Umugezi wa Omo

Umugezi wa Omo  mu majyepfo ya Etiyopiya ni uruzi runini rwa Etiyopiya hanze y'ikibaya cya Nili. Inzira yacyo ikubiyemo rwose imbibi za Etiyopiya, ikisuka mu kiyaga cya Turkana ku mupaka na Kenya. Uruzi ninzuzi nyamukuru yikibaya cyamazi ya endorheic, ikibaya cya Turkana.

Ikibaya cy'umugezi kizwi cyane kubera umubare munini w’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe hakiri kare ndetse n’ibyavuye mu bucukumbuzi bwa kera nk'ibikoresho by'amabuye yo hambere, bituma bishyirwa ku rutonde rw'umurage ndangamurage wa UNESCO mu 1980. 

 Ubumenyi bw'isi 
Umugezi wa Omo uca mu masangano y'uruzi rwa Gibe, kugeza ubu uruzi runini runini rw'umugezi wa Omo, n'umugezi wa Wabe, uruzi runini rw'ibumoso rwa Omo kuri 8 ° 19′N 37 ° 28′E / 8.317 ° N 37.467 ° ECoordinates: 8 ° 19′N 37 ° 28′E / 8.317 ° N 37.467 ° E. Urebye ubunini bwabyo, uburebure n'amasomo umuntu ashobora gutekereza ko inzuzi za Omo na Gibe ari uruzi rumwe kandi rumwe ariko rufite amazina atandukanye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikibaya cyose cyinzuzi rimwe na rimwe cyitwa ikibaya cyuruzi rwa Omo-Gibe. Iki kibaya cyinzuzi kirimo igice cyakarere ka Oromia yuburengerazuba no hagati y’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo, ubwenegihugu, n’akarere ka rubanda.

Amasomo yacyo muri rusange yerekeza mu majyepfo, icyakora hamwe nugufata iburengerazuba hafi ya 7 ° N 37 ° 30 'E kugeza kuri 36 ° E aho ihindukirira amajyepfo kugeza 5 ° 30' N aho ikora S-bend noneho irakomeza inzira yayo yerekeza mu kiyaga cya Turkana. Dukurikije ibikoresho byatangajwe n'ikigo gishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Etiyopiya, umugezi wa Omo-Bottego ufite uburebure bwa kilometero 760

Mu nzira yayo, Omo-Bottego yaguye hafi ya metero 700 uvuye mu masangano y’inzuzi za Gibe na Wabe kuri metero 1060 kugeza kuri m 360 ku rwego rw’ikiyaga, bityo bikaba ari umugezi wihuse mu masoko yacyo yo hejuru, ukavunwa na Kokobi nibindi bigwa, kandi birashobora kugendagenda gusa intera ngufi hejuru aho isuka mukiyaga cya Turkana, kimwe mubiyaga bya Gregory Rift. Ubuyobozi bwa Spectrum Guide muri Etiyopiya busobanura ko ari ahantu hazwi cyane h’amazi yera muri Nzeri na Ukwakira, igihe uruzi rukiri rurerure kuva mu gihe cy'imvura. Umugezi wacyo w'ingenzi ni uruzi rwa Gibe; imigezi mito irimo inzuzi za Wabi, Denchya, Gojeb, Mui na Usno.

Umugezi wa Omo-Bottego wagize imbibi z’iburasirazuba bwahoze ari ubwami bwa Janjero, na Garo. Omo kandi inyura hejuru ya parike ya Mago na Omo, izwiho inyamanswa. Inyamaswa nyinshi ziba hafi no ku ruzi, harimo imvubu, ingona hamwe n’inyongeramusaruro

Ikibaya cyose cyuruzi rwa Omo nacyo gifite akamaro muri geologiya na kera. Ibisigazwa birenga 50.000 byavumbuwe mu kibaya cyo hepfo, harimo 230 byavumbuwe na hominid byerekeranye na Pliocene na Pleistocene. Ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya genera Australopithecus na Homo byavumbuwe ahantu henshi mu bucukumbuzi bwa kera, ndetse n’ibikoresho bikozwe muri quartzite, ibya kera cyane bikaba byatangiye mu myaka miriyoni 2.4 ishize. Bimaze kuvumburwa, batekerezaga ko ibikoresho bishobora kuba byari bimwe mubyo bita inganda zabanjirije Oldowan, ndetse bikaba byambere cyane kuruta ibyabonetse mu kibaya cya Olduvai. Nyuma ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko isura yibikoresho yatewe mubyukuri byatewe nibikoresho fatizo bikennye cyane, kandi ko tekiniki zikoreshwa hamwe nishusho bituma byinjira muri Oldowan.

Ubuvumbuzi bwa mbere bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo muri ako gace ni mu 1901, n’urugendo rw’Abafaransa. Ibyagaragaye cyane byakozwe nyuma, hagati ya 1967 na 1975, nitsinda mpuzamahanga ryubucukuzi. Iri tsinda ryabonye ibintu byinshi bitandukanye, harimo urwasaya rwumugabo wa Australopithecus, ugereranije n’imyaka miriyoni 2.5. Abacukumbuzi b'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bavumbuye kandi ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima bya Olduwan hominide kuva mu bihe bya Pleistocene ndetse no mu gihe cya Pliocene. Ibikoresho bya Quartz byashyizwe hamwe na bimwe mubisigaye bya Homo sapiens biboneka kumugezi. Kuva icyo gihe, ubucukuzi bwakozwe n'ikipe ihuriweho n'Abafaransa n'Abanyamerika. 

Usibye ibisigazwa bya hominid kare, habonetse amoko atandukanye y’inyamabere n’amafi yabonetse mu kibaya cya Omo. 

 Ingaruka z'abantu 
Ikibaya cyo hepfo ya Omo kuri ubu abantu bamwe bemeza ko ari ihuriro ry’imyaka ibihumbi kuko imico n’amoko atandukanye bimukiye mu karere. Kugeza ubu, abantu bo mu kibaya cyo hepfo ya Omo, barimo Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi na Me'en, barigwa kubera ubudasa bwabo. Hurd (2006)

Umushakashatsi w’umutaliyani Vittorio Bottego yageze bwa mbere ku ruzi rwa Omo ku ya 29 Kamena 1896 ubwo yari mu rugendo rwe rwa kabiri muri Afurika (1895–97), apfa muri urwo rugendo ku ya 17 Werurwe 1897. Umugezi wa Omo wahinduwe Omo-Bottego mu cyubahiro cye. Herbert Henry Austin n'abantu be bageze kuri delta ya Omo ku ya 12 Nzeri 1898, basanga urugendo rwa Etiyopiya ruyobowe na Ras Wolda Giyorgis, mbere rwateye amabendera ya Etiyopiya ku nkombe y'amajyaruguru y'ikiyaga cya Turkana ku ya 7 Mata, ndetse no gusahura Uwiteka. abenegihugu no kubagabanya ubukene [citation ikenewe]. Liyetona Alexander Bulatovich yayoboye urugendo rwa kabiri rwa Etiyopiya rwageze ku kiyaga ku ya 21 Kanama 1899, kandi rwangiza. N'ubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Abafaransa bari mu ishyaka bashushanyije neza ku nshuro yabo ya mbere benshi mu bagenda bo mu ruzi rwa Omo. Ihindurwa ry'umugezi wa Omo ryakomeje gukoreshwa kugeza mu myaka ya za 1930 igihe abakaritsiye b'abakoloni b'Abakoloni b'Abataliyani bahinduye bundi bushya kandi bwuzuye uruzi na delta yarwo..  The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 May 2016)

 Amashanyarazi 
Hariho amashanyarazi menshi n'ingomero mu kibaya cy'Uruzi rwa Omo bitiriwe uruzi rwa Gilgel Gibe n'umugezi wa Gibe, akaba ari uruzi rw'umugezi wa Omo. Nubwo hari amazina yitiranya amazina ni sitasiyo yamashanyarazi ningomero ziri kuri Omo Rive

 Amashanyarazi ya Gilgel Gibe wa II 
Sitasiyo ya Gilgel Gibe II 7 ° 45′23 ″ N 37 ° 33′45 ″ E / 7.756492664604506 ° N 37.56255950100352 ° E ni sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ku ruzi rwa Omo ifite ingufu za Megawatt 420 (MW). Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi yakira amazi ava mu mwobo wa 7 ° 55′27 ″ N 37 ° 23′16 ″ E / 7.92417 ° N 37.38778 ° E ku mugezi wa Gilgel Gibe muri gahunda yo gutemba-ruzi. Ubwinjiriro bwa tunnel bwicaye hepfo yurugomero rwa Gilgel Gibe I no kumugezi wa Gilgel Gibe hamwe na casade ya hydroelectric;

 Urugomero rwa Gibe III 
Urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rwa Gibe III ni urugomero rwa metero 243 z'uburebure bwa beto hamwe n’urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rujyanye n’umugezi wa Omo muri Etiyopiya. Nicyo kigo kinini cy’amashanyarazi muri Etiyopiya gifite amashanyarazi agera kuri 1870 Megawatt (MW), bityo bikikuba inshuro zirenga ebyiri zose zashyizwe muri Etiyopiya kuva ku rwego rwa 2007 rwa MW 814. Habaye impaka ku iyubakwa ryayo, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta myinshi ikora ubukangurambaga bwo kuyirwanya. Nk’uko byatangajwe na Terri Hathaway, umuyobozi wa gahunda mpuzamahanga ya Rivers 'Africa, Gibe III "ni urugomero rwangiza cyane muri Afurika." Uyu mushinga uzamagana "igice cya miliyoni y'abaturage batishoboye bo mu karere bafite inzara n'amakimbirane." Itsinda ry’abakangurambaga mpuzamahanga ryatangije icyifuzo cyo kuri interineti cyamagana umushinga w’urugomero rwa Etiyopiya kubera ikibazo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu 

Icyakora, Azeb Asnake, umuyobozi w’umushinga wa Gibe III ushinzwe gutanga amashanyarazi ya leta, yavuze ko hateguwe ingamba zo kugabanya ibicuruzwa mu gihe hagize ikintu kibaho. Uretse ibi, Asnake yahanuye ko nta ngaruka mbi zizaterwa n'uyu mushinga, yongeraho ko abantu barenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'abaturage batuye muri ako karere batunzwe n'imfashanyo y'ibiribwa kandi ko sitasiyo nshya ikenewe kuko kuri ubu isosiyete itanga amashanyarazi kuri 25% gusa. y'abaturage."Ethiopia - Gilgel Gibe III managers dismiss environmental concerns" nazret.com. 30 Mar 2009. Last accessed 22 Apr 2011.

 Umwuzure wa 2006 
Imvura nyinshi yaguye mu 2006 yatumye Omo yuzura inzira yayo yo hasi, irohama byibuze abantu 456 kandi ihitana abantu barenga 20.000 mugihe cyiminsi itanu irangira ku ya 16 Kanama. Mu gihe imvura nyinshi y’ibihe isanzwe muri kariya gace k’igihugu, kurisha cyane no gutema amashyamba ni byo byatewe n’aya makuba. Umuvugizi wa gahunda y'ibiribwa ku isi, Paulette Jones yagize ati: "Inzuzi zo muri Etiyopiya zifite ubushobozi buke bwo gufata amazi menshi nk'uko byari bimeze mu myaka yashize, kuko zuzuyemo umwanda". "Bisaba ubukana buke bw'imvura ... kugira ngo uruzi mu gice runaka cy'igihugu rwuzure." Umwuzure wibihe byuruzi rwa Omo ningirakamaro kumatsinda y'abasangwabutaka babana nayo. Umwuzure uzana umwanda urumbuka kandi wuzuza inkombe amazi, bigatuma guhinga inkombe zishoboka. Abantu batandukanye bo muri Omo yo hepfo - barimo Turkana, Dassanach, Hamer, Nyangatom, Karo, Kwegu, Mursi, Bodi, na Me'en - bakura igice kinini cyibiribwa byabo mu buhinzi bw’umwuzure. 

Umwuzure munini kandi usenya 2006 niwo wonyine wabaye mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize. Igabanuka rya vuba mu rwego rw’ikiyaga cya Turkana, ubusanzwe bizwi ko ryakira hafi mirongo cyenda ku ijana ry’amazi aturuka mu ruzi rwa Omo, rimaze gutera ubwiyongere bw’umunyu. Ubunini bwiyongereye bwa delta, ubu bugera kuri kilometero kare 1,300 (500 sq mi), bwatanze amasambu yo guhinga no kuragira by’inka n’andi matungo yo mu rugo rw’abashumba n’aborozi-borozi kavukire mu kibaya cya Omo cyo hepfo.
Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations