Wildlife conservation

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Wildlife Conservation ni inyoni yo mu bwoko bw'inyamanswa ariko ikaba izwuho kurinda ubwoko bwayo n’inyamanswa n’aho atuye hagamijwe kubungabunga amoko y’ibinyabuzima cyangwa abaturage ndetse no kugarura, kurinda cyangwa kuzamura urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima . Ikibazo gikomeye kibangamiye inyamaswa zirimo gusenya aho gutura, kwangirika, gucikamo ibice, gukoresha cyane, guhiga, guhumana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. IUCN ivuga ko amoko 27.000 y’ibisuzumwa afite ibyago byo kuzimira. Kwiyongera ku moko yose ariho, raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo mu 2019 ivuga ku binyabuzima yashyize iyi mibare hejuru cyane ku bwoko bwa miliyoni. Birashimangirwa kandi ko umubare w’ibinyabuzima byiyongera ku isi birimo amoko yangiritse bigenda bicika. Kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke, habaye ingufu za leta ndetse n’amahanga mu kubungabunga inyamaswa zo ku isi. Amasezerano akomeye yo kubungabunga ibidukikije arimo Amasezerano yo mu 1973 y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ku bwoko bw’inyamaswa zo mu gasozi n’ibimera (CITES) n’amasezerano yo mu 1992 y’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye (CBD). https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php https://www.cbd.int/history/default.shtml Hariho kandi imiryango myinshi itegamiye kuri leta (ONG) igamije kubungabunga ibidukikije nko kubungabunga ibidukikije, ikigega cy’ibinyabuzima ku isi, ndetse no kubungabunga ibidukikije .

 Itotezwa  ku nyamaswa 
alt=|thumb|Ishyamba ryatwitse ubuhinzi mu majyepfo ya Mexico .
Kurimbuka gutura bigabanya umubare wibinyabuzima bishobora guturamo. Gutandukana kw'imiturire bisenya inzira ikomeza guturamo, akenshi igabanya inyamaswa nini zo mu gasozi mo utuntu duto duto. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) Gutakaza abantu gutura no gucikamo ibice nibyo bintu nyamukuru bigabanuka no kuzimangana. Ingero zingenzi zo gutakaza aho abantu batuye harimo gutema amashyamba, kwagura ubuhinzi, no mumijyi . Kurimbuka kw'imiturire no gucikamo ibice birashobora kongera kwibasirwa n’ibinyabuzima byo mu gasozi mu kugabanya umwanya n’umutungo bahabwa no kongera amakimbirane n’abantu. Byongeye kandi, gusenya no gucamo ibice bitera ahantu hato. Ahantu hatuwe hashyigikira abaturage bake, kandi abaturage bake barashobora kuzimira. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198783398

 Kurenza urugero /Overexploitation 
gukabya ni ugusarura inyamaswa n'ibimera ku kigero cyihuta kuruta ubushobozi bw'ubwoko. Mugihe gikunze guhuzwa no Kuroba cyane, kurenza urugero bishobora gukoreshwa mumatsinda menshi arimo inyamaswa z’inyamabere, inyoni, amphibian, ibikururuka hasi, n'ibimera. https://www.nwf.org/Home/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Overexploitation Akaga ko gukabya gukabije ni uko niba hafashwe abantu benshi cyane b'ubwoko, ubwo bwoko ntibushobora gukira.  Kurugero, kuroba cyane amafi yinyamaswa zo mu nyanja nka tuna na salmon mu kinyejana gishize byatumye igabanuka ry’amafi kimwe n’amafi. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 

 Guhiga Inyamanswa 
Guhiga ubucuruzi bw’inyamanswa butemewe n’iterabwoba rikomeye ku bwoko bumwe na bumwe, cyane cyane bugeramiwe n’imiterere yabyo ifite agaciro mu bukungu.  Ubwoko nk'ubwo burimo inyamabere nini nini nk'inzovu zo muri Afurika, ingwe, n'inkura. [yacuruzaga ku matako, uruhu, n'amahembe bikurikiranye].  https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/illegal-wildlife-trade Intego nke zizwi cyane zo guhiga zirimo gusarura ibihingwa bikingiwe ninyamaswa zo kwibuka, ibiryo, uruhu, amatungo, nibindi byinshi; Kuberako ba rushimusi bakunda kwibasira amoko yugarijwe kandi yangirika, guhiga bitera abaturage bake kugabanuka cyane. 

 Kwica Inyamaswa 
Kwica ni ukwica nkana no guhitamo kwica inyamaswa za leta kubwimpamvu zitandukanye. Urugero rwibi ni ukwica inyoni, aho gahunda ya "control shark " muri Queensland na New South Wales (muri Ositaraliya ) yahitanye ibihumbi n’ibihumbi, hamwe n’inyenzi, dolphine, balale, n’ubuzima bwo mu nyanja . http://www.afd.org.au/news-articles/queenslands-shark-control-program-has-snagged-84000-animals https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102324/https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/shark-culling.html "Shark Culling". marineconservation.org.au. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved January 4, 2019. https://hsi.org.au/blog/2016/12/08/shark-nets-death-traps-for-marine-animals/  Morris, Jessica (December 8, 2016). "Shark Nets – Death Traps For Marine Animals". hsi.org.au. Retrieved January 4, 2019. Gahunda ya Queensland "shark control" yonyine yishe inyanja zigera ku 50.000 - yica kandi inyamaswa zo mu nyanja zirenga 84.000. https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/aussie-shark-population-is-staggering-decline/news-story/49e910c828b6e2b735d1c68e6b2c956e Aussie Shark Population In Staggering Decline. NewsComAu. 14 December 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2019.  Hariho kandi ingero z'abaturage bica muri Amerika, nka bison muri Montana hamwe na swans, ingagi, n'impongo i New York n'ahandi. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/03/140305-culling-badgers-deer-bison-swans-ethics-conservation/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4693205

 Umwuka mubi 
Ubwoko butandukanye bwanduye bugira ingaruka mbi kubuzima bwibinyabuzima. Kubintu bimwe bihumanya, guhura byoroshye 
alt=|thumb|Kureba mu kirere BP Amazi ya Horizon yamenetse muri 2010.
birahagije kugirango byangiritse (urugero: imiti yica udukoko). Kubandi, binyuze mu guhumeka (urugero: imyuka ihumanya ikirere) cyangwa kuyifata (urugero ibyuma byuburozi). Umwanda uhindura amoko atandukanye muburyo butandukanye kuburyo umwanda mubi kuri umwe ushobora kutagira ingaruka kubindi.

 Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere : Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bituruka ku gutwika ibicanwa n’ibisohoka mu nganda. Izi zigira ingaruka zitaziguye kandi zitaziguye ku buzima bwibinyabuzima ndetse nibidukikije. Kurugero, urugero rwinshi rwa okiside ya sulfuru (SO x ) irashobora kwangiza ibimera no guhagarika imikurire yabyo. https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/sulfur-dioxide-basics Okiside ya sulfure nayo igira uruhare mu mvura ya aside, ikangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo ku isi ndetse n’amazi. Ibindi bihumanya ikirere nka umwotsi, ozone yo ku butaka, hamwe nuduce duto tugabanya ubwiza bwikirere.
 Ibyuma biremereye : Ibyuma biremereye nka arsenic, isasu, na mercure mubisanzwe bibaho kurwego rwo hasi mubidukikije, ariko iyo byinjijwe mukigero kinini, birashobora kwangiza ingingo na kanseri. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783764383398 Ukuntu ari uburozi biterwa nicyuma nyacyo, ingano yatewe, ninyamaswa zayiriye. Ibikorwa byabantu nko gucukura, gushonga, gutwika ibicanwa, hamwe ninganda zitandukanye zagize uruhare mukuzamuka kwicyuma kiremereye mubidukikije.
 Imiti yuburozi :  Hariho amasoko menshi yanduza imiti yubumara harimo amazi mabi yinganda, isuka ryamavuta, hamwe nudukoko twangiza. Hano hari imiti myinshi yubumara kuburyo hariho ningaruka nyinshi zingaruka zubuzima. Kurugero, imiti yica udukoko hamwe nudukoko tumwe na tumwe twinganda ni imyanda ihumanya . Ibyo bihumanya biramba kandi birashobora gutera kanseri, indwara zimyororokere, ibibazo byumubiri, nibibazo bya sisitemu. https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/pops/en/

 Imihindagurikire y’ibihe/climate change 
Abantu bafite uruhare runini mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere muri iki gihe rihindura ibidukikije ku isi. Bifitanye isano na bimwe mubyavuzwe haruguru bibangamira inyamanswa nko gusenya aho gutura no guhumana. Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe, gushonga urubura, guhindura imiterere yimvura, amapfa akomeye, imivumba ikunze kugaragara, ubukana bwumuyaga, hamwe n’inyanja izamuka ni zimwe mu ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. https://climate.nasa.gov/effects Fenomena nk'amapfa, ubushyuhe, umuyaga mwinshi, hamwe n'izamuka ry'inyanja, biganisha ku gusenya aho gutuye. Hagati aho, ikirere gishyuha, imvura ihindagurika, n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bizagira ingaruka ku bwoko. Muri rusange, ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zongera ibibazo ku binyabuzima, kandi amoko adashobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire yihuse azashira. https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1200303 Mu gihe imihindagurikire y’ikirere igezweho iterwa n’abantu, ibihe by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere byabayeho bisanzwe bituma abantu barimbuka. 

 Kubungabunga ubwoko Bwinyamanswa 

Bigereranijwe ko, kubera ibikorwa byabantu, ibipimo byokuzimangana kurubu bikubye inshuro 1000 kurenza igipimo cyo kuzimangana (igipimo gisanzwe cyo kuzimangana kibaho nta ngaruka zindi). https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1246752 Nk’uko IUCN ibigaragaza, mu moko yose yasuzumwe, abarenga 27.000 bafite ibyago byo kuzimira kandi bagomba kubungabungwa. https://www.iucnredlist.org/en Muri byo, 25% ni inyamaswa z’inyamabere, 14% ni inyoni, naho 40% ni amphibian.  Ariko, kubera ko amoko yose atigeze asuzumwa, iyo mibare irashobora kuba myinshi. Raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo mu mwaka wa 2019 isuzuma ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku isi ikwirakwiza amakuru ya IUCN ku moko yose kandi igereranya ko miliyoni imwe ku isi ishobora kuzimira. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/spm_global_unedited_advance.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=35245 Nyamara, kubera ko amikoro ari make, rimwe na rimwe ntibishoboka guha amoko yose akeneye kubungabungwa neza. Guhitamo amoko yo kubungabunga ni umurimo wukuntu hafi yo kuzimangana ubwoko, niba ubwoko ari ingenzi kubinyabuzima butuyemo, nuburyo tubyitayeho.  

 Kubungabunga ibidukikije /Habitat conservation 
Kubungabunga imiturire nigikorwa cyo kurinda aho gutura  hagamijwe kurinda amoko arimo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) Ibi rimwe na rimwe biba byiza kwibanda ku bwoko bumwe cyane cyane iyo ubwoko buvugwa bufite aho busaba cyane cyangwa bukaba butuye hamwe nandi moko menshi yangirika. Iyanyuma ikunze kugaragara kubinyabuzima bibera ahantu hashyushye h’ibinyabuzima, akaba ari uturere tw’isi dufite ubwinshi bw’ibinyabuzima byanduye (ubwoko butaboneka ahandi ku isi). https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35002501 Byinshi muribi bishyushye biri mu turere dushyuha, cyane cyane amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha nka Amazone. Kubungabunga imiturire mubisanzwe bikorwa mugushira ahantu harinzwe nka parike yigihugu cyangwa ibidukikije. Nubwo mugihe agace kadakozwe muri parike cyangwa kubigenewe, birashobora gukurikiranwa no kubungabungwa.

 Uburyo bwo kubungabunga 

 Gukurikirana inyamaswa zo mu gasozi 
Gukurikirana ibinyabuzima by’inyamanswa nigice cyingenzi cyo kubungabunga ibidukikije kuko bituma abayobozi bakusanya amakuru ajyanye n’ibinyabuzima byugarije ndetse no gupima imikorere y’ingamba zo gucunga. Gukurikirana birashobora kuba hafi, uturere, cyangwa intera-mugari, kandi birashobora gushiramo umwe cyangwa benshi batandukanye. Ibipimo bikunze gukusanywa mugihe cyo gukurikirana harimo umubare wabaturage, ikwirakwizwa ry’akarere, hamwe nubwoko butandukanye, nubwo ibindi bipimo byinshi bishobora gukoreshwa. Uburyo bwo gukurikirana bushobora gushyirwa mubice nka "direct" cyangwa "indirect". Uburyo butaziguye bushingiye ku kubona cyangwa kumva inyamaswa mu buryo butaziguye, mu gihe uburyo butaziguye bushingira ku "bimenyetso" byerekana ko inyamaswa zihari. Ku binyabuzima byo ku isi, uburyo busanzwe bwo gukurikirana burimo kwitegereza bitaziguye, ibimenyetso-gufata, guhinduranya, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwibihinduka. Uburyo butaziguye burimo sitasiyo, kubara fecal, kuvanaho ibiryo, gufungura cyangwa gufunga ibifungura-gufungura, kubara, kubara, amakarita ya knockdown, inzira ya shelegi, cyangwa kwitabira guhamagara amajwi. For large, terrestrial vertebrates, a popular method is to use camera traps for population estimation along with mark-recapture techniques. This method has been used successfully with tigers, black bears and numerous other species.https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-5436-5?noAccess=truehttps://doi.org/10.2192%2FURSU-D-16-00030.1 Trail cameras can be triggered remotely and automatically via sound, infrared sensors, etc. Computer vision-based animal individual re-identification methods have been developed to automate such sight-resight calculations.https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fwacvw50321.2020.9096925https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ITIP...30.2837W Mark-recapture methods are also used with genetic data from non-invasive hair or fecal samples.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232679082 Such information can be analyzed independently or in conjunction with photographic methods to get a more complete picture of population viability.

Referances 

Ikiciro:Engagment in CONSRVATION
Ikiciro:Bioderversity