Ibyiciro Byubutaka

Gutondekanya ubutaka bujyanye no gutondekanya gahunda yubutaka bushingiye ku gutandukanya ibiranga kimwe n’ibipimo byerekana guhitamo gukoreshwa.

 Incamake 
Gutondekanya ubutaka ni ikintu gifite imbaraga, uhereye kumiterere ya sisitemu, kugeza kubisobanuro byamasomo, kugeza kubisabwa mumurima. Gutondekanya ubutaka birashobora kwegerwa ukurikije ubutaka nkibintu nubutaka nkibikoresho.
Ibyanditswe ku rusengero rwa Horus ahitwa Edfu byerekana ibyiciro byubutaka bwakoreshejwe na Tanen kugirango hamenyekane urusengero rwubaka ahazabera. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116191 Intiti za kera z'Abagereki zashyize mu byiciro zishingiye ku mico itandukanye y'ubutaka. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/3735/files/2013/07/antiquity-2008-1l4ladp.pdf

 Ubwengeniyeri 
Ba injeniyeri ba geotechnique bashyira mubutaka ukurikije imiterere yubuhanga bwabo nkuko bifitanye isano no gukoresha inkunga yishingiro cyangwa ibikoresho byubaka. Sisitemu yubuhanga bugezweho yashizweho kugirango yemere guhinduka byoroshye kuva kwitegereza kumurima kugera kubintu byibanze byubutaka bwubutaka nimyitwarire.
Sisitemu ikunze gutondekanya mubutaka muri Amerika ya ruguru ni Sisitemu ihuriweho n'ubutaka (USCS). USCS ifite amatsinda atatu yingenzi yo gutondekanya: (1) ubutaka bworoshye (urugero: umucanga na kaburimbo ); (2) ubutaka bwiza cyane (urugero: ibumba n'ibumba ); na (3) ubutaka kama cyane (byitwa " umutaka "). USCS iragabanya ibyiciro bitatu byingenzi byubutaka kugirango bisobanurwe. Itandukanya umucanga na kaburimbo nubunini bwingano, ishyira bamwe nka "amanota meza" naho ayandi "afite amanota mabi". Amashanyarazi n'ibumba bitandukanijwe nubutaka bwa Atterberg, bityo ubutaka bugabanywa mubutaka bwa "plastike nyinshi" na "plastike nkeya". Ubutaka buciriritse buringaniye bufatwa nkigabanywa ryumucyo nibumba kandi bitandukanijwe nubutaka budasanzwe nimihindagurikire yimiterere ya plastike (nimbibi za Atterberg) kumisha. Sisitemu yo gutondekanya ubutaka bwiburayi (ISO 14688) irasa cyane, itandukanye cyane cyane mukwandika no kongeramo "intera-plastike" hagati ya silitike nibumba, no muburyo burambuye.Ubundi buryo bwo gutondekanya ubutaka bwububiko muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika burimo sisitemu yo gutondekanya ubutaka bwa AASHTO, itondekanya ubutaka hamwe nuburinganire ugereranije nuburyo bukwiye bwo kubaka kaburimbo, hamwe na Modified Burmister sisitemu ikora kimwe na USCS ariko ikubiyemo code nyinshi kubutaka butandukanye bwubutaka. 
 Ubumenyi bw'ubutaka 
Kubutunzi bwubutaka, ubunararibonye bwerekanye ko sisitemu karemano yuburyo bwo gutondekanya, ni ukuvuga guteranya ubutaka kubintu byabo bwite ( morphologie yubutaka ), imyitwarire, cyangwa genesi, bivamo amasomo ashobora gusobanurwa kubintu byinshi bitandukanye. Gutandukanya imyumvire ya pedogenezi, no gutandukanya mubisobanuro byimiterere ya morphologique kumikoreshereze itandukanye yubutaka birashobora kugira ingaruka muburyo bwo gutondeka. Nubwo hari itandukaniro, muri sisitemu yubatswe neza, ibipimo ngenderwaho byerekana itsinda bisa kugirango ibisobanuro bidatandukanye cyane. Ibi bitandukanye nuburyo bwa tekiniki yuburyo bwo gutondekanya ubutaka, aho ubutaka buteranijwe hakurikijwe ubushobozi bwabwo bwo gukoresha bwihariye nibiranga edaphic .

 References 

Ikiciro:Ibidukikije