Ibigize ubutaka mubutambike

A  'ubutaka butambitse'  ni igipande kibangikanye nubutaka butaka imiterere yumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye nibice biri hejuru no munsi. Horizons isobanurwa muburyo bwinshi nibintu bigaragara bigaragara, cyane cyane ibara nimiterere. Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa haba mumagambo yuzuye (ingano yubunini bwagabanijwe kubwimiterere, kurugero) no muburyo ugereranije nibikoresho bikikije, ni ukuvuga 'coarser' cyangwa 'sandier' kuruta ibizunguruka hejuru no hepfo.

Uturere twerekanwe twerekanwe nibimenyetso, bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bukurikirana. Master horizon (horizon nkuru) yerekanwa ninyuguti nkuru. Ibisobanuro, muburyo bwinyuguti nto n’ishusho, birusheho gutandukanya ibishushanyo mbonera. Hariho uburyo bwinshi butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon kwisi. Nta sisitemu nimwe ikosora-nkubwubatsi bwububiko, akamaro kayo kari mubushobozi bwabo bwo gusobanura neza imiterere yaho muburyo bumwe. Bitewe nubusobanuro butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon, sisitemu ntishobora kuvangwa.

Muri sisitemu nyinshi gutondekanya ubutaka, utambitse dukoreshwa mugusobanura ubwoko bwubutaka. Sisitemu y'Ubudage ikoresha urutonde rwose rw'ibisobanuro kugirango isobanurwe. / ref> Ubundi sisitemu itoranya uturere tumwe na tumwe, "ibipimo byo gusuzuma", kubisobanuro; ingero nizo [ । icon.svg | 50px]] Inyandiko yakuwe muri iyi soko, iboneka munsi ya Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Uruhushya mpuzamahanga. </ref> the USDA ubutaka bwubutaka <ref name = "ST"> {{Tanga urubuga | url = https: umutwe = Urufunguzo rwubutaka bwa Taxonomy | integuro = 12 <ref>  < "cambic horizon" cyangwa "spodic horizon". WRB yerekana urutonde 40 rwo gusuzuma. Usibye ibi bisobanuro byo gusuzuma, ibindi bintu biranga ubutaka birashobora gukenerwa kugirango dusobanure ubwoko bwubutaka. Ubutaka bumwe ntabwo bufite iterambere risobanutse neza.

Ubutaka butambitse nigisubizo cyibikorwa byubutaka (pedogenezi). <ref> {{Tanga igitabo | umutwe = Ibyingenzi byubumenyi bwubutaka | umwanditsi = W.E.H. Blum | umwanditsi2 = P. Schad | umwanditsi3 = S. Amajyaruguru |

 Urutonde rwa Horizon 
Ubutaka bwinshi bufite ubuso kama, bugaragazwa ninyuguti nkuru "O" (inyuguti zishobora gutandukana bitewe na sisitemu). Ubutaka bwubutaka busanzwe butangirira kuri horizon. Niba ubutaka butunganijwe neza buturutse kubutaka bubaho, mubisanzwe byitwa B horizon. Hanze ya horizon, ariko idateye imbere cyane bita C horizon. Uburiri bukomeye burangwa cyane R. Sisitemu nyinshi kugiti cye zasobanuye uturere twinshi kuruta ibice bitanu gusa. Mubikurikira, utambitse hamwe nibice byashyizwe kurutonde cyangwa byinshi ukurikije umwanya wabyo kuva hejuru kugeza hasi mubutaka bwubutaka. Ntabwo bose baboneka mubutaka bwose.

Ubutaka bufite amateka yo kwivanga kwabantu, nkurugero binyuze mubikorwa bikomeye byubutaka cyangwa guhinga byimbitse, birashobora kubura aho bitandukaniye hafi. Iyo usuzumye ubutaka bwo mu murima, hagomba kwitabwaho geomorphologie hamwe n’imikoreshereze y’amateka, ubwo butaka bwashyizwemo, kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amazina akwiye akoreshwa kuri horizone.

 Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka 
Dosiye:Ubutaka_bwa_Horizons.svg
O) [[Igorofa |
A)  Ubutaka bwo hejuru: Igice cyubutaka bwubutaka. {Ibisobanuro bigufi | Igice cyubutaka ibiranga umubiri bitandukanye nibice biri hejuru no munsi}}

[

A  'ubutaka butambitse'  ni igipande kibangikanye nubutaka butaka imiterere yumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye nibice biri hejuru no munsi. Horizons isobanurwa muburyo bwinshi nibintu bigaragara bigaragara, cyane cyane ibara nimiterere. Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa haba mumagambo yuzuye (ingano yubunini bwagabanijwe kubwimiterere, kurugero) no muburyo ugereranije nibikoresho bikikije, ni ukuvuga 'coarser' cyangwa 'sandier' kuruta ibizunguruka hejuru no hepfo.

Uturere twerekanwe twerekanwe nibimenyetso, bikoreshwa cyane muburyo bukurikirana. Master horizon (horizon nkuru) yerekanwa ninyuguti nkuru. Ibisobanuro, muburyo bwinyuguti nto n’ishusho, birusheho gutandukanya ibishushanyo mbonera. Hariho uburyo bwinshi butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon kwisi. Nta sisitemu nimwe ikosora-nkubwubatsi bwububiko, akamaro kayo kari mubushobozi bwabo bwo gusobanura neza imiterere yaho muburyo bumwe. Bitewe nubusobanuro butandukanye bwibimenyetso bya horizon, sisitemu ntishobora kuvangwa.

Muri sisitemu nyinshi gutondekanya ubutaka, utambitse dukoreshwa mugusobanura ubwoko bwubutaka. Sisitemu y'Ubudage ikoresha urutonde rwose rw'ibisobanuro kugirango isobanurwe. / ref> Ubundi sisitemu itoranya uturere tumwe na tumwe, "ibipimo byo gusuzuma", kubisobanuro; ingero nizo [ । icon.svg | 50px]] Inyandiko yakuwe muri iyi soko, iboneka munsi ya Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Uruhushya mpuzamahanga. </ref> the USDA ubutaka bwubutaka  {{Tanga urubuga | url = https: umutwe = Urufunguzo rwubutaka bwa Taxonomy | integuro = 12 <ref>  < "cambic horizon" cyangwa "spodic horizon". WRB yerekana urutonde 40 rwo gusuzuma. Usibye ibi bisobanuro byo gusuzuma, ibindi bintu biranga ubutaka birashobora gukenerwa kugirango dusobanure ubwoko bwubutaka. Ubutaka bumwe ntabwo bufite iterambere risobanutse neza.

Ubutaka butambitse nigisubizo cyibikorwa byubutaka (pedogenezi). <ref> {{Tanga igitabo | umutwe = Ibyingenzi byubumenyi bwubutaka | umwanditsi = W.E.H. Blum | umwanditsi2 = P. Schad | umwanditsi3 = S. Amajyaruguru |

 Urutonde rwa Horizon 
Ubutaka bwinshi bufite ubuso kama, bugaragazwa ninyuguti nkuru "O" (inyuguti zishobora gutandukana bitewe na sisitemu). Ubutaka bwubutaka busanzwe butangirira kuri horizon. Niba ubutaka butunganijwe neza buturutse kubutaka bubaho, mubisanzwe byitwa B horizon. Hanze ya horizon, ariko idateye imbere cyane bita C horizon. Uburiri bukomeye burangwa cyane R. Sisitemu nyinshi kugiti cye zasobanuye uturere twinshi kuruta ibice bitanu gusa. Mubikurikira, utambitse hamwe nibice byashyizwe kurutonde cyangwa byinshi ukurikije umwanya wabyo kuva hejuru kugeza hasi mubutaka bwubutaka. Ntabwo bose baboneka mubutaka bwose.

Ubutaka bufite amateka yo kwivanga kwabantu, nkurugero binyuze mubikorwa bikomeye byubutaka cyangwa guhinga byimbitse, birashobora kubura aho bitandukaniye hafi. Iyo usuzumye ubutaka bwo mu murima, hagomba kwitabwaho geomorphologie hamwe n’imikoreshereze y’amateka, ubwo butaka bwashyizwemo, kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amazina akwiye akoreshwa kuri horizone.

 Urugero rwubutaka bwubutaka 

Dosiye:Ubutaka_bwa_Horizons.svg

O) [[Igorofa |

A)  Ubutaka bwo hejuru: Igice cyubutaka bwubutakahamwe no ibintu kama kwirundanya hamwe ubuzima bwubutaka. Byongeye kandi, kubera ikirere, oxyde (cyane cyane oxyde de fer) na ibumba imyunyu ngugu irashingwa. Ifite imiterere y'ubutaka. Ariko mu butaka bumwe na bumwe, imyunyu ngugu y'ibumba, icyuma, aluminium, ibinyabuzima kama, hamwe n'ibindi biyigize birashonga kandi bikamanuka bikamanuka. Iyo ibi eluviation bivuzwe, ibara ryoroshye rya E munsi yubutaka butambitse bugaragara munsi ya A horizon. A horizon irashobora kandi kuba ibisubizo byubutaka bwubutaka bioturbation hamwe nubuso butunganya ibice byiza biva mubinyabuzima topsoil. Kuri iki kibazo, A horizon ifatwa nka "biomantle".

