Assistive Technology Acts

Assistive Technology Acts itanga inkunga ihuriweho na Minisiteri y’uburezi muri Amerika muri buri ntara n’intara kugira ngo ishyigikire "Imbaraga za Leta zo kunoza itangwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rifasha abantu bafite ubumuga bw’ingeri zose binyuze muri gahunda rusange z’ubufasha bujyanye n’ikoranabuhanga."  Ifashayobora Technologies ni ibikoresho, ibintu cyangwa ibikoresho bikoreshwa mugutezimbere cyangwa kugumana imikorere yumuntu ufite ubumuga. Ibi bizafasha umuntu ufite ubumuga kwigenga mubuzima, ibi birimo: uburezi, imyidagaduro, nibikorwa byose bya buri munsi. Serivisi zitangwa kubufasha bwa tekinoroji zirimo kuba ushobora gukoresha ibikoresho bya AT, gusuzuma ibikoresho, hamwe no kubungabunga byose birimo, nko kubitunganya, gusana, n'amahugurwa.  Mu mategeko agenga ikoranabuhanga, inkunga ya leta ihabwa buri gihugu gutera inkunga umushinga w’ikoranabuhanga (ATAP) utanga serivisi kubantu bafite ubumuga, imiryango yabo, abarezi nibindi byinshi mubuzima bwabo.  Igikorwa, cyatowe bwa mbere mu 1988, kirangira buri mwaka kandi kigomba guhora kivugururwa kugirango serivisi zishobore gukoreshwa.

Kugeza ubu, hari gahunda 56 za Leta AT . Hariho gahunda kuri leta zose uko ari 50, intara 4 zo muri Amerika, hamwe na Porto Rico n'akarere ka Columbiya.  Ku bantu bagera ku 50.000.000 bafite ubumuga muri Amerika, izi gahunda zirahari kugira ngo zibafashe mu guhitamo no kubona ikoranabuhanga ryabafasha, risobanurwa nk'igikoresho icyo ari cyo cyose cyabafasha gukora imirimo bitoroshye cyangwa bidashoboka. Abahawe inkunga 56 basabwa gukora ibikorwa byabo byubahwa kurwego rwa leta nibikorwa byubuyobozi bwa leta. Abahawe inkunga bagomba kumenyesha abantu bafite ubumuga kuri Technologies Technologies, aho bayakira, nuburyo bwo kubona Technologies Technologies.

 Amateka 
Imfashanyo ijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga ku bantu bafite ubumuga ( Pub. L. 100–407 ), ryatowe bwa mbere mu 1988, ryemewe mu 1994 ( Pub. L.  103–218 ) na none muri 1998 ( Pub. L.  105–394 (text)  ). Yashyizweho nka sisitemu yo guhindura inkunga kandi bakunze kwita "Tech Act" mugihe gito. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities Kongere yemeje iri tegeko hagamijwe kongera uburyo bwo kugera, kuboneka, n’inkunga y’ikoranabuhanga rifasha binyuze mu mbaraga za Leta na gahunda z’igihugu. Itegeko ryo mu 1998 ryongeye gushimangira ko ikoranabuhanga ari igikoresho cy'ingirakamaro gishobora gukoreshwa mu kuzamura imibereho y'Abanyamerika bafite ubumuga. Hifashishijwe guverinoma abantu benshi bari kwemererwa kubona ibikoresho nibikoresho batigeze batekereza ko bazabona amahirwe yo gutunga.

Intara zose n’intara za Amerika byahawe umushinga wa Tech Act. Itsinda rya mbere ryimishinga ryatangiye mu 1989. Buri mushinga wa leta wari ufite imyaka itanu yinkunga nkuko amategeko ya 1989 abiteganya. Gusaba inkunga irushanwa byasabwaga kubona andi myaka itanu y'amafaranga. Imishinga yijejwe imyaka umunani inkunga yuzuye; umwaka wa cyenda kuri 75% yinkunga yuzuye; n'umwaka wa cumi nkumushinga wa Tech Act kuri 50% yinkunga yuzuye.

Amategeko ashyigikira imishinga y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha leta yari ateganijwe kurenga ku ya 30 Nzeri 2004. Itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryo mu 2004 (Pub. L.Tooltip Amategeko rusange (Amerika) 108–364 (inyandiko) (PDF)) yemereye porogaramu y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha muri leta zose n’intara mu gihe cyimyaka itanu nka gahunda ishingiye kuri formula, kandi ikuraho amategeko izuba rirenze.

 Itegeko ry'ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu 2004 
Itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryo mu 2004, ryashyizweho umukono na Perezida George W. Bush, ryemeje ko inkunga ikomeye y’ikoranabuhanga rifasha ikomeza.  Gukomeza icyo gikorwa byatumye abantu benshi bafite ubumuga bakomeza kwitabira ibikorwa bya buri munsi. Mugihe iki gikorwa cyakozwe mu 1988, impinduka nyinshi zabaye igihe byakomezaga muri 2004. Imwe mu mpinduka zikomeye zazanywe na Active Technology Act yo mu 2004 ni uguhindura intego. Ibikorwa byabanje byibanze ku gufasha ibihugu kubaka "sisitemu zo kunoza uburyo bwo kubona ibikoresho byikoranabuhanga bifasha ababana nubumuga."  Itegeko ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Assistive ryo mu 2004 rihindura amategeko abanziriza itegeko rya Assistive Technology ryo mu 1998 kugira ngo rivugurure kandi ryemererwe porogaramu ya Active Technology Act. Impinduka mu itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryemerera umunyamabanga w’uburezi gutanga inkunga y’ikoranabuhanga ifasha kujya muri Leta gukomeza gahunda z’igihugu cyose. Porogaramu izafasha ababana n'ubumuga, abagize umuryango, abarezi, abahagarariye uburenganzira, n'abunganira kubona Technologies Technologies '. Byongeye kandi, impinduka mu 2004 ku nkunga ya Assistive Technology isaba leta gukoresha amafaranga mu bikorwa bya leta. Ibikorwa byo ku rwego rwa Leta birimo gahunda yo gutera inkunga, ikubiyemo gahunda y'inguzanyo yo gufasha mu kubona no gutera inkunga serivisi zifasha ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho. Inguzanyo y'Ikoreshwa rya Tekinoroji Yemerera abantu kuguza Ikoranabuhanga rya Assistive mugihe gito cyo gukoresha no kumenya niba igikoresho cyujuje ibyo bakeneye mbere yo kugura ibicuruzwa bya tekinoroji. Na none, Serivisi ishinzwe gutera inkunga Tekinoroji ya Leta yemerera ababana nubumuga kugura / kubona inguzanyo zamafaranga zitanga ubufasha bwa Technologie kubaguzi ku giciro gito binyuze mumasoko y’ikoranabuhanga ridafasha cyangwa bivuye mu mufuka.  Mubyongeyeho, porogaramu izafasha mugukoresha ibikoresho bifasha abaguzi gusana ibicuruzwa byabo, gusanwa, no guhindurwa. Serivise ifasha ikorana buhanga ryemerera abandi bantu bafite ubumuga kongera gukoresha Technologies Technologies itagikoreshwa cyangwa ikenewe na nyirayo wambere. Ibi bituma ababana nubumuga bakira Ikoranabuhanga rifasha hamwe no kuzigama amafaranga menshi. Na none, iyi gahunda izafasha kubona inguzanyo kubikoresho bifite imyiyerekano izafasha mubikorwa byo gutanga amakuru. 

 Ibikorwa bya gahunda ya tekinoroji ya leta 
Bitewe n'imbaraga za gahunda ya Leta ishinzwe ikoranabuhanga, miliyoni z'abanyamerika bafite ubumuga barashobora kujya ku kazi, kujya ku ishuri, kwitabira ibikorwa by'imyidagaduro, kandi bakagira uruhare mu baturage babo. Ibikorwa bya Leta byagezweho muri make buri mwaka murwego rwo gutanga raporo ya tekinoroji. Incamake y'ibyo byagezweho yateguwe n'ishyirahamwe rya porogaramu ifasha ikoranabuhanga;  kopi yuzuye ya buri gahunda ya Leta urashobora kuyisanga muri sisitemu yigihugu yamakuru yo gufasha ikoranabuhanga. 

Ishyirahamwe ry’imishinga ifasha ikorana buhanga (ATAP) n’umuryango w’igihugu udaharanira inyungu washinzwe mu 1997 kandi uterwa inkunga n’itegeko rya federasiyo ifasha mu kugenzura gahunda za Leta AT.  ATAP yashyizeho umuyoboro w’ikoranabuhanga ufasha ibihugu gusangira umutungo, kuganira ku bibazo, gutanga inkunga, gukora ubushakashatsi, kunganira gahunda n’amategeko, no gutanga uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga rifasha.  ATAP irareba, "kubungabunga no guteza imbere urusobe rukomeye, rukora neza, kandi rukora neza muri gahunda y’igihugu  ikoranabuhanga rya Leta ..." urwego. Izi gahunda zigomba kumenyekana kandi mugihe hashyizweho amategeko menshi hazitabwaho cyane tekinoloji yose ifasha yakoze kugirango ifashe ababana nubumuga.

