Ubukerarugendo

Ubukerarugendo ni ingendo zishimisha cyangwa zigamije ubucuruzi,kandi nigikorwa cyubucuruzi cyo gutanga no gutera inkunga izo ngendo. Umuryango w’ubukerarugendo ku isi usobanura ubukerarugendo muri rusange, mu magambo arenga "imyumvire isanzwe y’ubukerarugendo ko igarukira gusa mu biruhuko gusa", nk 'abantu "bagenda kandi baguma ahantu hatari ibidukikije bisanzwe mu gihe kitarenze umwaka ukurikiranye kwidagadura kandi bitarenze amasaha 24, ubucuruzi nizindi ntego ". [3] Ubukerarugendo bushobora kuba ubw'imbere mu gihugu (mu gihugu cy’abagenzi) cyangwa mpuzamahanga, kandi ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bugira ingaruka zinjira kandi zisohoka ku buringanire bw'igihugu.

Umubare w’ubukerarugendo wagabanutse bitewe n’ubukungu bwifashe nabi cyane (ubukungu bwifashe nabi mu mpera za 2000) hagati y’igice cya kabiri cy’umwaka wa 2008 n’impera za 2009, kandi bitewe n’ikwirakwizwa rya virusi ya grippe H1N1 2009, [4] [5] ariko buhoro buhoro gukira kugeza icyorezo cya COVID-19 gishyize iherezo ritunguranye kumikurire. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo ku isi ryagereranije ko abinjira mu bukerarugendo mpuzamahanga ku isi bashobora kugabanuka ku kigero cya 58% bakagera kuri 78% mu 2020, bigatuma igihombo cya miliyoni 0.9-1.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika yinjira mu bukerarugendo mpuzamahanga. [6]

Ku isi hose, ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga byinjira mu bukerarugendo (ibintu by'ingendo mu rwego rwo kwishyura) byiyongereye kugera kuri tiriyari 1.03 z'amadolari y'Amerika (miliyari 740) mu 2005, bihuye n'ubwiyongere bw'ukuri bwa 3.8% guhera mu 2010. [7] Ku nshuro ya mbere mu mwaka wa 2012. ba mukerarugendo mpuzamahanga barenze ba miliyari 1 ba mukerarugendo ku isi. Amasoko akomoka mu Bushinwa, Uburusiya, na Berezile yariyongereye cyane mu myaka icumi ishize.

Ubukerarugendo ku isi bugizwe na c. 8% by'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Ibyuka bihumanya kimwe n’izindi ngaruka zikomeye z’ibidukikije n’imibereho ntabwo buri gihe bigirira akamaro abaturage baho nubukungu bwabo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amashyirahamwe menshi ateza imbere ubukerarugendo yatangiye kwibanda ku bukerarugendo burambye kugira ngo agabanye ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ubukerarugendo bugenda bwiyongera. Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo ku isi ryashimangiye ibyo bikorwa biteza imbere ubukerarugendo mu rwego rw’iterambere rirambye, binyuze muri gahunda nk’umwaka mpuzamahanga w’ubukerarugendo burambye bw’iterambere ry’iterambere mu 2017, [11] na gahunda nk’ubukerarugendo kuri SDGs byibanda ku buryo SDG 8, SDG 12 na SDG 14 bigira uruhare mu bukerarugendo mu gushyiraho ubukungu burambye.

Ubukerarugendo bugeze ku ntera nshya hamwe n’inganda zigenda ziyongera mu bukerarugendo bwo mu kirere kimwe n’inganda zigezweho hamwe n’amato atwara abagenzi, hari inzira nyinshi zitandukanye z’ubukerarugendo. Iyindi nganda nshya yubukerarugendo nubukerarugendo busanzwe.

 Etymology 
Ijambo umukerarugendo rikoreshwa mu Cyongereza ryakoreshejwe mu 1772 [13] n'ubukerarugendo mu 1811. [14] [15] Aya magambo akomoka ku ijambo gutembera, rikomoka ku cyongereza cya kera cyitwa turian, kiva mu cyongereza cya kera cy’igifaransa, kiva mu kilatini cyitwa tornare - "gufungura umusarani", ubwacyo kikaba gikomoka kuri tornos ya kera yo mu Bugereki (τόρνος) - "umusarani". [16]

 Ibisobanuro 
Mu 1936, Umuryango w’ibihugu wasobanuye umukerarugendo w’amahanga nk "umuntu ugenda mu mahanga byibuze amasaha makumyabiri nane". Umusimbuye, Umuryango w’abibumbye, yahinduye iki gisobanuro mu 1945, ashyiramo igihe ntarengwa cy’amezi atandatu.

