Igishanga

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Igishanga  . Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Ibishanga bifatwa nkaho ari inzibacyuho kuko ubutaka n’amazi bigira uruhare mukurema ibidukikije.  Ibishanga biratandukanye mubunini kandi biherereye kwisi yose. Amazi yo mu gishanga ashobora kuba  amazi meza, . Ibishanga byamazi meza bigizwe n'ibyuzi binini cyangwa ibiyaga aho usanga biterwa cyane namazi yimvura numwuzure wigihe kugirango bikomeze ihindagurika ryamazi.  Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p. Ibishanga by'amazi y'umunyu tubisanga kuruhande rwubushyuhe . Mitsch, W.J., & Gosselink, J.G.(2015). Wetlands. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. ibishanga . Mu turere twa boreal yo muri canada, ijambo igishanga rikoreshwa mu magambo akunze kwitwa bog, fen, cyangwa muskeg . Bimwe mu bishanga binini ku isi biboneka ku nzuzi nini nka Amazone, Mississippi, na Kongo . Keddy, P.A., L.H. Fraser, A.I. Solomeshch, W.J. Junk, D.R. Campbell, M.T.K. Arroyo and C.J.R. Alho. 2009. Wet and wonderful: the world's largest wetlands are conservation priorities. BioScience 59: 39–51.

 Itandukaniro hagati y'igishanga n'ibishanga 
Igishanga n'ibishanga ni ubwoko bwihariye bw'ibishanga bigizwe n'amazi arimo ubutaka bukize, bw'amazi .  Ibishanga ni ibishanga, bikomeza cyangwa bikunze kuzuzwa n’amazi atemba , yiganjemo ibimera byoroshye-bitoshye n’ibimera bimera. Ibishanga ni ibishanga bigizwe n'ubutaka bwuzuye cyangwa amazi ahagaze kandi byiganjemo ibimera byihanganira amazi nk'ibiti, ibihuru, n'ibindi...  Mitsch, W.J., & Gosselink, J.G.(2015). Wetlands. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

 Ibijyanye n'amazi no munsi yayo 
Ibishanga birangwa n'ubutaka bwuzuye hamwe n'amazi agenda buhoro.  Amazi yegeranya mu bishanga aturuka ahantu hatandukanye harimo imvura, amazi y'ubutaka,n'imiraba cyangwa umwuzure w;amazi meza. Mitsch, W.J., & Gosselink, J.G.(2015). Wetlands. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Izi nzira za hydrologic zose zigira uruhare muburyo ingufu nintungamubiri zitembera no hanze y'ibidukikije. Mugihe amazi atembera mu gishanga, intungamubiri, imyanda hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya bisanzwe. Imiti nka fosifore na azote irangirira mu nzira y'amazi iranyerera kandi igakoreshwa n'ibimera byo mu mazi biri mu gishanga, bigasukura amazi. Imiti yose isigaye cyangwa irenga ihari izegeranya munsi yigishanga, ikurwe mumazi igashyingurwa mubutaka.  Ibidukikije bya biogeochemiki y’ibishanga biterwa na hydrology yayo, bigira ingaruka kurwego no kuboneka kwumutungo nka ogisijeni, intungamubiri, amazi pH nuburozi, bizagira ingaruka kubidukikije byose. 

 Indangagaciro na serivisi y'ibidukikije 
mugihe cya mbere ibishanga byari bifite agaciro gake cyane ugereranije nimirima, ibibaya cyangwa amashyamba. Ibishanga n’ibindi bishanga byagaragaye ko ari uburyo busanzwe bwo gucunga imyuzure no kwirinda. Mu bihe nk'ibi aho imyuzure ibaye, ibishanga bikurura kandi bigakoresha amazi arenze mu gishanga, bikabuza kugenda no kwuzura mu turere tuyikikije.  Ibimera byinshi biri mu gishanga binatanga ubutaka ku butaka, bifata ubutaka n’ubutaka mu gihe birinda isuri no gutakaza ubutaka. Ibishanga ni isoko nini kandi yingirakamaro yamazi meza na ogisijeni mubuzima bwose, kandi akenshi usanga byororoka kubwoko butandukanye. Ibishanga by'umwuzure ni umutungo w'ingenzi mu gukora no gukwirakwiza amafi. Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Fresh waters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Long man Bibiri bya gatatu by'amafi n'ibishishwa bisarurwa mu bucuruzi kandi biterwa n'ibishanga. 

 Ingaruka no kubungabunga 
Amateka, abantu bazwiho kuvoma cyangwa kuzuza ibishanga nibindi bishanga kugirango habeho umwanya munini witerambere ryabantu no kugabanya iterabwoba ryindwara ziterwa nudukoko two mu gishanga.  Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Ibice binini by'igishanga rero byarangiritse. Louisiana itanga urugero rwiza rwokubura igishanga bivuye muribi bintu. Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1- 35. Birashoboka ko Uburayi bwatakaje hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibishanga. Dugan, P. (ed.) 2005. Guide to Wetlands. Buffalo, New York. Firefly Books. 304 p. Nouvelle-Zélande yatakaje 90 ku ijana by'ibishanga byayo mu gihe cy'imyaka 150. Abashinzwe ibidukikije bazi ko ibishanga bitanga serivisi z’ibidukikije zirimo kurwanya umwuzure, umusaruro w’amafi, kweza amazi, kubika karubone, n’aho gutura ku gasozi.  Mu bice byinshi byisi abategetsi barinda ibishanga. Mu bice by’Uburayi na Amerika ya Ruguru, imishinga yo gusana ibishanga iragenda ikwirakwira. Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p. Environment Canada. 2004. How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern. 2nd ed. 81 p.  Akenshi intambwe yoroshye yo kugarura ibishanga harimo gucomeka imiyoboro y'amazi no gukuraho imiyoboro . 