Buri Leta ifite gahunda zayo bwite zishobora kuboneka muri sisitemu yigihugu yamakuru yo gufasha ikoranabuhanga.  Intara imaze gutorwa uzasanga iryo zina ryihariye rya leta ifasha ikorana buhanga hamwe na aderesi hamwe n’aho ushobora kubasanga. Muri ayo makuru uzahasanga ibisobanuro byubuhanga bwa leta bufasha bwashyizweho, uburyo bwujuje ibisabwa na leta, hamwe nubusobanuro bugufi bwikoranabuhanga ryatanzwe. Mubisobanuro, uyikoresha azabona noneho Umwirondoro wa Porogaramu ugabanijwemo ibice bitandatu:

 Igice cya mbere kivuga umwirondoro wa porogaramu ya tekinoroji ya Leta yose, Ikigo kiyobora, Ikigo gishyira mu bikorwa, hamwe na titre ya gahunda.
 Igice cya kabiri kizatanga amakuru ajyanye n’ibikorwa bya Leta bitera inkunga ibisobanuro birambuye ku bizagerwaho n’uburyo ibyo bikorwa bizakorwa.
 Igice cya gatatu ni ibisobanuro kuri Reutilisation ya Device kandi isobanura ubushakashatsi bwiterambere ryiterambere gahunda nziza yo kongera gukoresha muri leta nuburyo leta izashyira mubikorwa izo gahunda zo gukoresha ibikoresho.
 Igice cya kane kivuga ku ngingo y'inguzanyo y'ibikoresho byerekana niba leta yihariye ifite gahunda yo kuguriza ibikoresho no gushyira mu bikorwa izo gahunda.
 Igice cya gatanu ni Imyiyerekano y’ibikoresho aho leta izerekana niba itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ritera inkunga yo gutera inkunga ibigo byerekanirwamo kandi niba hari ibigo byigenga byigenga ko inkunga itangwa na leta yakirwa kugirango ikore ibigo byerekana.
 Igice cya gatandatu n'icya nyuma bisobanura Ibikorwa by'Ubuyobozi bwa Leta bikubiyemo gahunda zo guteza imbere n'amahugurwa bishyirwa mu bikorwa ku bigo bigenewe. Hamwe n’izo, leta izerekana niba itanga amakuru atishyurwa na serivisi yo kohereza, amatangazo y’imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro ku mbuga zitandukanye nka radiyo na televiziyo, kandi niba Leta itanga ibisobanuro n’ingingo zamakuru mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha ubufasha. Ikoranabuhanga.
 Buri ntara ifite gahunda zitandukanye kandi yateguye kugiti cye ishingiye kubantu ku giti cyabo baba muri iyo ntara, kugirango bige kuri leta yawe jya imbere usure Sisitemu yigihugu ishinzwe amakuru yikoranabuhanga rufasha. 

 Amategeko yo guhanga udushya n'abakozi 
Ku ya 22 Nyakanga 2014, Perezida Barack Obama yashyizweho umukono n'itegeko (WIOA) ryashyizweho n'abakozi (WIOA  WIOA itanga abantu bashaka akazi bafite amahirwe yo kubona akazi, akazi keza cyane, uburezi, amahugurwa, serivisi zifasha ababana n'ubumuga kandi igahuza abakozi bafite ubumenyi n’abakoresha kugirango bateze imbere abakozi ba Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika.  WIOA yagize ingaruka ku itegeko rigenga ikoranabuhanga ryo mu 2004 yimura ubuyobozi bwa AT Act mu buyobozi bwa serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe mu ishami ry’uburezi ku buyobozi bw’umuryango utuye mu ishami ry’ubuzima na serivisi z’abantu.  Ubuyobozi bw'Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage buyobora Igice cya 4, 5 n'icya 6 bya gahunda n'ibikorwa bya AT Act. WIOA yimuye Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubumuga, ubuzima bwigenga, n’ubushakashatsi bwo gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe kuva mu ishami ry’uburezi kwimurira mu buyobozi bw’umuryango utuye (ACL).  Gushyira hamwe gahunda zose zita kubumuga bituma ACL "yongerera ubwigenge, imibereho myiza, nubuzima bwabantu bakuru ndetse nabafite ubumuga, nimiryango nabarezi bombi"  kandi bagasohoza inshingano zabo zo guha ababana nubumuga a ubuzima bwiza.

 Reba 

 U.S. Department of Labor
 U.S. Census
 U.S. Department of Education
 National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)

 Shakisha 

Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga
Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere
Ikiciro:Ubumuga
Ikiciro:Ubufasha bwibanze