Mu 1941, Hunziker na Kraft basobanuye ubukerarugendo nk '"igiteranyo cy’ibintu n’umubano bituruka ku ngendo no gutura by’abatari abenegihugu, kubera ko biterekeza ku gutura burundu kandi ntaho bihuriye n’igikorwa cyo kwinjiza amafaranga.

" Mu 1976, Umuryango w’ubukerarugendo mu Bwongereza wasobanuye ugira uti: "Ubukerarugendo ni urugendo rw’agateganyo, mu gihe gito abantu berekeza aho berekeza hanze y’aho basanzwe batuye kandi bakorera ndetse n’ibikorwa byabo mu gihe cyo kuguma kuri buri cyerekezo. Harimo kugenda mu ntego zose. "

Mu 1994, Umuryango w’abibumbye wagaragaje uburyo butatu bw’ubukerarugendo mu byifuzo byabwo ku mibare y’ubukerarugendo: [22]

 Ubukerarugendo bwo mu gihugu, burimo abatuye igihugu runaka bagenda gusa muri iki gihugu
 Ubukerarugendo bwinjira, burimo abadatuye ingendo mu gihugu runaka
 Ubukerarugendo bwo hanze, burimo abaturage bagenda mu kindi gihugu
 Andi matsinda yavuye mu matsinda yavuzwe haruguru
 Ubukerarugendo bw'igihugu, ihuriro ry'ubukerarugendo bwo mu gihugu no hanze
 Ubukerarugendo bwo mu karere, ihuriro ry'ubukerarugendo bwo mu gihugu no mu gihugu
 Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga, ihuriro ry'ubukerarugendo bwinjira no hanze

Amagambo ubukerarugendo ningendo rimwe na rimwe akoreshwa kimwe. Ni muri urwo rwego, ingendo zifite ibisobanuro bisa n'ubukerarugendo ariko bisobanura urugendo rufite intego. Ijambo ubukerarugendo na ba mukerarugendo rimwe na rimwe rikoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye, mu kwerekana inyungu nke mumico cyangwa ahantu hasuwe. Ibinyuranye, umugenzi akoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo gutandukanya. Sosiyologiya y’ubukerarugendo yize indangagaciro z'umuco zishimangira iryo tandukaniro n'ingaruka zabyo ku mibanire y'ibyiciro.

 Ibicuruzwa byubukerarugendo 
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo rivuga ko ibicuruzwa by'ubukerarugendo ari: [26]amarangamutima ku bashobora kuba abakiriya. Igicuruzwa cy’ubukerarugendo kiragurwa kandi kigurishwa binyuze mu nzira zo kugabura kandi gifite ubuzima-buzima ".

 Ibicuruzwa byubukerarugendo bikubiyemo serivisi zitandukanye zirimo: [27]
 Serivisi zo gucumbika kuva murugo ruhendutse kugeza kuri hoteri yinyenyeri eshanu
 Serivise zo kwakira abashyitsi zirimo ibiryo n'ibinyobwa bitanga serivisi
 Serivise z'ubuzima nka massage
 Uburyo bwose bwo gutwara, kubika no gukodesha
 Ibigo byingendo, ingendo ziyobowe nuyobora ba mukerarugendo
 Ibikorwa byumuco nkinzibutso z’amadini, inzu ndangamurage, n’ahantu h'amateka
 Guhaha

 Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga 

Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga ni ubukerarugendo bwambuka imipaka y'igihugu. Kuba isi ihinduka ubukerarugendo ibikorwa bizwi cyane byo kwidagadura ku isi. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku bukerarugendo risobanura ba mukerarugendo nk'abantu "bagenda kandi bakaguma ahantu hatari hasanzwe hasanzwe mu gihe kitarenze umwaka umwe ukurikirana mu myidagaduro, mu bucuruzi no mu zindi ntego". Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko icyarimwe abantu bagera ku 500.000 bari mu ndege icyarimwe.

Mu mwaka wa 2010, ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bwageze ku madorari y'Abanyamerika 919B, bwiyongeraho 6.5% mu mwaka wa 2009, buhuye n'ubwiyongere nyabwo bwa 4.7%. Mu mwaka wa 2010, ku isi hose hari abakerarugendo barenga miliyoni 940. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016 uwo mubare wariyongereye ugera kuri miliyoni 1.235, bituma miliyari 1,220 USD zikoreshwa. Ikibazo cya COVID-19 cyagize ingaruka mbi mubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bidindiza cyane icyerekezo rusange cyiyongera.

Ubukerarugendo mpuzamahanga bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije, bukaba bwarushijeho kwiyongera ku bibazo byatewe n'ingendo zo mu kirere ariko no ku bindi bibazo, birimo ba mukerarugendo bakize bazana imibereho ishimangira ibikorwa remezo byaho, amazi n'imyanda n'ibindi.

 Ishingiro 
Urufatiro rwubukungu bwubukerarugendo ni umutungo w’umuco, umutungo w’umuco ndetse n’imiterere y’urugendo. Umurage ndangamurage wisi ukwiye kuvugwa cyane cyane uyumunsi kuko nubukerarugendo nyabwo. Ariko n'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu buriho cyangwa bwahozeho burashobora gufata icyemezo cyubukerarugendo. Kurugero, gushimisha umuryango wibwami wubwongereza bizana ba mukerarugendo babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu Bwongereza buri mwaka bityo ubukungu bukaba hafi miliyoni 550 zama pound ku mwaka. Umuryango wa Habsburg urashobora kuvugwa mu Burayi bwo hagati. Dukurikije ibigereranyo, ikirango cya Habsburg kigomba kubyara ubukerarugendo bwa miliyoni 60 z'amayero ku mwaka kuri Vienne yonyine. Ihame ry'ubukerarugendo "Habsburg aragurisha" rirakurikizwa. [33] [34]

Ubukerarugendo busanzwe busaba ba mukerarugendo kumva ko bashishikajwe nuburambe nyabwo bwaho basuye. Nk’uko Dean MacCannell abitangaza ngo ubukerarugendo busaba ko ba mukerarugendo bashobora kubona ko ba mukerarugendo ari ukuri kandi ko batandukanye n'ubunararibonye bwabo bwite  113 ubwabo ntabwo: ni ukuvuga ko ari "un-exotic," cyangwa ibisanzwe. [36] [isoko nziza ikenewe]

Ku bwa MacCannell, ubukerarugendo bwose bugezweho bwibonera "ukuri" na "exotic" nk "" iterambere rito "ugereranije n'iki gihe - ni ukuvuga uburambe bwa mukerarugendo.

 Amateka 

 Kera 
Gutembera hanze y’umuntu waho kwidagadura ahanini byagarukiraga mu byiciro bikize, rimwe na rimwe bakajya mu bice bya kure by’isi, kureba inyubako nini n’ibikorwa by’ubuhanzi, kwiga indimi nshya, kwibonera imico mishya, kwishimira kamere nziza no kuryoha bitandukanye. ibiryo. Shulgi akiri muto ariko, abami bashimye kuba barinze imihanda kandi bakubaka inzira z’abagenzi. Urugendo rwo kwinezeza rushobora kuboneka muri Egiputa nko mu 1500 mbere ya Yesu. Ba mukerarugendo b'Abaroma ba kera muri Repubulika basuraga spas na resitora zo ku nkombe nka Baiae. Bari bazwi cyane mu bakire. Abanyaroma bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bakundaga kumara igihe cyabo ku butaka cyangwa ku nyanja bakajya muri villa yabo ya urbana cyangwa villa maritima. Inzu nyinshi zari i Campania, hafi ya Roma no mu majyaruguru ya Adriatike nko muri Barcola hafi ya Trieste. Pausanias yanditse Ibisobanuro bye mu Bugereki mu kinyejana cya kabiri nyuma ya Yesu. Mu Bushinwa bwa kera, abanyacyubahiro rimwe na rimwe bagiraga intego yo gusura umusozi wa Tai, ndetse rimwe na rimwe, imisozi Yera yose uko ari itanu.

 Hagati 
Mu bihe bya nyuma ya kera, amadini menshi, harimo Ubukirisitu, Budisime, n'Ubuyisilamu yari yaratsimbataje imigenzo yo gutembera. Umugani wa Canterbury (nko mu 1390s), ukoresha urugendo rutagatifu nk'igikoresho cyo kubumba, ukomeje kuba icyitegererezo cy'ubuvanganzo bw'icyongereza, naho Urugendo rugana iburengerazuba (nko mu 1592), rufite umwanya wa nyuma mu bitabo by'Abashinwa, rufite ingendo z'Ababuda kuri ihuriro ryibisobanuro byayo.

Mu Butaliyani bwo hagati, Petrarch yanditse inkuru ishushanya ivuga ko yazamutse muri Mont Ventoux 1336 yashimye igikorwa cy’ingendo anenga frigida incuriositas ('kubura amatsiko akonje'); iyi konti ifatwa nkimwe mubihe byambere bizwi byurugendo bikorwa kubwinyungu zayo. [39] Umusizi wo muri Burundiya, Michault Taillevent [fr] yaje guhimba ibyo yibutse biteye ubwoba by'urugendo rwo mu 1430 yanyuze mu misozi ya Jura.

Mu Bushinwa, 'ibitabo byandika ku ngendo' (遊記 文學; yóujì wénxué) byamenyekanye cyane ku ngoma y'indirimbo (960–1279). Abanditsi b'ingendo nka Fan Chengda (1126–1193) na Xu Xiake (1587–1641) bashyizemo amakuru menshi y’imiterere y’imiterere n’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’inyandiko zabo, mu gihe 'inyandiko y’umunsi' Inyandiko y’umusozi wa Kibuye Umusozi wanditswe n'umusizi uzwi cyane akaba n'umunyapolitiki Su Shi (1037–1101) yerekanye ibitekerezo bya filozofiya na morale nkintego nyamukuru. [43]

 Urugendo runini 

Ubukerarugendo bugezweho bushobora gukomoka ku cyahoze cyitwa Grand Tour, cyari urugendo gakondo ruzenguruka u Burayi (cyane cyane Ubudage n'Ubutaliyani), byakozwe n'abasore bo mu rwego rwo hejuru bo mu Burayi bakennye, cyane cyane baturutse mu bihugu by’Uburengerazuba n'Amajyaruguru. Mu 1624, igikomangoma gikiri gito cya Polonye, Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa, imfura ya Sigismund III, yatangiye urugendo azenguruka u Burayi, nk'uko byari bimenyerewe mu banyacyubahiro bo muri Polonye. [44] Yanyuze mu turere two mu Budage bw'uyu munsi, mu Bubiligi, mu Buholandi, aho yishimiye kugota Breda n'ingabo za Esipanye, Ubufaransa, Ubusuwisi mu Butaliyani, Otirishiya, na Repubulika ya Ceki. Ryari urugendo rwo kwigisha [45] kandi kimwe mubyavuyemo ni ugutangiza opera y'Ubutaliyani muri Commonwealth ya Polonye - Lituwaniya.

Umugenzo wateye imbere kuva mu 1660 kugeza haje inzira nini ya gari ya moshi nini mu myaka ya za 1840 kandi muri rusange yakurikizaga urugendo rusanzwe. Byari amahirwe yo kwiga n'umuhango wo gutambuka. Nubwo ahanini bifitanye isano nabanyacyubahiro b’abongereza hamwe nabaherwe bakize ba nyakubahwa, ingendo nkizo zakozwe nabasore bakize bo mubihugu by’abaporotestanti bo mu majyaruguru y’Uburayi ku mugabane wa Afurika, kandi guhera mu gice cya kabiri cy’ikinyejana cya 18 bamwe mu rubyiruko rwo muri Amerika yepfo, Amerika, ndetse n’abandi basore bo mu mahanga bifatanya na bo. .Umuco wariyongereye kugirango ushyiremo benshi murwego rwo hagati nyuma ya gari ya moshi nubwato bworoheje urugendo, kandi Thomas Cook yatumye "Urugendo rwo guteka" ruba ijambo.

Urugendo runini rwabaye ikimenyetso nyacyo kubanyeshuri bo mucyiciro cyo hejuru mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Muri kiriya gihe, ibitekerezo bya Johann Joachim Winckelmann byerekeranye no hejuru y’umuco gakondo byamenyekanye cyane kandi bishimwa mu bihugu by’uburayi. Abahanzi, abanditsi, n'abagenzi (nka Goethe) bemeje ko ibihangano bya kera by’Ubutaliyani, Ubufaransa, n'Ubugereki bitanga ingero nziza. Kubera izo mpamvu, Grand Tour yerekeje cyane muri ibyo bigo, aho abanyeshuri bo mu cyiciro cyo hejuru bashoboraga kubona ingero zidasanzwe zubuhanzi namateka.

Ikinyamakuru New York Times giherutse gusobanura Urugendo Rukuru muri ubu buryo:

Imyaka magana atatu irashize, abasore b'Abongereza bakize batangiye gufata urugendo nyuma ya Oxbridge banyuze mu Bufaransa no mu Butaliyani bashaka ubuhanzi, umuco n'imizi y'umuco w’iburengerazuba. Hamwe namafaranga atagira imipaka, amasano ya aristocratique n'amezi (cyangwa imyaka) yo kuzerera, batanze amashusho,  yatunganije ubuhanga bwabo bwururimi kandi avangwa nubutaka bwo hejuru bwumugabane.

- Byose, Mat., Amasomo yavuye mu rugendo rukomeye. "New York Times 5 Nzeri 2008.

Agaciro kambere k’uruzinduko runini, byizerwaga ko rwashyizwe mu murage haba ku murage ndangamuco wa kera na Renaissance, ndetse no mu muryango w’abakomeye kandi bafite ikinyabupfura ku mugabane w’Uburayi.

 Kugaragara kwingendo zo kwidagadura 
Iki gice gikeneye izindi nyandiko zerekana kugenzura. (Gashyantare 2013)

Slatina Spa muri Slatina, Repubulika ya Srpska, BiH izwi cyane kubera imiterere yayo kandi yari imaze gukurura ba mukerarugendo kuva mu 1870.

Ingendo zo kwidagadura zajyanye na Revolution y’inganda mu Bwongereza - igihugu cya mbere cy’Uburayi cyateje imbere igihe cyo kwidagadura ku baturage biyongera mu nganda. Ku ikubitiro, ibi byarebaga ba nyiri imashini zibyara umusaruro, oligarchy yubukungu, abafite uruganda nabacuruzi. Aba bari bagize itsinda rishya ryo hagati. Cox & Kings niyo sosiyete yambere yingendo zashinzwe mu 1758. [48]

Inkomoko yabongereza yiyi nganda nshya igaragarira mumazina menshi. I Nice, mu Bufaransa, kamwe mu turere twa mbere kandi twubatswe neza mu biruhuko kuri Riviera y’Abafaransa, esplanade ndende ku nkombe y’inyanja izwi kugeza ubu yitwa Promenade des Anglais; mu yandi ma resitora menshi y’amateka yo ku mugabane w’Uburayi, amahoteri ashaje, yubatswe neza afite amazina nka Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton, cyangwa Hotel Majestic - byerekana ubwiganze bw’abakiriya b’Ubwongereza.

Umupayiniya wubucuruzi bwikigo gishinzwe ingendo, igitekerezo cya Thomas Cook cyo gutanga ingendo cyaje kuri we mugihe yari ategereje stagecoach kumuhanda wa Londere i Kibworth. Hafunguwe umuhanda wa gari ya moshi wagutse wa Midland County, yateguye kujyana itsinda ry’abakangurambaga 540 bava kuri sitasiyo ya Leicester Campbell ku giterane cyabereye i Loughborough, ku birometero 18 uvuye. Ku ya 5 Nyakanga 1841, Thomas Cook yateguye isosiyete ya gari ya moshi kwishyuza amashiringi imwe kuri buri muntu; ibi byari bikubiyemo amatike ya gari ya moshi nibiryo byurugendo. Cook yishyuwe umugabane wibiciro byasabwaga abagenzi, kubera ko amatike ya gari ya moshi, kubera ko amasezerano yemewe n’isosiyete n’abagenzi, atashoboraga gutangwa ku giciro cye bwite. yamamajwe ku baturage muri rusange; Cook ubwe yemeye ko habaye gari ya moshi zabanje, zitabigenewe, abikorera ku giti cyabo. Mu mpeshyi eshatu zikurikira yateguye akanasohokana na societe yubushyuhe hamwe nabana biga ku cyumweru. Mu 1844, Isosiyete ya Gariyamoshi ya Midland Counties yemeye kugirana amasezerano na we burundu, aramutse abonye abagenzi. Iyi ntsinzi yatumye atangira ubucuruzi bwe akora ingendo za gari ya moshi kugira ngo yishimire, afata ijanisha ry'ibiciro bya gari ya moshi.

Mu 1855, yateguye urugendo rwe rwa mbere mu mahanga, ubwo yafataga itsinda rivuye i Leicester yerekeza muri Calais kugira ngo rihure n’imurikagurisha ryabereye i Paris. Umwaka ukurikira, yatangiye "ingendo nini zizenguruka" mu Burayi. Mu myaka ya 1860 yajyanye ibirori mu Busuwisi, Ubutaliyani, Misiri, na Amerika. Cook yashizeho "ingendo zigenga zirimo", aho umugenzi yagiye yigenga ariko ikigo cye cyishyuye ingendo, ibiryo, nicumbi mugihe cyagenwe munzira zose zatoranijwe. Nibyo yatsindiye ku buryo amasosiyete ya gari ya moshi yo muri ottcosse yahagaritse inkunga hagati ya 1862 na 1863 kugira ngo bagerageze ubucuruzi bwabo bwo kuzenguruka.

 Indangamurongo 
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism