florence Kasumba (wavutse mu 1976)
 Günther Kaufmann (1947–2012)
 Leila Negra (1930–2025)
 Mo Asumang (wavutse mu 1963)
 Nisma Cherrat (wavutse mu 1969)
 Nadia Hilker (wavutse mu 1988)
 Ruby Commey (wavutse mu 1991)
 Zazie Beetz (wavutse mu 1991)

 Siporo 


 Reba kandi 


 Imibare y'abaturage b'Ubudage
 Abanyafurika n'Abanyaburayi
 Ivanguramoko mu Budage

 Inyandiko 
.

 Amareferensi 

 Gusoma byinshi 

 May Ayim, Katharina Oguntoye, na Dagmar Schultz . Kugaragaza Amabara Yacu: Abagore b'Abadage n'Abanyafrika baravuga (1986). Amherst: Kaminuza ya Massachusetts Press, 1992.
 Campt, Tina. Abandi Badage Abadage b'abirabura na Politiki y'ubwoko, igitsina, n'urwibutso mu butegetsi bwa gatatu. Ann Arbor: Kaminuza ya Michigan, 2004.
 El-Tayeb, Fatima. Abandi b'i Burayi: Ubwoko bw'abashaka kwibasira mu Burayi bwa nyuma y'igihugu . Minneapolis, MN: Kaminuza ya Minnesota Press, 2011.
 Hine, Darlene Clark, Trica Danielle Keaton, na Stephen Small, abahanga mu by'amateka. Abirabura b'i Burayi n'abatuye Afurika bakomoka mu mahanga. Urbana: Kaminuza ya Illinois Press, 2009.
 Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’Ubushakashatsi bw’Abadage ba none. Umudage ni nde?: Ibitekerezo by’amateka n’iby’ubu ku Banyafurika mu Budage. Ed. Leroy Hopkins. Washington, DC: Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’Ubushakashatsi bw’Abadage ba none, Kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins, 1999.
 Lemke Muniz de Faria, Yara-Colette. ""Abana b'Abagizi ba nabi" bo mu Budage bagomba gufashwa! Ese nawe uzabifashwamo?": Gahunda zo kurera abana b'Abadage bakomoka muri Amerika, 1950-1955." Callaloo 26.2 (2003): 342–362.
 Mazón, Patricia M., na Reinhild Steingröver, abashakashatsi. Ntabwo ari ikintu gisanzwe nk'icy'umwirabura n'umuzungu: Umuco n'amateka bya Afro-German, 1890–2000 . Rochester, NY: Kaminuza ya Rochester Press, 2005.
 Weheliye, Alexander G. Amashusho: Imiterere muri Sonic Afro-Modernity . Duke University Press, 2005.

 Amasano yo hanze 

 Ishyirahamwe ry'Umurage n'Ubushakashatsi by'Abadage b'Abirabura
 Umuryango w'Abadage b'Abirabura ushingiye ku Muco Inc
 Komite y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe Deutschland Zentralrat der Afrikanischen Diaspora Deutschland mit Mandat der Afrikanischen
 Igihembo cya May Ayim - Igihembo cya mbere cy'Ubuvanganzo Mpuzamahanga bw'Abirabura b'Abadage
 Initiative Schwarze Menschen muri Deutschland
 Diaspora y'Abanyafurika mu Budage 
 cyberNomads - Urubuga rw'amabanki y'abadage b'abirabura n'umuyoboro w'itangazamakuru Isoko ry'ubumenyi bwacu kuri interineti
 SFD - Schwarze Filmschaffende muri Deutschland Archived  
 Urutonde rw'ibitabo by'Ingoro Ndangamurage y'Urwibutso rwa Jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika
 Muri Pocast aho Fatima El-Tayeb (Umuyobozi wa gahunda y’ubushakashatsi ku buringanire muri Kaminuza ya California, San Diego) avuga ku mpamvu yo kongera gusuzuma inkuru y’imbere mu Burayi n’ibiganiro byo kwishyira hamwe kw’ibihugu.

Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations