Rehabilitation robotics

Imashini za robo zo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe ni urwego rw’ubushakashatsi bugamije gusobanura no kongera ubuzima busanzwe hifashishijwe ibikoresho bya robo . Imashini za robo zisubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe zirimo iterambere ry’ibikoresho bya robo bigenewe kuba byafasha imirimo itandukanye irimo iya sensorimotor  (urugero: ukuboko, ikiganza,   ukuguru, n'amavi  ), no gutegura gahunda zitandukanye zo gufasha mu mahugurwa yo kuvura,  no gusuzuma imikorere ya (sensorimotor) ubushobozi bwo kwimuka  k'umurwayi, robo zikoreshwa cyane nk'ibikoresho byo kuvura aho gukoresha ibikoresho bisanzwe bifasha.   Gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abantu hakoreshejwe robotike muri rusange byihanganirwa akenshi n’abarwayi, kandi byagaragaye ko ari umugereka mwiza cyangwa inyongera mu kuvura abantu bafite ubumuga bwa moteri y'umubiri, cyane cyane bitewe n'ubwonko .

 Incamake 
Imashini za robo zo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe zishobora gufatwa nk'ibintu byihariye by'ubuhanga bw'ibinyabuzima, hamwe n'igice cy'imikoranire y'abantu . Muri uru rwego, abaganga, abavuzi, n'aba injeniyeri bafatanya mu gufasha abarwayi gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe. 

Intego z'ingenzi muri urwo rwego zirimo: guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishyirwa mu bikorwa rishobora gukoreshwa byoroshye n'abarwayi, abavuzi, n'abaganga, kuzamura imikorere y'ubuvuzi bwa muganga, no kongera ubworoherane bw'ibikorwa mubuzima bwa buri munsi bw'abarwayi.  

 Amateka 
Inama mpuzamahanga kuri robotics yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe iba buri myaka ibiri;inama ya mbere yabaye mu mwaka wa 1989. Inama iheruka kuba muri Kamena 2019 i Toronto, mu rwego rwa RehabWeek. gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe hashize imyaka 20 ku barwayi bafite ibibazo by’imitsi .  Abantu uzasanga cyane ukoresheje robot zo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ni bafite ubumuga cyangwa abavuzi .  Igihe hashyizweho robot zo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe ntabwo zari zigamije kuba imashini zisubirana ahubwo zafashaga abantu kumenya ibintu binyuze mukoraho no ku bantu bafite ikibazo cyimitsi . Imashini zo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe zikoreshwa mu buryo bwo kwisubiraho kw’abafite ubumuga bahagaze, baringaniza kandi bagenda .  Izi robo zigomba kugendana n'umuntu n'igikorwa cyazo, kubwibyo rero mugukora imashini abayikora bagomba kumenya neza ko izahuza niterambere ry'umurwayi. Imirimo myinshi itoroshye ishyirwa mubishushanyo kuko robot izakorana n'abantu bafite ubumuga kandi ntibazashobora kubyakira vuba mu gihe hari ibitagenda neza. 

 Imikorere 
Imashini zo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe zakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bugena imiterere y’imihindagurikire y’umurwayi. Ubuhanga burimo ariko ntibugarukira gusa kumyitozo ifashwa ifatika, imyitozo ikumirwa, imyitozo irwanya imbaraga, imyitozo itajegajega, hamwe n'imyitozo ngororamubiri. Mu myitozo ifasha cyane, umurwayi yimura ikiganza cye munzira yagenwe mbere nta mbaraga zisunika. Imyitozo ngororamubiri ibujijwe ni ukugenda kw'ukuboko k'umurwayi n'imbaraga zirwanya, niba igerageza kwimuka hanze yibyo igomba. Imyitozo ngororamubiri irwanya imbaraga ni urugendo hamwe n'imbaraga zirwanya.

Mu myaka yashize, umubare w’imashini za robo zisubiza abantu mu buzima ariko zaragabanutse cyane kubera ibizamini byo kwa muganga. Amavuriro menshi afite ibigeragezo ariko ntiyemera robot kuko yifuza ko yagenzurwa. Kugira ngo robot zigire uruhare mu kuvura umurwayi bifite ibintu byiza. Kimwe mu bintu byiza ni uko ushobora gusubiramo inzira cyangwa imyitozo inshuro nyinshi nkuko ubyifuza. Ikindi kintu cyiza cyukuri n'uko ushobora kubona ibipimo nyabyo by'iterambere cyangwa kugabanuka. Ushobora kubona ibipimo nyabyo ukoresheje sensor ku gikoresho. Mu gihe igikoresho gifata igipimo ugomba kwitonda kuko igikoresho gishobora guhungabana iyo kimaze gukorwa kubera ingendo zitandukanye umurwayi akora kugira ngo asohoke. Munih, Marko; Bajd, Tadej (2011). "Rehabilitation robotics". Technology and Health Care. 19 (6): 483–95. doi:10.3233/THC-2011-0646. PMID 22129949.Ibindi ku mashini isubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe ishobora kuvura igihe kirekire. Mu buryo bwo gukira robot isubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe ntishobora kumva ibyo umurwayi akeneye nk'uko umuvuzi w'inararibonye yabikora. Carrera, Isela; Moreno, Héctor A.; Saltarén, Roque; Pérez, Carlos; Puglisi, Lisandro; Garcia, Cecilia (2011). "ROAD: domestic assistant and rehabilitation robot". Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 49 (10): 1201–11. doi:10.1007/s11517-011-0805-4. PMID 21789672. S2CID 1171144. Imashini ntishobora gusobanukirwa ako kanya ariko mu gihe kizaza igikoresho kizashobora gusobanukirwa. Ikindi cyiyongereyeho cyo kugira robot reabilité ni uko nta mbaraga z'umubiri zishyirwa mu bikorwa na therapiste kuganiza abahungabanye. 

Mu minsi yashize, robotike yo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe yakoreshejwe mu guhugura m'ubuvuzi, kubaga,ndetse n'ibindi, ariko hari ibibazo byinshi byavuzwe ku bijyanye na robo itagenzurwa n'abantu. Abantu benshi batekereza ko gukoresha robot y'inganda nka robot yo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe byaba ari bimwe, ariko ibi ntabwo arukuri. Imashini zo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe zigomba guhinduka kandi zishobora gukoreshwa, kubera ko robo ishobora gukoreshwa kubw'impamvu nyinshi. Hagati aho, robo y'inganda ihora ari imwe, nta mpamvu yo guhindura robo keretse ibicuruzwa ikorana nini cyangwa nto. Kugira ngo robot y'inganda ikore igomba kuba ihinduwe n'inshingano zayo nshya zokugira ngo ibashe kuba yakora. Munih, Marko; Bajd, Tadej (2011). "Rehabilitation robotics". Technology and Health Care. 19 (6): 483–95. doi:10.3233/THC-2011-0646. PMID 22129949.

 Impamvu zo gukoresha iki gikoresho 
Umubare w'abafite ubumuga muri Espagne wariyongereye kubera gusaza. Ibi bivuze ko umubare w'ubufasha wazamutse. Imashini yo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe irazwi cyane muri Espagne kuko ni igiciro cyemewe, kandi muri Espagne hari abantu benshi bafite ubwonko kandi bakeneye ubufasha nyuma. Imashini za robo zo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe zizwi cyane n’abantu bagize ikibazo cy'ubwonko kuko habaye hakoreshwa uburyo bwo koroshya imitsi ya neuromuscular. Iyo ufite stroke sisitemu y'imitsi iba yangiritse mu bihe by'inshi bituma abantu bafite ubumuga mu mezi atandatu nyuma y'uburwayi bwa stroke. Imashini ishobora gukora imyitozo n'umuvuzi yakora ariko robo ikora imyitozo imwe n'imwe itoroshye cyane gukorwa n'Umuntu. Carrera, Isela; Moreno, Héctor A.; Saltarén, Roque; Pérez, Carlos; Puglisi, Lisandro; Garcia, Cecilia (2011). "ROAD: domestic assistant and rehabilitation robot". Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 49 (10): 1201–11. doi:10.1007/s11517-011-0805-4. PMID 21789672. S2CID 1171144. Imashini ya pneumatike ifasha abantu bafite stroke cyangwa izindi ndwara iyo ari yo yose yateje akaduruvayo kunanizanya n'amaguru yabo mu gice cyo hejuru 

Isuzuma ryo mu mwaka wa 2018 ryerekeye imikorere y'ubuvuzi bwindorerwamo yukuri hamwe na robo y'uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwa patologiya bwanzuye ko,byinshi m'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku gisekuru cya kabiri cyo kuvura indorerwamo bifite ubuziranenge buke,impamvu zishingiye ku bimenyetso bifatika zo gukora ubwo bushakashatsi zarabuze,ntabwo ari ngombwa gusaba ishoramari n'inzobere mu buzima busanzwe n’ibigo muri ibyo bikoresho. 

 Ubwoko bwa robo 
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bw'imashini zishobora gukoreshwa mu buzima busanzwe: Imashini zanyuma zishingiye kuri robo na exoskeletons ikoreshwa. Buri sisitemu ifite inyungu zayo nimbibi. Sisitemu yanyuma yihuta gushiraho kandi irahinduka. Kurundi ruhande, exoskeletons itanga ibisobanuro byuzuye bihuriweho hamwe no kunoza imikorere.

 Ibice by'ubushakashatsi 
Ibikoresho bya robo bigezweho birimo exoskeletons yo gufasha ingingo cyangwa kugendana n'intoki, kongera imbaraga zo gukandagira, amaboko ya robo kugira ngo yongere kugenda na moteri y'ingingo, n'ibikoresho byo gusubiza urutoki. Ibikoresho bimwe bigamije gufasha imbaraga ziterambere, mu gihe ibindi bishaka gufasha iyi mikorere mu buryo butaziguye. Akenshi tekinoroji ya robo igerageza gukoresha amahame ya neuroplastique mu gutezimbere ubwiza bw'imikorere, no kongera ubukana no gusubizamo umurimo. Mu myaka 20 ishize, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku buvuzi bwa robo bwifashishijwe mu kuvura abarwayi ba stroke bwiriyongereye cyane kuko hagaragaye ubushobozi bwo kuvura buhendutse kandi bunoze.  Nubwo ubwonko bw'ibanze bwiga ku bushakashatsi bwinshi bitewe n’uko bwiganje muri Amerika ya Ruguru, Krebs, Hermano; Ferraro, Mark; Buerger, Stephen P; Newbery, Miranda J; Makiyama, Antonio; Sandmann, Michael; Lynch, Daniel; Volpe, Bruce T; Hogan, Neville (2004). "Rehabilitation robotics: pilot trial of a spatial extension for MIT-Manus". Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 1 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-1-5. PMC 544952. PMID 15679916. robotike yo gusubiza abantu mu buzima busanzwe ishobora no gukoreshwa ku bantu harimo n’abana bafite ubumuga bw’ubwonko, Michmizos, Konstantinos P.; Rossi, Stefano; Castelli, Enrico; Cappa, Paolo; Krebs, Hermano Igo (2015). "Robot-Aided Neurorehabilitation: A Pediatric Robot for Ankle Rehabilitation". IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 23 (6): 1056–67. doi:10.1109/TNSRE.2015.2410773. PMC 4692803. PMID 25769168. cyangwa abakeye kubagwa kw'amagufwa . 

Inyungu y'inyongera kuri ubu bwoko bwo kuvura imiterere ya robo ni ukugabanuka kugaragara kw'imitsi hamwe n'ijwi ry'imitsi mu maboko yangiritse. Icyerekezo gitandukanye cya robo cyemerera gutambuka cyangwa guhagarikwa, cyangwa guhuza indege zitandukanye. Krebs, Hermano; Ferraro, Mark; Buerger, Stephen P; Newbery, Miranda J; Makiyama, Antonio; Sandmann, Michael; Lynch, Daniel; Volpe, Bruce T; Hogan, Neville (2004). "Rehabilitation robotics: pilot trial of a spatial extension for MIT-Manus". Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 1 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-1-5. PMC 544952. PMID 15679916. Ihagaritse, anti-gravit igenamigambi ni ingirakamaro cyane mu gutezimbere imikorere yigitugu ninkokora.

 Reba kandi 

 Hybrid Ifasha Limb
 Ubwubatsi bwo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe
 Imashini za robo
 Prosthetics

 Amashakiro