Kerma

Kerma yahoze ari umurwa mukuru w’umuco wa Kerma, washinzwe muri Sudani y'ubu mbere ya 3500 mbere ya Yesu. Kerma ni hamwe mu hantu hanini cyane hacukuwe kera muri Nubiya ya kera. Yatanze imyaka myinshi y'ubucukuzi n'ubushakashatsi, harimo ibihumbi n’imva hamwe n’aho gutura mu mujyi munini ukikije Uburengerazuba  hasi ya Deffufa.

Ahantu ubu ni Kerma hatuwe bwa mbere n'abahiga ahagana mu 8350 mbere ya Yesu, mu gihe cya Mesolithique. hagati ya 5550 mbere ya Yesu na 5150 mbere ya Yesu, ikibanza cyaratereranywe, bishoboka ko cyatewe no kugabanuka kwa Nili muri iki gihe. Ikiruhuko cya kabiri mu mwuga cyabaye hagati ya 4050 mbere ya Yesu na 3450 mbere ya Yesu, bishoboka ko biturutse ku gutembera kwinshi kuva muri Nili yera . Ahagana  mbere ya Yesu, ubuhinzi bwateye imbere kandi umuco utangira hafi ya Kerma. Kerma yaje gukura ihinduka umujyi munini wubatswe hafi y'urusengero runini rwa  adobe ruzwi ku izina rya Western Deffufa, rwubatswe nyuma ya 1750 mbere ya Yesu.    umuryango wa leta washinzwe hagati 2550 mbere ya Yesu na 1550 mbere ya Yesu , aho ubworozi bw'inka bwagabunutse cyane nkuko bigaragazwa n'ubucukuzi bwa kera nko mu 1750 mbere ya Yesu  Ibimenyetso byerekana umuringa bigaragara kuri c. 2200-22000 mbere ya Yesu. Nk'umurwa mukuru hamwe n’aho bashyinguwe mu bwami, Kerma atanga urumuri ku mibereho igoye igaragara muri uyu muryango.

 Imigenzo y'idini 
Bamwe mu bahanga bavuga ko imigenzo ya Animiste yaho kuba imana nyinshi mu bwami bushya bwa Kerma ,bitandukanye na nyuma ya Napatan na Meroitike, kubera ko inyamaswa zo mu gihe cya kera cya Kerma zitagaragaza imiterere ya Anthropomorphique nka ngenzi zazo z'Abanyamisiri, kandi Mesa nka Jebel Barkal bafatwaga mu buryo bwa Animiste, nyuma y’ubwami bushya Abanyamisiri bigaruriye ubwami bwa Nubia Anthropomorph Abanyamisiri batangiye gufata Jebel Barkal nk'ahantu hera umuco gakondo bashobora kuba barigiye ku muco gakondo w'Abany Kerma.

 Ubucukumbuzi 

 Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 
Ubucukumbuzi bwa mbere muri Kerma bwatangiriye k'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'Abanyamisiri na Sudani bwakozwe na George A. Reisner, Umunyamerika washyizwe hamwe muri kaminuza ya Harvard n'inzu ndangamurage y'ubugeni, I Boston . Nyuma Reisner yayoboye ibyo bigo byombi, mu cyiswe "Harvard-Boston", mu bihe bitatu byo mu murima I Kerma (1913–1916). Yakoze mur'Egiputa na Sudani imyaka 25, 1907–1932. 

Hamwe mu hantu hambere hacukuwe muri kano karere, muruhare rwa Kerma na Reisner mu bucukumbuzi bw'akarere ni ingenzi. Ikurikiranyabihe shingiro ryumuco wa Kerman ryashinzwe hashingiwe ku bikorwa by'urugendo rwa Harvard-Boston rwa Reisner (1913–1916); ibi byatanze ibisobanuro ku bindi byagaragaye mu karere. Ubuhanga bwo gucukura neza bwa Reisner, raporo z'urubuga, nibindi bitabo byatumye nyuma yo gusobanura ibisubizo bye bishoboka.

 Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20 kugeza ubu 
Nyuma y'imyaka icumi nyuma yubucukuzi bwa Reisner, Bonnet yanze igitekerezo cy'urubuga nk'umujyi wa satelite wo muri Egiputa. Imirimo yihanganye n'umurava bya Bonnet na bagenzi be bavumbuye urufatiro rw'amazu menshi, amahugurwa, n'ingoro, byerekana ko mu 2000 mbere ya Yesu, Kerma wari umujyi munini, bishoboka ko ari umurwa mukuru ndetse n'ahashyinguwe abami ba Kush ". Grzymski, K. (2008). Book review: The Nubian pharaohs: Black kings on the Nile. American Journal of Archaeology, Online Publications: Book Review. Retrieved from  Kuva 1977 kugeza 2003, Bonnet hamwe n'itsinda mpuzamahanga ryintiti zacukuye I Kerma.

Ikipe ya Bonnet yo mu Busuwisi yacukuye ahantu hakurikira muri Kerma: umujyi wa kera, imva y’igikomangoma, urusengero, inyubako zo guturamo, inyubako za Napatan, amahugurwa y’umubumbyi wa Napatan, amarimbi ya Meroitike, ibihome, hamwe n’ibyobo by’ibinyampeke bya Neolithic. mu bindi bintu  bidasanzwe byavumbuwe, Bonnet yavumbuye umuringa mu mujyi wa Kerma. Mu rukuta rwicyo kigo cy'idini niho hubatswe amahugurwa y'umuringa. aya mahugurwa yari agizwe n'ibihome byinshi kandi tekiniki z'abanyabukorikori bigaragara ko zasobanuwe neza. Nta byavumbuwe byagereranywa muri Egiputa cyangwa muri Sudani byadufasha gusobanura ibyo bisigazwa." 