Abafite inshingano mu ibidukikije bakora mu kubungabunga ibishanga nk’ibyo mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bwa Indiana muri Amerika Midwest yabitswe mu rwego rwa Indiana Dunes . Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1. Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3.  Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2007). The cultural impact of a museum in a small community: The Hour Glass of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 2. 
Marshes ya Mezopotamiya igishanga kinini  

Muri Aziya, ibishanga byo mu turere dushyuha biherereye ku mugabane wa Aziya y'Uburasirazuba no muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo, ibishanga biboneka cyane mubutumburuke buke bwinyanja no munsi yinyanja kandi bigera k'untera irenga 100 km (62) mi) hafi y'ibibaya by'inzuzi no hakurya y'amazi. 

Igishanga cya Vasyugan ni igishanga kinini mu burengerazuba bwa Siberiya y’Uburusiya .iki no kimwe mu bishanga binini kw'isi kikaba gifite ubuso buruta ubw' ubusuwisi
Igishanga cya Atchafalaya ku mpera y’umugezi wa Mississippi nicyo gishanga kinini muri Amerika . Ni urugero rwingenzi rwibishanga bya cypress yepfo Conner, W. H. and Buford, M. A. (1998). Southern deepwater swamps. In Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. M. G. Messina and W. H. Conner, pp. 261–87. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. ariko byahinduwe cyane no gutema ibiti, kuvoma no kubaka levee. Reuss, M. (1998). Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin 1800–1995. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History. Ibindi bishanga bizwi cyane muri Amerika ni ibice by’amashyamba ya Evergrades, igishanga cya Okefenooke, igishanga cya Barley, igishanga cya cyprees n’igishanga cya Dismal  na handi hirya no hino kw'isi. Natural Communities of Louisiana: Bayhead Swamp/Forested Seep. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Retrieved 7 July 2020. Texas Parks and Wildlife. Ecological Mapping systems of Texas: West Gulf Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall. Retrieved 7 July 2020
ibishanga binini birimo amazone na congo. L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p. Amajyaruguru, ariko, ibishanga binini ni bogs .

 Afurika 

 Ibishanga bya Bangweulu, Zambiya
 Mare aux Indirimbo, Maurice *
 Niger Delta, Nijeriya
 Igishanga cya Okavango, Botswana  
 Sudd, Sudani y'Amajyepfo

 Aziya 

 Igishanga cya Asmat, Indoneziya
 Igishanga cya Candaba muri Apalit na Candaba, Pampanga na Pulilan, Bulacan, Philippines
 Igishanga cya Mangrove i Karachi, muri Pakisitani
 Igishanga cya Myristica mu Burengerazuba bwa Ghats, mu Buhinde
 Ishyamba rya Ratargul muri Sylhet, Bangladesh
 Sundarbans mu Buhinde na Bangladesh 
 Igishanga cya Vasyugan, Uburusiya
 Igishanga cya Negombo, Sri Lanka

 Australiya 

 Igishanga cya Coomonderry Price, C., & Kelly, A. (2011). National Wetlands Update 2011 (No. 19; Annual Update for Australia’s Wetland Community, p. 56). Australian Government. https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/766781bf-a9d9-4c04-8a96-77bccd2e0426/files/wa-19.pdf
 Igishanga cya Oak Igiti Cyishyamba

 Uburayi 

 Amerika y'Amajyaruguru 

 Ubuhungiro bw’ibinyabuzima bya Atchafalaya, Louisiana, Amerika
 Ikibanza kinini cya Cypress, Floride, Amerika
 Igishanga cya Barley, Floride, Amerika
 Umugezi wa Cache, Illinois, Amerika
 Ikiyaga cya Caddo, Texas / Louisiana, Amerika
 Igishanga cya Cibuco, Porto Rico
 Igishanga cya Congaree, Carolina yepfo, Amerika
 Everglades, Floride, Amerika
 Parike ya mbere ya Landing, Virginia, Amerika
 Grand Kankakee Marsh, Indiana, Amerika
 Igishanga kinini cy'umukara, Indiana / Ohio, Amerika
 Igishanga kinini cya Cypress, Delaware na Maryland, Amerika, kizwi kandi ku gishanga kinini cya Pocomoke
 Igishanga kinini cyo kwirukana, Carolina y'Amajyaruguru / Virginia, Amerika
 Igishanga kinini cy’inyamanswa y’inyamanswa, New Jersey, Amerika
 Igishanga kibisi, Floride, Amerika
 Igishanga kibisi, Carolina y'Amajyaruguru, Amerika
 Igishanga cya Honey Island, Louisiana, Amerika
 Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Kanada
 Limberlost, Indiana, Amerika
 Ibishanga bya Louisiana, Louisiana, Amerika
 Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Puxico, Missouri, Amerika
 Igishanga cya Okefenokee, Jeworujiya / Florida, Amerika
 Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco / Campeche, Mexico
 Ikiyaga cya Reelfoot, Tennessee / Kentucky, Amerika
 Igishanga cya Texas, Texas, Amerika
 Parike ya Tortuguero, Limón, Kosta Rika

 Amerika y'Epfo 

 Ibibaya bya Karayibe, Kolombiya
 Esteros del Iberá, Arijantine
 Lahuen Ñadi, Chili
 Pantanal,  Burezili, Boliviya na Paraguay
 Paraná Delta, Arijantine 

 Reba