B) [ Okiside ya fer hamwe nubutare bwibumba birundanya bitewe nikirere. Mu butaka, aho ibintu bimanuka bikamanuka hejuru yubutaka, iyi niyo ntera yegeranya. Inzira yo kwegeranya amabuye y'agaciro y'ibumba, ibyuma, aluminium, hamwe n’ibinyabuzima kama, byitwa illuviation. B horizon muri rusange ifite imiterere yubutaka.

C) Substratum: Igice cyurutare rudafite ikirere cyangwa ikirere kidahumanye. Uru rupapuro rushobora kwegeranya ibintu byinshi byoroshye nka CaCO  3 . Ubutaka bwakozwe  muburyo  buva mubintu bidafite ingufu byerekana ibintu bisa niyi C.

R) Bitandukanye n'ibice byavuzwe haruguru, R itambitse ahanini igizwe na misa ikomeza (bitandukanye n'amabuye) y'urutare rukomeye rudashobora gucukurwa n'intoki. Ubutaka bwakozwe  muburyo  buva kuryama bizagaragaza cyane ibyo bisa nigitanda.

 Horizons ukurikije Igitabo cyubutaka bwa Australiya nubushakashatsi bwakozwe mubutaka (2009) 
 'Inkomoko:'  <ref>  

 Horizons 
 'O horizon' 

"O" bisobanura ibintu kama. Nubuso bwubuso, bwiganjemo kuba hari ibintu byinshi kama kama mubice bitandukanye byo kubora. Muri sisitemu ya Australiya, O horizon igomba gufatwa nkaho itandukanye nu gice cya imyanda y’ibabi itwikiriye ahantu henshi h’ibimera byinshi, bitarimo imyunyu ngugu y’ikirere kandi ntabwo biri mu butaka ubwabwo. O horizon irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bya O1 na O2, aho O1 itambitse irimo ibintu bitarangiritse inkomoko yabyo ishobora kugaragara kubireba (urugero, ibice byamababi), naho O2 itambitse irimo imyanda kama mubyiciro bitandukanye byo kubora, inkomoko yabyo. ntabwo byoroshye kugaragara. O horizon irimo ≥ 20% karubone kama.

 'P horizon' 

Izi mpande nazo ni organic cyane ariko ziratandukanye na O horizon kuko zikora mubihe byuzuye amazi. Izina "P" rituruka ku izina ryabo risanzwe, peat s. Bashobora kugabanywamo P1 na P2 muburyo bumwe na O horizon. P horizon irimo ≥ 12 kugeza 18% karubone kama, bitewe nibumba.

 'A horizon' 

 igikumwe | iburyo | 

A horizon ni igice cyo hejuru cyubutaka bwubutaka butambitse, bakunze kwita 'ubutaka'. Iki gipimo kirimo ibinyabuzima byijimye byangirika, aribyo bita "humus". Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki ya horizon birashobora gutandukana hagati ya sisitemu, ariko bikunze gusobanurwa mumagambo ugereranije nibice byimbitse. "A" utambitse dushobora kuba twijimye mu ibara kuruta ibice byimbitse kandi bikubiyemo byinshi organic organic, cyangwa birashobora kuba byoroshye ariko bikabamo bike ibumba cyangwa pedogenic oxyde s. A ni ubuso butambitse, kandi nkuko bizwi kandi nka zone igaragaramo ibikorwa byibinyabuzima. Ibinyabuzima byubutaka nka inzoka s, potworm s (enchytraeids), arthropod s, nematode, fungi, nubwoko bwinshi bwa bagiteri na archaea yibanze hano, akenshi ifatanije cyane n imizi yibihingwa. Rero, A horizon irashobora kwitwa  biomantle.  Johnson, D.L., J.E.J. Domier, na D.N. Johnson. 2005. Gutekereza kumiterere yubutaka na biomantle. Umwaka, Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika b'Abanyamerika, umurongo wa 95 (1), pp. 11-31.  <ref> Wilkinson, M.T. na G.S. Humphreys. 2005. Ikinyamakuru cyo muri Ositaraliya cy’ubushakashatsi ku butaka, umurongo wa 43, pp. 767-779. A horizon irashobora kugabanywa muri A1 (umwijima, ibikorwa bya biologiya ntarengwa), A2 (paler), na A3 (inzibacyuho kuri B horizon).

 'E horizon'  (ntabwo ikoreshwa)