Mu mwaka wa 2003, Charles Bonnet hamwe n’itsinda rye ry’ubucukuzi , bavumbuye ibishusho bya granite y’umukara wa farawo wo ku ngoma ya makumyabiri na gatanu yo mu Misiri .    Ibishusho byerekanwe k'urubuga mu nzu ndangamurage ya Kerma .

 Bioarchaeology 
Imyitozo ya Mortuary muri Kerma yagiye itandukana mu gihe, kandi ibi bigaragara mu byanditswe kera. Irimbi rinini, rikikije Deffufa yo haruguru mu burasirazuba ritunganijwe hamwe n’imva zishaje mu majyaruguru hamwe n’imva za vuba (kandi zigoye) n’imva ziri mu majyepfo. Gushyingura biboneka bikikije imva zikomeye. Imva zitera imbere kuva ku misozi yoroshye kugera muri misiri yahumetswe na piramide. Inzibacyuho ntabwo itangira kugeza igihe kirekire nyuma ya piramide zidafite imyambarire muri Egiputa.

Bonnet avuga ko ibitambo by'ibitambo bigaragara kandi bikamenyekana mu gihe cya Kerma hagati. Kubera ko ibyumba byo gushyinguramo bishobora kwinjirwamo byoroshye, umuntu yakwibaza niba bishoboka ko igitambo cy'umugore cyangwa umwana mu gihe umugabo apfuye, nta bimenyetso bifatika bishingiye ku moko byemeza uyu muco. Mu byukuri Buzon na Judd  barabaza iki gitekerezo basesenguye ihahamuka n'ibimenyetso byerekana ihungabana rya skeletale muri aba "ibitambo."

Ibisigazwa byinshi biboneka mu masezerano yoroheje cyangwa yasezeranijwe ku ruhande rwabo. Kubera ikirere cy'ubutayu cyumutse, mummisiyasi karemano kirasanzwe. Hatabayeho inzira zisanzwe zo kubora kugirango skeletonize umubiri, imyenda yoroshye, umusatsi, nibicuruzwa kama kama biracyaboneka (urugero, imyenda, amababa, uruhu, urutoki). Ibicuruzwa byo mu mva birimo amasaro ya faience, ibihanga by'inka, n'ububumbyi. Ibyegeranyo bya skelete, kimwe nibindi bimenyetso by'ubucukuzi, bikomeje gusubirwamo no kongera gusobanurwa mu gihe ibibazo bishya by'ubushakashatsi bivutse. Ubushakashatsi bubiri buherutse kwerekana ubwoko bw'ibibazo abahanga mu binyabuzima babaza ibikoresho bya skeleti yacukuwe muri Kerma.

Kendall , yerekana ko imva nini zo muri Deffufa yo hejuru yarimo imirambo y’abiciwe ibitambo mirongo cyangwa amagana. Nyuma yisuzumabumenyi rya bioarchaeologie ryerekeye "ibitambo" abantu baturutse muri ibi bice  ryerekanye ko nta tandukaniro rikomeye riri hagati y'ikimenyetso cya skeletale y'ibitambo by'abantu batambwe. Bakuye ingero muri koridoro yo gutamba no gutabaza hanze ya koridoro nini ya tumuli. Guherekeza abantu muri tumuli i Kerma bisobanurwa nk'abagore batambwe nyuma y'urupfu rw'umugabo, ariko ibimenyetso bya bioarchaeologie ntabwo bishyigikira uyu mwanzuro w'ubucukuzi. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko nta tandukaniro riri hagati y'inshuro z’imvune.

Ihahamuka ryarebwa binyuze mu murongo w'uburyo bugezweho bwo gukomeretsa. "Ibice byinshi byerekana imvune ya Kerma byagereranijwe n’ubushakashatsi bw’ubuvuzi: abagabo bahuye n’ihungabana ryinshi, itsinda ry’abageze mu za bukuru ryagaragaje ihungabana ryinshi, itsinda ry’abasaza ryagaragaje umubare muto w’imvune zegeranijwe, itsinda rito ryahuye n’ihungabana ryinshi kandi kuvunika kwabaye kenshi kuruta gutandukana cyangwa gukurura imitsi. Ibi ntabwo byanze bikunze biva mubitero, ariko, kandi Judd arabyemera. Ntabwo akoresha ingamba zimwe zo gusesengura mu gihe asuzumye ivunika rya Colles (ry'ikiganza, bikunze kubaho mu gihe uguye mu maboko) rishobora guterwa no gusunikwa hejuru aho kuba ihohoterwa ry'abantu, kandi ibyo ntibyemewe.https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/3chapter4.shtml

S.O.Y Keita yakoze ubushakashatsi bwa antropropologique bwasuzumye crania z'amatsinda yo mu karere ka Afurika y'Amajyaruguru yarimo ingero zaturutse I Kerma, ahagana muri 2000 mbere ya Yesu, akarere ka Maghreb, ahagana mu mwaka wa 1500 mbere ya Yesu, hamwe na crania y'ingoma ya mbere yavuye mu mva z'umwami i Abydos, mu Misiri . Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje uburyo bwiganjemo ingoma ya 1 yo mu Misiri, crania yari Amajyepfo cyangwa " tropical African variant , yari ifitanye isano na Kerma Kushites. Ibisubizo rusange byerekana isano iri hagati y'itsinda rya Nili yo haruguru, ariko kandi ryerekana impinduka zisobanutse kuva kera. Urujya n'uruza rw'abayobozi bo mu majyaruguru mu mujyi ukomeye wo mu majyepfo birashobora gusobanura ibyagaragaye.https://books.google.rw/books?id=Hr9qEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=yhttps://books.google.rw/books?id=WmnWoQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y

 Amashakiro 
Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations