Agace kahariwe bose k'ubucuruzi

Agace kahariwe bose k'ubucuruzi ni akarere kagizwe n'umuryango w’ubucuruzi ukubiyemo ibihugu byashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi buhariwe bose ( FTA ). Amasezerano nkaya akubiyemo ubufatanye hagati y’ibihugu byibuze bibiri agamije kugabanya inzitizi z’ubucuruzi, igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’amahoro, no kongera ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa na serivisi hagati y'ibyo bihugu. Niba abantu basanzwe nabo bafite umudendezo wo kugendanirana hagati y’ibihugu, iyo hiyongereyeho amasezerano y’ubucuruzi buhariwe bose, bifatwa nk’umupaka ufunguye. Bishobora gufatwa nk'icyiciro cya kabiri cyo kwishyira hamwe mu bukungu . 

Ihuriro ry’amahoro ni ubwoko bwihariye bw'ubucuruzi buhariwe bose. Aho uturere twose dufite gahunda z'amasezerano y'imbere, aho amashyaka ashyira mu ngiro kugirango habeho ubwisanzure kandi horoshywe ubucuruzi hagati yabo. Itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’amashyirahamwe ya gasutamo n’ubucuruzi buhariwe bose ni uburyo bwabo ku bandi bantu bihariye. Mu gihe ihuriro rya gasutamo risaba impande zose gushyiraho no gukomeza imisoro imwe yo hanze ku bijyanye n’ubucuruzi n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, impande z’ubucuruzi buhariwe bose ntizubahirizwa. Ahubwo, bashobora gushyiraho no gukomeza uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bw'amahoro bukoreshwa mu bitumizwa mu mashyaka nkuko bibaye ngombwa. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w5084/w5084.pdf Mu karere k’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye nta guhuza ibiciro byo hanze, kugira ngo bikureho ingaruka z’ibiciro by’ubucuruzi, amashyaka azashyiraho uburyo bw’amategeko agenga inkomoko . 

Ijambo agace k'ubucuruzi buhariwe bose ryasobanuwe mbere n'amasezerano rusange yerekeye amahoro n'ubucuruzi (GATT 1994) akubiyemo ubucuruzi bw'ibicuruzwa gusa.  Amasezerano afite intego imwe, ni ukuvuga kuzamura ubwisanzure mu bucuruzi muri serivisi, yiswe ingingo ya V y’amasezerano rusange yerekeye ubucuruzi muri serivisi (GATS) nk "amasezerano yo guhuza ubukungu".  Ariko, mu bikorwa, iryo jambo ubu rikoreshwa cyane mu kwerekeza ku masezerano atareba ibicuruzwa gusa ahubwo anareba serivisi ndetse n’ishoramari.

 Ibice byemewe by'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose 
Ishyirwaho ry’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose rifatwa nk'umwihariko ku ihame ry’igihugu cyashyigikiwe cyane (MFN) n’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO) kubera ko ibyifuzo by’amashyaka y’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose biha abayemeje ibirenze ibyo biyemeje.  Nubwo ingingo ya XXIV ya GATT yemerera abanyamuryango ba WTO gushinga uduce tw’ubucuruzi tugenewe bose cyangwa kwemeza amasezerano y’agateganyo akenewe kugira ngo ashyirwe mu bikorwa, hari ibintu byinshi byerekeranye n’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose, cyangwa amasezerano y’agateganyo aganisha ku bucuruzi bugenewe bose.
Ubwa mbere, imisoro nandi mabwiriza yubahirizwa muri buri gihugu cyashyize umukono ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, bikurikizwa mu gihe ubwo bucuruzi bugenewe bose bwashinzwe, ngo habeho ubuhahirane hagati yabadafite aho bahurira n'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose ntibushobora kuba hejuru cyangwa burenze kubuza kurenza imirimo ijyanye n'andi mabwiriza ariho mu mashyaka amwe asinya mbere yo gushinga agace k'ubucuruzi bwisanzuye. Mu yandi magambo, gushyiraho agace k’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose kugira ngo gatange ubuvuzi bw’ibanze mu banyamuryango bacyo biremewe n’amategeko ya WTO, ariko impande z’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose ntizemerewe gufata nabi amashyaka atari make mbere y’uko ako karere gashyirwaho. Ikintu cya kabiri gisabwa giteganywa n'ingingo ya XXIV ni uko amahoro n’izindi nzitizi z’ubucuruzi bigomba kuvaho kugira ngo horoherezwe ubucuruzi bwose buri mu bucuruzi bugenewe bose. 

