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IBYIGOJURU BIKORA GUTE?
Amoko y’Ibikoresho Bikoreshwa Mu Byogajuru

Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu byogajuru ni ibice by’ikoranabuhanga bishyirwa ku byogajuru (satellites) kugira ngo bifashe mu mirimo itandukanye harimo itumanaho, kugenzura isi, ubushakashatsi mu kirere, imiyoborere y’ubwirinzi n’ibindi. Ibyogajuru ubwabyo bikora nk’icyicaro cyangwa icyuma cy’ikoranabuhanga gishobora kugenda mu isanzure, kikohereza cyangwa kikakira amakuru.

Ibikoresho bikoreshwa kuri ibi byogajuru bigira amoko atandukanye, bitewe n’akazi byagenewe gukora. Uko ikoranabuhanga rigenda ritera imbere, ni ko n’ibi bikoresho bigenda bitera imbere mu bunini, ubushobozi no mu gukoresha ingufu nke.

 1. Ibyogajuru by’Itumanaho (Communication Satellites) 
Ibi ni byo byogajuru bikunze gukoreshwa cyane ku isi. Bifasha mu gutanga serivisi z’itumanaho nka televiziyo, telefoni, internet, n’itumanaho rya gisirikare. Bikoreshwa mu guhuza ibice bitandukanye by’isi hakoreshejwe sinyali za radiyo cyangwa microwave.

Ibyo bikoresho bikubiyemo:

 Antena zo kohereza no kwakira sinyali
 Amplifiers zongera imbaraga ya sinyali
 Transponders zohereza sinyali kuri point runaka

Urugero:

 Intelsat
 Eutelsat
 Starlink ya SpaceX
 Inmarsat

 2. Ibyogajuru byo Kugenzura Isi (Earth Observation Satellites) 
Ibi byogajuru bigamije gutanga amakuru ajyanye n’imiterere y’ubutaka, ibidukikije, n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Bikoreshwa mu buhinzi, igenamigambi ry’imijyi, kugenzura ibiza n’ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi.

Ibikoresho bikubiyemo:

 Kamera za multispectral na hyperspectral
 Radar (SAR – Synthetic Aperture Radar)
 Sensori za infrared na thermal

Urugero:

 Landsat (ya NASA n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe ibidukikije – USGS)
 Sentinel (Copernicus program y’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi)
 Terra na Aqua za NASA

 3. Ibyogajuru bya Gisirikare (Military Satellites) 
Ibi ni ibyogajuru bikoreshwa n’ingabo mu rwego rwo kwicungira umutekano, gutahura ibikorwa by’abanzi, cyangwa gutanga amakuru ku bijyanye n’ikirere n’aho ibikoresho bya gisirikare biri. Bimwe bikora akazi k’ubutasi, gufata amajwi n’amashusho, n’ibindi.

Ibikoresho bikubiyemo:

 Kamera zifata amashusho meza cyane
 Sensori z’ubushyuhe
 Radar zishobora gutahura ibintu bitagaragara ku maso

Urugero:

 Lacrosse satellites
 NROL series za National Reconnaissance Office (USA)
 Kosmos satellites z’u Burusiya

 4. Ibyogajuru by’Imyidagaduro n’Itumanaho rusange 
Ibi byogajuru bitanga serivisi zijyanye n’imyidagaduro, harimo gukwirakwiza amajwi n’amashusho, radio, GPS, n’ibindi. Bikoreshwa n’abantu ku giti cyabo cyangwa ibigo bikora ubucuruzi.

Ibikoresho bikubiyemo:

 Transponders z’amashusho n’amajwi
 GPS receivers
 Modulators zifasha kohereza amashusho meza

Urugero:

 DirecTV
 Sirius XM Radio
 GPS satellites (ku bufatanye bwa gisirikare n’abasivile)

 5. Ibyogajuru bito: CubeSats, NanoSats, na MicroSats 
Ni ibyogajuru bifite ubunini buto cyane, bikaba bikoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi mu mashuri makuru, mu bucuruzi buto, no mu kwiga ikoranabuhanga rishya. Kubera igiciro gito cyo kubitunganya no kubohereza mu isanzure, byatumye bihinduka ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu iterambere ry’itumanaho ryihariye n’ubumenyi.

Urugero:

 Rwanda’s RWASAT-1 (CubeSat yohererejwe mu isanzure mu 2019)
 Planet Labs Doves (imikoreshereze y’ubutaka)
 Mars Cube One (ya NASA)

 6. Ibyogajuru by’Ubushakashatsi bw’Isanzure (Space Science Satellites) 
Bikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi mu by’ikirere n’isanzure, nko kugenzura inyenyeri, inyuguti z’ikirere (galaxies), umwimerere w’umwuka, n’ubushakashatsi ku mibumbe nka Mars cyangwa Venus.

Urugero:

 Hubble Space Telescope
 James Webb Space Telescope
 Gaia (ya ESA)

 Umwanzuro 
Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu byogajuru bigira uruhare rukomeye mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Bifasha mu itumanaho, mu kurengera ibidukikije, mu kwita ku buzima bw’abantu, no mu kurinda umutekano w’ibihugu. Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rizakomeza kwagura ubushobozi bw’ibi bikoresho no gutuma byorohera ibihugu n’abantu ku giti cyabo kubikoresha.

 Inkomoko n’Ibimenyetso: 

 NASA – www.nasa.gov
 ESA – European Space Agency – www.esa.int
 Union of Concerned Scientists – Satellite Database
 Rwanda Space Agency – www.rsa.gov.rw                                                CREATED BY GISUBIZO