Amashyamba yabaturage

Amashyamba y’abaturage ni ishami ry’amashyamba agenda atera imbere aho abaturage baho bafite uruhare runini mu micungire y’amashyamba no gufata ibyemezo by’ubutaka ubwabo mu korohereza leta ndetse n’abakozi bashinzwe impinduka. Harimo uruhare n’ubufatanye by’abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye barimo abaturage, leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (NGO). Yamenyekanye cyane mu myaka ya za 70 rwagati kandi ingero z’amashyamba y’abaturage zirashobora kugaragara mu bihugu byinshi birimo Nepal, Indoneziya, Koreya, Burezili, Ubuhinde na Amerika ya Ruguru .

 Incamake 
Amashyamba rusange ni ishami ry’amashyamba yita ku micungire y’amashyamba kugirango yinjize amafaranga ava mu biti n’ibiti bitari ibiti nk’ibicuruzwa mu gihe ku rundi ruhande bigenga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, gutura mu nsi y’inyungu ziva mu kubungabunga amazi, gukwirakwiza karubone n’indangagaciro nziza nka muburyo bwa serivisi. Yafashwe nk'imwe mu nzira zitanga icyizere cyo guhuza kubungabunga amashyamba n'iterambere ry'icyaro. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO. 1978. Forestry for local community development. Forestry Paper 7. Rome. Amashyamba y'abaturage abaho mugihe abaturage baho mu karere bafite uruhare runini mugufatira ibyemezo imikoreshereze y'ubutaka kandi mugihe abaturage banyuzwe n'uruhare rwabo n'inyungu zituruka k'umicungire y’amashyamba akikije umutungo wacyo. 

Amashyamba y’abaturage ashyirwa mu bikorwa bwa mbere binyuze mu gushyiraho urwego rw’amategeko n’inzego zirimo kuvugurura amahame n’amategeko agenga imicungire y’amashyamba, guteza imbere gahunda z’amashyamba y’igihugu no gushimangira gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage kugeza ku nzego z’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu. Umurongo wa kabiri wingenzi wibikorwa ni ugushyira mubikorwa imishinga yicyitegererezo kugirango yerekane ko bishoboka amashyamba y’abaturage  . Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga bwerekana ko ibisabwa bya tekiniki, imicungire n’imari byateganijwe n’uru rwego. 

mwaka wa 2016, FAO yavuze ko hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’amashyamba ku isi ari mu buryo bunoze bwo gucunga abaturage. 

 Amateka 
Kuboneka kw'amashyamba akenshi bigabanuka cyane kugirango bikoreshwe n'abaturage baho kubera umuvuduko ukabije wo guhinga ubutaka, gushingira ku mashyamba nabyo bigira ingaruka kumahinduka m'ubukungu na politiki.  Imihindagurikire y’amashyamba y’abaturage muri Nepal yatangiye guhera mu mpera za za 70 kandi yatangijwe bwa mbere mu rwego rwo kunoza imicungire y’umutungo w’amashyamba no gukemura ibibazo. Mu myaka 20 ishize, amashyamba y’abaturage yakoreshejwe neza mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, intego nyamukuru yayo ni ukurandura ubukene hagati y’amashyamba yaho ndetse no kubungabunga amashyamba. 

 Abafatanyabikorwa 
Uruhare rwa zimwe mu nzego zinyuranye z’abaturage, leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (NGO) ni ngombwa kugira ngo umushinga ugende neza. Mugihe abafatanyabikorwa runaka batandukanye hagati y'imishinga itandukanye y’amashyamba y'abaturage amatsinda yibanze y'abafatanyabikorwa ni aya akurikira:
Umuganda waho Abaturage baturanye cyangwa ishyamba Ubuyobozi gakondo burimo umutware w'umudugudu, abasaza, abatware b'imiryango, n'ubuyobozi bwumwuka Imiryango ishingiye ku baturage harimo amatsinda akoresha amashyamba, imiyoboro yo kurinda amashyamba hagati y’imidugudu, n'ibindi. Abahagarariye abaturage / inama zaho Guverinoma Ubutegetsi bwa Leta Ubutegetsi bw'igihugu Amashami y’ubuhinzi, amashyamba, ibidukikije n'ibindi.
(umwihariko igihugu na / cyangwa akarere) Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta Amatsinda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije Inganda z’amashyamba Inganda zishingiye ku mashyamba
(ni ukuvuga ibicuruzwa bisarurwa bitari ibiti, urugero inyama z'imikino) Inganda zubukerarugendo Amatsinda y'imibereho y'inyamaswa Ibinyabuzima bisanzwe
Abafatanyabikorwa mu mashyamba y’abaturage bafite inyungu zo gushyiraho imikorere irambye, kureba ko amashyamba arinzwe bihagije kugira ngo arambe cyangwa agabanye ibikorwa bitemewe kandi acunge akarere mu buryo bwo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga. Muri ibi bihe, abafatanyabikorwa bafashe umwanzuro wo guha umutungo w’amashyamba abaturage baho, gucunga no gukoresha ibyemezo byabo. amashyamba bisa nkaho ari ingingo y'ingenzi yo gucunga neza amashyamba yabaturage. Hashyizweho ibihe byinshi byigihe kizaza kugirango bifashe inzira y'ibidukikije. 

 Inzitizi 
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Amazone yo muri Burezile bwemeje ko hari ibibazo byinshi bagomba guhura nabyo mugihe hategurwa ingamba zihamye zo gucunga amashyamba y'abaturage. Izi mbogamizi zivugwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2 kandi Ishusho ya 1 yerekana ingaruka buri kibazo cyo kuyobora kigira ku zindi mbogamizi.  

Imbonerahamwe 2. Inzitizi zihura n’abafatanyabikorwa bayobora amashyamba 

Kugirango gahunda yo kubungabunga ishyamba ry'abaturage igende neza, uruhare rw'abaturage ni ngombwa. Guverinoma zishishikajwe no kubungabunga amashyamba zitangiza politiki n’amategeko mu gihugu cyose zananiwe gutanga umusaruro wifuzwa nko mu Bushinwa, Nepal na Peru.  

 Kubungabunga inyamaswa 
Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi buke ku ruhare rw’amashyamba y’abaturage mu kubungabunga inyamaswa, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwerekana ko bufasha mu kubungabunga inyamaswa. GHIMIRE, H. R., & PHUYAL, S(2013). "Impacts of Community Forestry on the Bengal Monitor, Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802): An Empirical Study from Nepal." Biawak 7(1): 11-17. http://varanidae.org/7_1__Ghimire_and_Phuyal.pdf 

 Nepal 
Ubutaka busanzwe muri Nepal bufitwe na leta ikunze kuba idafite ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana no gucunga ako karere. Amatsinda y’abakoresha amashyamba' (FUG) yo gucunga umutungo w’amashyamba atabahaye nyir'ubutaka. Gahunda yo gucunga amashyamba muri Nepal iba imwe muri gahunda zatsinze kuri 8 kwisi yose izwi kuri Rio 20+. Ibi byatanze umusaruro ushimishije mukarere. 

 Indoneziya 
Abaturage bo mu miryango itatu yo mu karere ka Bantaeng muri Indoneziya, babifashijwemo n'umushinga watewe inkunga babonye uruhushya rwo gucunga amashyamba kandi babona ubukode bw'imyaka 35 ku ishyamba ryabo. 

 Koreya 
Abahinzi bagirana amasezerano yo kugabana inyungu n’ishyirahamwe ry’amashyamba ry’imidugudu (VFA) kugira ngo bashireho koperative ifasha abahinzi gutera amashyamba hakurikijwe amategeko.Sisitemu yerekana kuvanga ibyifuzo byo hejuru-hasi na hasi-hejuru igenzura igenzura rya leta kimwe no gutera amashyamba neza binyuze mu baturage babigizemo uruhare. 

 Sisitemu yo kuyobora 
Kubera ko bidashoboka ko ibice byombi bigira imiterere ni mibereho n’ubukungu n’ibidukikije. Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu myaka itari mike muri Nepal, byagaragaye ko kugira kandi uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga neza, dukeneye kumenya impinduka zagira ingaruka ku ntsinzi :

 (I) ibiranga ibikoresho sisitemu,
 (II) ibiranga abakoresha itsinda,
 (III) ibiranga gahunda y'imiyoborere,
 (IV) ibiranga bijyanye n'imikoranire hagati yitsinda ryabakoresha n'ibikoresho, na
 (V) ibiranga bijyanye n'imikoranire hagati ya sisitemu y'imiyoborere n'umutungo.

Rimwe na rimwe, ntibishoboka ko umuntu ategereza iterambere mu micungire y’ibikorwa by’amashyamba, kuko akenshi havuka amakimbirane ajyanye no gukoresha ubutaka no kugabana inyungu mu baturage.  

 (I) Ubuyobozi nitsinda rito ryimirimo mu baturage, gusangira inyungu rusange mumikoro.
 (II) Gahunda y'ubuyobozi isobanutse hamwe ninyungu zihariye zo kugabana inyungu mu matsinda yumurimo.
 (III) Gutezimbere sisitemu yo kuyobora iri mubuhanga bwitsinda ry'akazi. 

Imiryango yizera iragenda igira uruhare mubikorwa byo guteza imbere ibidukikije. Mugihe imyaka 50-100 ishize yababonye bakodesha akarere kabo munganda. Muri Nzeri 2010, abihayimana b'Ababuda bahawe igihembo cya Equator cya UNDP kubera ibikorwa byabo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije.  Ibi bikubiyemo gushyiraho pepiniyeri y'ibiti, gukwirakwiza ingemwe. Bakora uyu murimo kugirango bateze imbere ubuzima burambye no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu turere dutatu; umushinga w'icyitegererezo, watangijwe mu 1997 muri Kratie ugizwe n'umuyoboro wa pagoda esheshatu ufite 1,461 hectares (3,610 acres) . Urubuga rwahindutse isoko yamakuru yamakuru nuburere bushingiye ku bidukikije ndetse n’ibanze ku baturage baho.

 Inkunga 

 Ishyamba ry'imirima kugirango rikoreshwe murugo 

 (I) Kubungabunga isoko y'imibereho y'abaturage
 (II) Kubungabunga ubusugire bw'ubutaka mukurinda isuri.
 .  Igiti cya Neem cyatangijwe muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba none ni cyo giti cyakuze cyane mu bice byumye ku mugabane. Yahingwaga byoroshye kandi igaha abahinzi ibiti byiza, lisansi n'igicucu.
 (IV) Gutezimbere imiyoboro y'incuke binyuze mubikorwa byo gufasha bifasha inkunga. Ibi bishishikariza kwihangira imirimo kubyara ibiti byo kugurisha. 

 Amashyamba yimirima kumasoko 
Guhinga ibiti birashobora gufata imiterere y'igihingwa ahari isoko ry'ibicuruzwa nk'ibiti, inkwi, lisansi na pulp yo gukora impapuro. Amasosiyete ahuza abahinzi kugirango batange ibyo bicuruzwa bitanga isoko ihamye y'injiza abahinzi. Kurugero, muri Philippines, abahinzi barenga 3000 bahinga ibiti kugirango babyaze umusaruro inganda zitanga isoko ndetse n'igiciro gito cy'ibicuruzwa,  

 Reba