Amasezerano y'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose agizwe n'agace ku bucuruzi buhariwe bose muri rusange aboneka hanze y'ubucuruzi bwa sisitemu nyinshi. Icyakora, abanyamuryango ba WTO bagomba kumenyesha Ubunyamabanga igihe bagiranye amasezerano mashya y’ubucuruzi buhariwe bose kandi ahanini inyandiko z’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi buhariwe bose zigomba gusuzumwa na komite ishinzwe amasezerano y’ubucuruzi mu karere.  N’ubwo amakimbirane avuka mu duce tw'ubucuruzi buhariwe bose adashobora kuburanishwa n’urwego rushinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ya WTO, "nta cyemeza ko inteko za WTO zizubahiriza kandi zikanga gukoresha ububasha mu rubanza runaka". https://kluwerlawonline.com/journalarticle/Global+Trade+and+Customs+Journal/13.9/GTCJ2018044

 Inkingi z'ubukungu bw'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose 
Gutandukanya ubucuruzi no guhanga ubucuruzi

Muri rusange, gutandukanya ubucuruzi bivuze ko agace kahariwe ubucuruzi bugenewe bose kazayobora ubucuruzi kure yabatanga ibicuruzwa neza hanze y'akarere bakerekeza kubidakorwa neza mu karere. Mu gihe, guhanga ubucuruzi bivuze ko agace kahariwe ubucuruzi bugenewe bose gahanga ubucuruzi bushobora kuba butari busanzweho. Muri byose, ubucuruzi buzamura imibereho n'ubukungu bw'igihugu. 

Kurema ubucuruzi no gutandukanya ubucuruzi n'ingaruka z'ingenzi ziboneka mu gushyiraho akarere k'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose. Guhanga ubucuruzi bizatuma ibicuruzwa biva mu bicuruzwa bihendutse bikajya ku giciro gito, kandi ubucuruzi buzaguka. Ibinyuranye, gutandukana mu bucuruzi bizatuma ubucuruzi buva mu bicuruzwa bidahenze hanze y'akarere bikajya mu bindi bihenze imbere y'akarere.  Ihinduka nkiryo ntirizagirira akamaro abakiriya mu bucuruzi bugenewe bose kuko babuze amahirwe yo kugura ibicuruzwa bihendutse bitumizwa mu mahanga. Icyakora, abahanga mu bukungu basanga gutandukana mu bucuruzi bitajya byangiza imibereho rusange y’igihugu: bishobora no guteza imbere imibereho rusange y’igihugu niba ingano y’ubucuruzi butandukanye ari nto. https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2010/papers/Cheong.pdf

Agace kahariwe ubucuruzi bugenewe bose nk'ibicuruzwa rusange

Abashinzwe ubukungu bagerageje gusuzuma urugero aho ubucuruzi bw’ubuntu bushobora gufatwa nkibicuruzwa rusange. Babanje gukemura ikintu kimwe cyingenzi cy’ubucuruzi bw’ubuntu, aribwo buryo bw’inkiko zashyizweho zikora nk’abakemurampaka mu makimbirane y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Ubu buryo nk'imbaraga zo gusobanura amategeko ariho na politiki mpuzamahanga y’ubukungu byemejwe mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi. 

Uburyo bwa kabiri aho ubucuruzi bugenewe bose bufatwa nk'ibicuruzwa rusange bifitanye isano n'iterambere ryabo rihinduka "byimbitse". Ubutumburuke bw'ubucuruzi bwisanzuye bivuga ubwoko bwongeyeho bwa politiki y'imiterere ikubiyemo. Mu gihe amasezerano y'ubucuruzi ashaje afatwa nk '“ubushake buke” kuko akubiyemo uduce duke (nk'ibiciro n'amahoro), amasezerano aheruka gusinywa yerekeye izindi nzego nyinshi, kuva kuri serivisi kugeza ku ubucuruzi bukorewe ku ikoranabuhanga no kumenyekanisha amakuru. Kubera ko ubucuruzi hagati y’amashyaka y’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose buhendutse ugereranije n’abafite amashyaka, ahantu hagenewe ubucuruzi bugenewe bose usanga bidashoboka. Noneho ko amasezerano y’ubucuruzi yimbitse azamura ihuzwa ry’amabwiriza kandi yongera urujya n’uruza mu bucuruzi n’abatari mu mashyaka, bityo bigabanye inyungu za FTA, uduce dushya twahariwe ubucuruzi bugenewe bose tubona ibintu by'ingenzi biranga ibicuruzwa rusange. 

 Kuzuza ibyifuzo bigendanye n'uduce tw'ubucuruzi tugenewe bose 
Bitandukanye n’amashyirahamwe ya gasutamo, impande z’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose ntizigumana amahoro asanzwe yo hanze, bivuze ko bakoresha imisoro itandukanye, kimwe n'izindi politiki zerekeye abatari abanyamuryango. Iyi mikorere itanga amahirwe yabatari abanyamashyaka bashobora kugendera ku buntu mu bucuruzi bugenewe bose bwinjira mu masoko hamwe n’ibiciro byo hasi byo hanze. Izi ngaruka zisaba ko hashyirwaho amategeko kugirango hamenyekane ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga byemerewe byemerewe ahantu h’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose, icyifuzo kidaturuka ku ishingwa ry’amashyirahamwe ya gasutamo.  Ahanini, haribisabwa ku rwego ntarengwa rwo gutunganya ibivamo "guhinduka gukomeye" ku bicuruzwa kugirango bibonwe ko byaturutse. Mu gusobanura ibicuruzwa bikomoka muri PTA, amategeko y'ingenzi agenga inkomoko atandukanya ibicuruzwa bituruka n'ibidakomoka: gusa abambere nibo bazahabwa uburenganzira bw'amahoro yagenwe n'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose, aba nyuma bagomba kwishyura amahoro ya MFN ku byinjiye. 

Twijeje ko mu kwemererwa gukurikiza inkomoko, hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya inyongeramusaruro zikomoka mu bucuruzi bugenewe bose no hanze yako gace. Mu bisanzwe inyongeramusaruro ikomoka mu mashyaka imwe ya FTA izafatwa nk'inkomoko kurundi ruhande niba zinjijwe mu bikorwa byo gukora murindi shyaka. Rimwe na rimwe, ibiciro by'umusaruro bivuka mu mashyaka imwe nabyo bifatwa nk'ibikomoka mu rindi shyaka. Mu mategeko agena inkomoko, ubwo buryo bwo kuvura butandukanye butangwa mu buryo bwo gukusanya cyangwa kwakira. Iyi ngingo isobanura kandi uburyo bwo guhanga ibicuruzwa no gutandukanya ubucuruzi bw’akarere kahariwe ubucuruzi bugenewe bose twavuze haruguru, kubera ko umuburanyi w’akarere k’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose afite ubushake bwo gukoresha inyongeramusaruro zikomoka mu rindi shyaka kugira ngo ibicuruzwa byabo byujuje ibisabwa bitangire. 

 Ububikoshingiro ku duce tw'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose 
Kubera ko muri iki gihe hari uduce twinshi tw’ubucuruzi twisanzuye kandi tugirana ibiganiro (abagera kuri 800 bakurikije ITC Amabwiriza agena Inkomoko, kubara kandi n’ubucuruzi budasubirwaho), ni ngombwa ko abashoramari n’abafata ibyemezo bakurikirana uko bahagaze. Hano hari umubare wabikijwe n'amasezerano y'ubucuruzi bugenewe bose aboneka haba kurwego rw'igihugu, uturere cyangwa mpuzamahanga. Bimwe  birimo ububiko bw'ububiko shingiro bw'amasezerano y'ubucuruzi yo muri Amerika y'Epfo y'aguye yubatswe n’ishyirahamwe  ryunze ubumwe ry’Amerika (ALADI), urubuga ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi mu bihugu bigize ubumwe bw’Uburayi. 

Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, hari ububikoshingiro bubiri bw'ingenzi bw'ubuntu bwateguwe n'imiryango mpuzamahanga kubafata ibyemezo n'ubucuruzi:

Sisitemu y'amakuru y'amasezerano y'ubucuruzi mu karere

Nkuko abanyamuryango ba WTO bategekwa kumenyesha Ubunyamabanga amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose, ubu bubikoshingiro bwubatswe bushingiye ku masoko yemewe y’amakuru ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose (byitwa amasezerano y’ubucuruzi mu karere mu mvugo ya WTO). Ububikoshingiro butuma abakoresha bashaka amakuru ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi yatangajwe na WTO mu gihugu cyangwa ku ngingo (ibicuruzwa, serivisi cyangwa ibicuruzwa na serivisi). Ububikoshingiro butanga abakoresha urutonde ruvuguruwe rw'amasezerano yose akurikizwa, icyakora, abatamenyeshejwe WTO bashobora kubura. Yerekana kandi raporo, imbonerahamwe n'ibishushanyo bikubiyemo imibare kuri aya masezerano, na byumwihariko isesengura ry'ibiciro. 

Ikarita y'imbibi z'isoko rya ITC

Ikarita igaragaza imibibi z'isoko yateguwe n’ikigo mpuzamahanga cy’ubucuruzi (ITC) hagamijwe koroherezwa ubucuruzi kuri, guverinoma n’abashakashatsi mu bibazo byo kubona isoko. Ububikoshingiro, bugaragara hifashishijwe igikoresho cyo kumurongo w'ikoranabuhanga Ikarita yo Kwinjira ku Isoko, ikubiyemo amakuru yerekeye imisoro n’inzitizi zidasoreshwa mu masezerano yose y’ubucuruzi akora, ntagarukira gusa ku bamenyeshejwe ku mugaragaro WTO. Yandika kandi amakuru ku masezerano y'ubucuruzi adakunzwe (urugero, Sisitemu Rusange ya Gahunda Y'ibyifuzo). Kugeza muri 2019, Ikarita yo Kwinjira ku Isoko yatanze amahuza ashobora gukururwa n'amasezerano y'amasomo n'amategeko agenga inkomoko.  Ubusobanuro bushya bw'ikarita yinjira ku masoko azaza muri uyu mwaka bizatanga ku miyoboro itaziguye ku rupapuro rw'amasezerano kandi bihuze n'ibindi bikoresho bya ITC, byumwihariko Amategeko agena Inkomoko . Biteganijwe ko kizaba igikoresho kinini gifasha ibigo gusobanukirwa n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi bugenewe bose no kuzuza ibisabwa ku nkomoko y'amasezerano. 

 Reba 

 Ihuza ryo hanze 

 Sisitemu yamakuru ya WTO
 Ikarita yo kugera ku isoko rya ITC Archived  
 ITC Amategeko yo Korohereza Inkomoko
 Ububiko bwa Banki y'Isi Ubucuruzi Bwuzuye Ubucuruzi
 Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ryunze ubumwe Archived  
 Byombi
 Ikigo cyo muri Aziya cyo Kwishyira hamwe
 Ibihugu byo muri Amerika Sisitemu yubucuruzi bwo hanze
Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi
Ikiciro:Ubukungu
Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika
Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda