Gutema amashyamba

Gutema amashyamba cyangwa gutema amashyamba ni ugukuraho ishyamba cyangwa igihagararo cy’ibiti ku butaka noneho bigahinduka gukoresha amashyamba. Gutema amashyamba birashobora guhindura ubutaka bwamashyamba mumirima, ubworozi, cyangwa gukoresha imijyi. Gutema amashyamba cyane biboneka mu mashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha. Kugeza ubu 31% by'ubutaka bw'isi butwikiriwe n'amashyamba muri iki gihe. Iki ni kimwe cya gatatu ugereranije n’amashyamba mbere yo kwagura ubuhinzi, kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihombo cyabaye mu kinyejana gishize. Hafi ya hegitari miliyoni 15 kugeza kuri miliyoni 18 z'amashyamba, ubuso bungana na Bangladesh, burimburwa buri mwaka. Ugereranije, ibiti 2,400 bitemwa buri munota.
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n'ubuhinzi risobanura ko gutema amashyamba ari uguhindura amashyamba ahandi hantu hakoreshwa ubutaka (tutitaye ko biterwa n'abantu). "Gutema amashyamba" na "ihinduka ry’amashyamba" ntabwo ari kimwe: icya nyuma ni igiteranyo cy’ibihombo byose by’amashyamba (gutema amashyamba) hamwe n’inyungu zose z’amashyamba (kwagura amashyamba) mugihe runaka. Guhindura net rero, birashobora kuba byiza cyangwa bibi, ukurikije niba inyungu zirenze igihombo, cyangwa ubundi.
Kurandura ibiti nta mashyamba ahagije byatumye habaho kwangirika kw'imiturire, gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, n'ubukonje. Gutema amashyamba bitera kuzimangana, guhindura imiterere y’ikirere, ubutayu, no kwimura abaturage, nkuko bigaragara muri iki gihe ndetse no mu bihe byashize binyuze mu myanda y’ibinyabuzima. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya kandi ibinyabuzima bya dioxyde de carbone yo mu kirere, byongera ibitekerezo bibi bitera ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi kandi bushyira ingufu mu baturage bashaka kwihaza mu biribwa bakuraho amashyamba yo gukoresha mu buhinzi no kugabanya ubutaka bwo guhinga muri rusange. Uturere tw’amashyamba ubusanzwe tugira izindi ngaruka zikomeye z’ibidukikije nk’isuri mbi y’ubutaka no kwangirika mu butayu.
Kwihangana kwimikorere yibiribwa byabantu hamwe nubushobozi bwabo bwo guhangana nimpinduka zizaza bifitanye isano n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye - harimo ibihuru byahujwe n’ibiti by’ibiti ndetse n’ibiti by’ibiti bifasha kurwanya ubutayu, udukoko dutuye mu mashyamba, udusimba n’ubwoko bw’inyoni zanduza ibihingwa, ibiti bifite imizi myinshi. mu bidukikije by’imisozi birinda isuri, n’ubwoko bwa mangrove butanga guhangana n’umwuzure mu turere two ku nkombe. Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere yiyongera ku ngaruka z’ibiribwa, uruhare rw’amashyamba mu gufata no kubika karubone no kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere ni ingenzi ku rwego rw’ubuhinzi.

Amateka ya vuba (1970 gukomeza)
Gutema amashyamba yimvura ya Amazone muri leta ya Berezile ya Maranhão, 2016

Kurugero, FAO ivuga ko ububiko bwa karubone ku isi bwagabanutseho 0,9%, naho ibiti bitwikiriye 4.2% hagati ya 1990 na 2020. [11] Amashyamba ya karubone y’amashyamba mu Burayi (harimo n’Uburusiya) yiyongereye kuva kuri 158.7 agera kuri 172.4 Gt hagati ya 1990 na 2020. Muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ububiko bwa karuboni bw’amashyamba bwiyongereye buva kuri 136.6 bugera kuri 140 Gt muri icyo gihe. Nyamara, ububiko bwa karubone bwaragabanutse buva kuri 94.3 bugera kuri 80.9 Gt muri Afurika, 45.8 bugera kuri 41.5 Gt muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo n’Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo ya Aziya hamwe, 33.4 kugeza 33.1 Gt muri Oceania, 5 kugeza kuri 4.1 Gt muri Amerika yo Hagati, no kuva kuri 161.8 kugeza kuri 144.8 Gt muri Amerika yepfo. 12] IPCC (Akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ihuriweho n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe) ivuga ko hari ukutumvikana ku bijyanye n’uko ishyamba ry’isi rigabanuka cyangwa ritagabanuka, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekana ko igiti cyiyongereyeho 7.1% hagati ya 1982 na 2016. [a] IPCC nayo yaranditse iti: "Mugihe hejuru Ububiko bwa karubone ya biomass bivugwa ko bugabanuka mu turere dushyuha, bugenda bwiyongera ku isi yose kubera ubwiyongere bw’ibigega mu mashyamba ashyushye kandi y’ibiti.
Kwagura ubuhinzi bikomeje kuba intandaro yo gutema amashyamba no gucamo ibice amashyamba no gutakaza ibinyabuzima bitandukanye by’amashyamba. Ubuhinzi bunini mu bucuruzi (cyane cyane ubworozi bw'inka no guhinga ibishyimbo bya soya n'ibigazi by'amavuta) bingana na 40 ku ijana by'amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha hagati ya 2000 na 2010, naho ubuhinzi butunzwe n’ibindi bice 33%. Ibiti byaciwe kugirango bikoreshwe nk'ibikoresho byo kubaka, ibiti cyangwa bigurishwa nka lisansi (rimwe na rimwe mu buryo bw'amakara cyangwa ibiti), mu gihe ubutaka bwakuweho bukoreshwa nk'inzuri ku bworozi n'ibihingwa ngandurarugo. Umubare munini wibikorwa byubuhinzi bivamo amashyamba biterwa inkunga n’imisoro ya leta. Kwirengagiza agaciro kavuzwe, gucunga neza amashyamba, hamwe n’amategeko adahagije y’ibidukikije ni bimwe mu bintu bitera amashyamba manini. Gutema amashyamba mu bihugu byinshi - haba mu buryo busanzwe [15] kandi biterwa n'abantu - ni ikibazo gikomeje. Hagati ya 2000 na 2012, haciwe kilometero kare miliyoni 2.3 (890.000 sq mi) y’amashyamba ku isi. Gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba bikomeje kubaho ku kigero giteye ubwoba, ibyo bikaba bigira uruhare runini mu gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bikomeje.

Umubare w’ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi ukenewe ku isi wagabanukaho bitatu bya kane mu gihe abaturage bose bafashe indyo y’ibikomoka ku bimera.
Gutema amashyamba birakabije muri tropique na suamashyamba ya btropiki mubukungu bugenda buzamuka. Kurenga kimwe cya kabiri cyibinyabuzima n’ibinyabuzima ku isi bibera mu mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha. Kubera gutema amashyamba, kilometero kare miliyoni 6.2 gusa (kilometero kare miliyoni 2.4) zisigaye kuri kilometero kare miliyoni 16 (kilometero kare kare) y’amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha yahoze atwikiriye Isi. Agace kangana n’ikibuga cy’umupira kivanwa mu ishyamba ry’imvura rya Amazone buri munota, hamwe na hegitari miliyoni 136 (hegitari miliyoni 55) z’amashyamba y’imvura yahanaguwe mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa muri rusange. Hegitari zirenga miliyoni 3.6 z'ishyamba ry'ubushyuhe bwo mu turere dushyuha twatakaye muri 2018. [21] Kurya no gutanga inyama zinka nizo ntandaro yambere yo gutema amashyamba muri Amazone, hafi 80% yubutaka bwahinduwe bukoreshwa mu korora inka. [22] 91% by'ubutaka bwa Amazone bwatewe amashyamba kuva mu 1970 bwahinduwe ubworozi bw'inka. [24] Gutakaza ibiti ku mwaka ku isi bivugwa ko bigera kuri miliyari 10. [26] Dukurikije icyegeranyo cy’umutungo w’amashyamba ku isi 2020 ugereranyije buri mwaka isi y’amashyamba y’amashyamba mu myaka ya 2015-2020 yari hegitari miliyoni 10 naho impuzandengo y’amashyamba y’umwaka mu myaka ya 2000–2010 yari hegitari miliyoni 4.7. Isi yatakaje ha miliyoni 178 z’amashyamba kuva mu 1990, akaba ari agace kangana na Libiya.

Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2020 bwasohotse muri Scientific Reports, niba gutema amashyamba bikomeje ku kigero kiriho birashobora gutuma abantu barimbuka burundu cyangwa hafi ya bose mu myaka 20 kugeza 40 iri imbere. Bashoje bavuga ko "duhereye ku mibare ... bishoboka ko umuco wacu ubaho ubwayo uri munsi ya 10% mu bihe byiza cyane." Kugira ngo wirinde gusenyuka, ikiremwamuntu kigomba kuva mu muco wiganjemo ubukungu kikajya muri "sosiyete ndangamuco" "iha agaciro inyungu z’ibinyabuzima kuruta inyungu z’umuntu ku giti cye, ariko amaherezo ikurikije inyungu rusange." [28] [29]

Mu mwaka wa 2014, ibihugu bigera kuri 40 byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya New York ryerekeye amashyamba, umuhigo ku bushake wo kugabanya amashyamba mu mwaka wa 2020 ukarangira mu 2030. Aya masezerano ntiyubahirijwe mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, ariko, ndetse n'ibihugu bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzi nka Burezili, Ubushinwa, n'Uburusiya , ntabwo yashyizeho umukono. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imbaraga zarananiranye, kandi gutema amashyamba byiyongera kuva 2014 kugeza 2020. [30] Mu Gushyingo 2021, ibihugu 141 (bifite hafi 85% by’amashyamba y’ibanze yo mu turere dushyuha ku isi na 90% by’ibiti by’ibiti ku isi) byemeranijwe mu nama y’ikirere ya COP26 yabereye i Glasgow ku cyemezo cy’abayobozi ba Glasgow ku mashyamba n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka, umuhigo wo kurangiza no gutema amashyamba mu 2030. [31] [32] [33] Aya masezerano yaherekejwe na miliyari 19.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu bikorwa byo gutera inkunga. Amasezerano ya 2021 ya Glasgow yateye imbere ku Itangazo rya New York kugeza ubu harimo Burezili ndetse n’ibindi bihugu byinshi bitashyize umukono ku masezerano ya 2014. [31] Bimwe mu bihugu by'ingenzi bifite umuvuduko mwinshi wo gutema amashyamba (harimo Maleziya, Kamboje, Laos, Paraguay, na Miyanimari) ntabwo byashyize umukono ku Itangazo rya Glasgow. Kimwe n'amasezerano yari yabanje, Itangazo ry'abayobozi ba Glasgow ryashyizweho hanze y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’imihindagurikire y’ibihe bityo akaba atemewe n'amategeko. Mu Gushyingo 2021, umuyobozi w’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yagaragaje umushinga w’itegeko risaba ibigo kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi by’inka, ibiti, amavuta y’amamesa, soya, ikawa na kakao bigenewe abaguzi miliyoni 450 z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitajyanye no gutema amashyamba. Muri Nzeri 2022, Inteko ishinga amategeko y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yashyigikiye kandi ishimangira gahunda kuva ku buyobozi bw’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi n'amajwi 453 kuri 57. [35]
Impamvu

Abatwara amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba ku karere, 2000–2010, bivuye mu gitabo cya FAO Leta y’amashyamba ku isi 2020. Amashyamba, ibinyabuzima bitandukanye n’abantu - Muri make. [36]

Abatwara amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha

Icyiciro cya nyuma cyibiti biva mu ishyamba ryimbuto muri Indragiri Hulu, Sumatra, Indoneziya. Gutema amashyamba yo guhinga imikindo.

Nk’uko amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yerekeye imihindagurikire y’ikirere (UNFCCC) abigaragaza, impamvu nyamukuru itera amashyamba ni ubuhinzi. Ubuhinzi butunzwe ninshingano za 48% zo gutema amashyamba; ubuhinzi bwubucuruzi bushinzwe 32%; gutema ibiti bingana na 14%, no kuvanaho ibiti bya peteroli bingana na 5%.

Abahanga ntibavuga rumwe niba gutema inganda ari uruhare runini mu gutema amashyamba ku isi. [38] Bamwe bavuga ko abakene bakunze gukuraho amashyamba kubera ko nta bundi buryo bafite, abandi bakavuga ko abakene badafite ubushobozi bwo kwishyura ibikoresho n'umurimo ukenewe kugira ngo ishyamba risibe.

Izindi mpamvu zitera amashyamba muri iki gihe zishobora kuba zirimo ruswa y’inzego za Leta, [40] [41] 47] [48] Ingaruka zo kwiyongera kwabaturage ku gutema amashyamba zararwanyijwe. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko ubwiyongere bw’abaturage bitewe n’uburumbuke bukabije aribwo bwabaye intandaro yo gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha mu bice 8% gusa.

Mu 2000, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n’ubuhinzi (FAO) ryasanze "uruhare rw’ingufu z’abaturage mu gace kamwe rushobora gutandukana bitewe n’icyemezo ndetse n’ingirakamaro", kandi ko gutema amashyamba bishobora guturuka ku "guhuza igitutu cy’abaturage no guhagarara mu bukungu, imibereho myiza ndetse n’imibereho. imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga ". [44]

Kuba isi ihinduka nk’indi ntandaro yo gutema amashyamba, [50] [51] nubwo hari aho usanga ingaruka z’isi yose (urujya n'uruza rw'imirimo, imari shingiro, ibicuruzwa, n'ibitekerezo) byateje imbere ishyamba ry’amashyamba.

Indi mpamvu itera amashyamba ni imihindagurikire y’ikirere. 23% by'igihombo cy'ibiti bituruka ku nkongi y'umuriro n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere byongera inshuro n'imbaraga. Ubushyuhe bwiyongera butera inkongi y'umuriro cyane cyane mu mashyamba ya Boreal. Ingaruka imwe ishoboka ni uguhindura amashyamba.

Ubucukuzi bwa zahabu butemewe muri Madre de Dios, muri Peru.

Iyangirika ry’ibinyabuzima by’amashyamba naryo ryatewe no gushimangira ubukungu bituma guhindura amashyamba bigaragara ko byunguka kuruta kubungabunga amashyamba. Ibikorwa byinshi by'amashyamba nta soko bifite, bityo rero, nta gaciro k'ubukungu bigaragarira byoroshye ba nyir'amashyamba cyangwa abaturage bashingira ku mashyamba kugira ngo babeho neza. Dufatiye ku bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, inyungu z’amashyamba nk'ibimera bya karuboni cyangwa ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bigenda byinjira cyane cyane mu bihugu bikize byateye imbere kandi nta ndishyi zihagije zihari kuri izo serivisi. Ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byumva ko ibihugu bimwe na bimwe byo mu bihugu byateye imbere nka Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, byatemye amashyamba mu binyejana byashize kandi bikungukira mu bukungu kubera gutema amashyamba, kandi ko ari uburyarya guhakana ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere amahirwe amwe, ni ukuvuga ko abakene bagomba ntugomba kwishura ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga mugihe abakire bateje ikibazo.

Bamwe mu batanze ibitekerezo bagaragaje impinduka mu bashoferi batema amashyamba mu myaka 30 ishize. Mu gihe gutema amashyamba byatewe ahanini n’ibikorwa byo gutunga ndetse n’imishinga iterwa inkunga na leta nko kwimuka mu bihugu nka Indoneziya no gukolonizwa muri Amerika y'Epfo, Ubuhinde, Java, n'ibindi, mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, na Mu myaka ya za 90, amashyamba menshi yatewe n’inganda, harimo inganda zivoma, ubworozi bunini bw’inka, n’ubuhinzi bwagutse. Kuva mu 2001, gutema amashyamba biterwa n’ibicuruzwa, bishoboka cyane ko bizahoraho, bingana na kimwe cya kane cy’ihungabana ry’amashyamba, kandi iki gihombo cyibanze muri Amerika yepfo no mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya. [59]

Ingaruka ku bidukikije

Ikirere

Andi makuru: Gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere

Uburyo bwa biofiziki uburyo amashyamba agira ingaruka ku kirere.

Kuri buri muntu imyuka ya CO2 ituruka ku gutema amashyamba kugirango itange umusaruro

Imyitozo itemewe "gukata-gutwika" muri Madagasikari, 2010

Ikigereranyo cyo gutakaza karubone buri mwaka iterwa no gutema amashyamba.

Gutema amashyamba birakomeje kandi birahindura ikirere na geografiya. [62] [63] [64] [65]

Gutema amashyamba ni umusanzu w'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi, [66] [67] [68] kandi bikunze kuvugwa nk'imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zitera ingaruka ziterwa na parike. Ibiharuro biheruka kwerekana byerekana ko imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone ituruka ku gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba (ukuyemo ibyuka by’ubutaka) itanga hafi 12% y’ibyuka bya karuboni ya dioxyde de antropogeneque iri hagati ya 6% na 17%. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2022 bwerekana ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha yikubye kabiri mu myaka 20 ishize kandi ikomeza kwiyongera. (0.97 ± 0.16 PgC ku mwaka muri 2001–2005 kugeza 1.99 ± 0.13 PgC ku mwaka muri 2015–2019) [70] [61]

Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwabigaragaje, mu majyaruguru ya 50 ° N, gutema amashyamba manini biganisha ku bukonje bukabije ku isi mu gihe amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha atera ubushyuhe bukabije butatewe gusa n’ingaruka za CO2 gusa ahubwo biterwa n’ubundi buryo bwa biofiziki (bigatuma ibipimo bishingiye kuri karubone bidahagije) . Byongeye kandi, byerekana ko amashyamba ahagaze ashyuha afasha gukonjesha ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1 ° C. [71]

Inzira

Gutema amashyamba bitera karuboni ya dioxyde itinda mu kirere. Dioxyde de carbone iboneka, itanga urwego mu kirere gifata imirasire y'izuba. Imirasire ihinduka ubushyuhe butera ubushyuhe bwisi, bizwi cyane nkingaruka za parike. Ibimera bivana karubone muburyo bwa karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone mu kirere mugihe cya fotosintezeza, ariko ikarekura dioxyde de carbone igasubira mu kirere mugihe cyo guhumeka bisanzwe. Gusa iyo ukuze cyane ushobora igiti cyangwa ishyamba gukuramo karubone, mukubika mubice byibihingwa. Kubora no gutwika inkwi birekura ibyinshi muri iyi karubone yabitswe isubira mu kirere. Nubwo gukusanya inkwi muri rusange ari nkenerwa mugukurikirana karubone, mumashyamba amwe urusobe rwibihumyo bya symbiotic ruzengurutse imizi yibi biti birashobora kubika karuboni nyinshi, bikabikwa munsi yubutaka nubwo igiti cyayitanze ipfa kandi ikangirika, or irasarurwa kandi igatwikwa. Ubundi buryo karubone ishobora gutwarwa n’amashyamba ni uko inkwi zisarurwa zigahinduka ibicuruzwa bimaze igihe kirekire, ibiti bishya bikabisimbuza. Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi gutuma ububiko bwa karubone bufashwe mu butaka burekurwa. Amashyamba arashobora kuba arohama cyangwa isoko bitewe nibidukikije. Amashyamba akuze asimburana hagati yo kurohama hamwe nisoko ya karuboni ya dioxyde (reba karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone na cycle ya karubone).

Mu turere tw’amashyamba, ubutaka burashyuha vuba kandi bugera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, biganisha ku kuzamuka kwaho kuzamuka kwizamura ibicu kandi amaherezo bikabyara imvura nyinshi. Icyakora, nk'uko Laboratoire ya Geophysical Fluid Dynamics ibivuga, icyitegererezo cyakoreshejwe mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku byerekeranye no gutema amashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha cyerekanye ubushyuhe bwagutse ariko bworoheje bwiyongera binyuze mu kirere gishyuha. Icyitegererezo cyahanuye <0.2 ° C ubushyuhe bwumuyaga wo hejuru kuri 700 mb na 500 mb. Nyamara, icyitegererezo cyerekana ko nta mpinduka nini zigaragara mubindi bice usibye Ubushyuhe. Nubwo icyitegererezo cyerekanye ko nta mpinduka nini z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu bindi bice bitari Ubushyuhe, ibi ntibishobora kuba kubera ko icyitegererezo gifite amakosa ashobora kuba kandi ibisubizo ntibisobanutse neza. Gutema amashyamba bigira ingaruka ku gutemba kw'umuyaga, imyuka y'amazi no kwinjiza ingufu z'izuba bityo bikagira ingaruka ku kirere cyaho ndetse no ku isi hose.

Inkongi y'umuriro kuri Borneo na Sumatra, 2006. Abantu bakoresha amashyamba yo gutema no gutwika kugira ngo basibe ubutaka bwo guhinga.

UMUKARA

Kugabanya imyuka iva mu gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba (REDD) mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byagaragaye ko ari ubushobozi bushya bwo kuzuza politiki y’ikirere ikomeje. Igitekerezo kigizwe no gutanga indishyi zamafaranga yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere (GHG) biturutse ku gutema amashyamba no kwangirika kw’amashyamba ". uburenganzira bwo gusohora umwanda runaka (ni ukuvuga CO2).

Oxygene-itanga nabi

Amashyamba y’imvura yemerwa n’abalayiki kugira uruhare runini rwa ogisijeni ku isi, [79] nubwo ubu byemewe n’abahanga ko amashyamba y’imvura agira umwuka wa ogisijeni muke mu kirere kandi gutema amashyamba bigira ingaruka nke gusa ku rwego rwa ogisijeni yo mu kirere. [81] Icyakora, gutwika no gutwika ibiti by’amashyamba kugira ngo bisibe ubutaka birekura CO2 nyinshi, bigira uruhare mu gushyuha ku isi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga kandi ko gutema amashyamba mu turere dushyuha toni miliyari 1.5 za karubone buri mwaka mu kirere.
Hydrologiya

Inzira y'amazi nayo yibasiwe no gutema amashyamba. Ibiti bivoma amazi yubutaka mu mizi yabyo bikarekura mu kirere. Iyo igice cy'ishyamba kivanyweho, ibiti ntibigishobora kwanduza aya mazi, bigatuma ikirere cyuma cyane. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya amazi mu butaka n’amazi yo mu butaka ndetse n’ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere. Ubutaka bwumutse butera amazi make kugirango ibiti bivomwe. Gutema amashyamba bigabanya guhuza ubutaka, ku buryo hashobora kubaho isuri, imyuzure ndetse n’isenyuka. [84]

Kugabanya igifuniko cyamashyamba bigabanya ubushobozi bwikibanza cyo guhagarika, kugumana no kwimura imvura. Aho gufata imvura igwa, igahita igera kuri sisitemu y’amazi yo mu butaka, ahantu hateye amashyamba hahinduka isoko y’amazi yo hejuru, agenda yihuta cyane kuruta imigezi yo munsi. Amashyamba asubiza amazi menshi agwa nkimvura igwa mukirere. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, iyo agace katewe amashyamba, imvura hafi ya yose iba yatakaye nkuwashize. Ibyo gutwara byihuse amazi yubutaka birashobora guhinduka umwuzure wumwuzure hamwe n’umwuzure waho kuruta uko byakorwa hamwe n’ishyamba. Gutema amashyamba kandi bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwa evapotranspiration, igabanya ubushuhe bwo mu kirere rimwe na rimwe bigira ingaruka ku mvura igwa ikamanuka ikava mu mashyamba, kubera ko amazi adakoreshwa neza ngo amashyamba agabanuke, ariko akabura mu mazi agasubira mu nyanja. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko mu majyaruguru y’amajyaruguru n’amajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’Ubushinwa, impuzandengo y’imvura yagabanutseho kimwe cya gatatu hagati ya 1950 na 1980. [87]

Gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Highland muri Madagasikari byatumye habaho gutemba kwinshi n’imigezi idahungabana yinzuzi z’iburengerazuba.

Ibiti, n'ibimera muri rusange, bigira ingaruka ku cyerekezo cy’amazi: [88]

ibitereko byabo bifata igipimo cyimvura, hanyuma igahumeka igasubira mu kirere (interopy interception);

imyanda yabo, ibiti n'imigozi bigabanya umuvuduko w'amazi hejuru;

imizi yabo irema macropore - imiyoboro minini - mu butaka bwongera kwinjira mu mazi;

bigira uruhare mu guhinduka kwisi no kugabanya ubuhehere bwubutaka hakoreshejwe transpiration;

imyanda yabo nibindi bisigazwa kama bihindura imiterere yubutaka bugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwubutaka bwo kubika amazi.

ibibabi byabo bigenzura ubuhehere bwikirere mu guhinduranya. 99% by'amazi yakuwe mu mizi azamuka mu mababi kandi arahinduka.

Nka result, kuba ibiti cyangwa kutabaho bishobora guhindura ubwinshi bwamazi hejuru, mubutaka cyangwa mumazi yubutaka, cyangwa mukirere. Ibi na byo bihindura igipimo cy’isuri no kuboneka kwamazi kubikorwa byibidukikije cyangwa serivisi zabantu. Gutema amashyamba mu bibaya byo mu kibaya bituma ibicu bigwa kandi imvura ikagera ahantu hirengeye.

Ishyamba rishobora kugira ingaruka nke kumyuzure mugihe habaye imvura nyinshi, irenga ubushobozi bwo kubika ubutaka bwamashyamba niba ubutaka buri hafi cyangwa bwuzuye.

Amashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha atanga hafi 30% byamazi meza yumubumbe wacu.

Gutema amashyamba bihagarika ikirere gisanzwe gitera ikirere gishyushye kandi cyumye bityo byongera amapfa, ubutayu, kunanirwa kw'ibihingwa, gushonga kw'ibarafu ya polar, umwuzure wo ku nkombe no kwimura ingoma zikomeye z’ibimera. [91]

Ubutaka

Gutema amashyamba mu Bufaransa.

Bitewe n’imyanda y’ibimera, amashyamba adahungabanye afite igipimo gito cy’isuri. Igipimo cy'isuri kibaho giterwa no gutema amashyamba, kubera ko bigabanya ubwinshi bw'igifuniko cy'imyanda, gitanga uburinzi bwo gutemba hejuru. Igipimo cy’isuri ni toni zigera kuri 2 kuri kilometero kare. [93] [Inkomoko yonyine? Ibikorwa byamashyamba ubwabyo nabyo byongera isuri binyuze mugutezimbere imihanda (amashyamba) no gukoresha ibikoresho bya mashini.

Gutema amashyamba mu kibaya cya Loess mu Bushinwa mu myaka myinshi ishize byatumye habaho isuri; iri suri ryatumye ibibaya bifungura. Ubwiyongere bwubutaka mumazi butemba butera uruzi rwumuhondo kwuzura bigatuma ibara ryumuhondo.

Isuri nini ntabwo buri gihe ari ingaruka zo gutema amashyamba, nkuko bigaragara mu turere two mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa Amerika. Muri utwo turere, gutakaza ibyatsi bitewe no kuba hari ibiti n’ibindi biti bitera isuri cyane kuruta igihe ibiti byakuweho.

Ubutaka bushimangirwa no kuba hari ibiti, birinda ubutaka guhambira imizi kuburiri bwubutaka. Bitewe no gutema amashyamba, gukuraho ibiti bituma ubutaka bugoramye bushobora kwibasirwa n'inkangu.

Ibinyabuzima bitandukanye

Gutema amashyamba ku gipimo cy’umuntu bituma igabanuka ry’ibinyabuzima, [94] ndetse no ku isi isanzwe izwiho gutera amoko menshi. [9] Kurandura cyangwa gusenya uduce tw’amashyamba byatumye ibidukikije byangirika hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bigabanuka. Amashyamba ashyigikira ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, atanga aho atuye ku gasozi; [96] byongeye kandi, amashyamba atera kubungabunga imiti. Hamwe na biotopi yo mu mashyamba ari isoko idasubirwaho y’imiti mishya (nka tagisi), gutema amashyamba birashobora gusenya itandukaniro ry’irondakoko (nko kurwanya ibihingwa) ku buryo budasubirwaho.

Kwinjira mu buryo butemewe muri Madagasikari. Mu mwaka wa 2009, igice kinini cy’ibiti byinjira mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko byoherejwe mu Bushinwa.

Kubera ko amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha ari urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku isi [99] [100] kandi hafi 80% by’ibinyabuzima bizwi ku isi bishobora kuboneka mu mashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha, [101] mubidukikije byangiritse [103] hamwe no kugabanya ibinyabuzima bitandukanye. [9] [104] Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe i Rondônia, muri Burezili, bwerekanye ko gutema amashyamba bikuraho kandi mikorobe igira uruhare mu gutunganya intungamubiri, kubyara amazi meza no kuvanaho umwanda.

Byagereranijwe ko turimo gutakaza amoko 137 y’ibimera, inyamaswa n’udukoko buri munsi kubera gutema amashyamba y’imvura, bingana n’ibinyabuzima 50.000 ku mwaka. [106] Abandi bavuga ko gutema amashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha bigira uruhare mu kuzimangana kwa Holocene. [107] Ikigereranyo kizwi cyo kuzimangana ku gipimo cy’amashyamba kiri hasi cyane, hafi amoko 1 ku mwaka ahereye ku nyamaswa z’inyamabere n’inyoni, zikaba zigera ku moko agera ku 23.000 ku mwaka ku moko yose. Byahanuwe ko ibinyabuzima birenga 40% by'inyamaswa n'ibimera byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya bishobora kurimburwa mu kinyejana cya 21. [109] Ubuhanuzi nk'ubwo bwashidikanyaga ku makuru yo mu 1995 yerekana ko mu turere two mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya igice kinini cy'ishyamba ry'umwimerere cyahinduwe mu gihingwa cyihariye, ariko ko amoko ashobora kwangirika ari make kandi ibimera by'ibiti bikomeza kuba byinshi kandi bihamye. [110]

Gusobanukirwa na siyansi inzira yo kuzimangana ntibihagije kugira ngo hamenyekane neza ingaruka z’amashyamba ku binyabuzima. [111] Benshi mu bahanura ibijyanye no gutakaza urusobe rw’amashyamba bishingiye ku bwoko bw’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, hakaba hashingiwe ko uko amashyamba agabanuka amoko atandukanye azagabanuka kimwe. Nyamara, ibyitegererezo byinshi byagaragaye ko ari bibi kandi gutakaza aho gutura ntabwo byanze bikunze bitera amoko menshi yo gutakaza. Ubwoko bw'imiterere y'akarere bizwiho guhanura umubare w’ibinyabuzima bizwi ko bibangamiwe mu turere aho amashyamba akomeje gukorerwa, kandi agateganya cyane umubare w’ibinyabuzima byugarije bikwirakwira hose. [110]

Muri 2012, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Amazone yo muri Berezile bwahanuye thnubwo kugeza ubu hatabayeho kuzimangana kugeza ubu, abagera kuri 90 ku ijana by'abazarimbuka amaherezo bazabaho mu myaka 40 iri imbere.

Ingaruka ku buzima

Imiterere yubuzima rusange

Kwangirika no gutakaza amashyamba bihungabanya uburinganire bwa kamere. Mu byukuri, gutema amashyamba bikuraho amoko menshi y’ibimera n’inyamaswa nazo zikunze gutuma indwara ziyongera, [114] no guhura n’indwara zonotike. [10] [115] [116] [117] Gutema amashyamba birashobora kandi gutera inzira amoko atari kavukire kugira ngo atere imbere nkubwoko bumwebumwe bwibisimba, bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwanduye schistosomiasis. [114] [118]

Indwara ziterwa n’amashyamba zirimo malariya, indwara ya Chagas (izwi kandi ku izina rya trypanosomiasis y'Abanyamerika), Afurika trypanosomiasis (indwara yo kuryama), leishmaniyasi, indwara ya Lyme, virusi itera sida na Ebola. Indwara nyinshi zandura zanduza abantu, harimo na virusi ya SARS-CoV2 yateje icyorezo cya COVID-19, ni zoonotic kandi kuvuka kwabo bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no gutakaza aho gutura bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’amashyamba no kwaguka kw’abantu mu mashyamba, byombi byongera ubuzima bwabantu ku nyamaswa.

Gutema amashyamba bibera ku isi yose kandi byahujwe no kwiyongera kw'indwara zandura. Muri Maleziya, hegitari ibihumbi n’ibiti by’amashyamba byahanaguwe ku bworozi bw’ingurube. Ibi byatumye kwiyongera kwa zoonose virusi ya Nipah. [119] Muri Kenya, gutema amashyamba byatumye umubare wa malariya wiyongera ubu bikaba ari byo biza ku isonga mu gutera indwara n’impfu mu gihugu. [120] [121] Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2017 mu isuzuma ry’ubukungu bw’Abanyamerika bwerekanye ko gutema amashyamba byongereye cyane indwara ya malariya muri Nijeriya. [122]

Indi nzira inyuramo amashyamba yibasira indwara nukwimuka no gukwirakwiza abakira indwara. Iyi nzira igaragara yindwara ishobora kwitwa "kwaguka kwagutse", aho urwego rwabakiriye (hamwe n’urwego rwa virusi) rwaguka mu turere dushya. Binyuze mu gutema amashyamba, ibinyabuzima hamwe n’ibinyabuzima by’ibigega bihatirwa gutura. Guherekeza amoko y'ibigega ni virusi zitera ubushobozi bwo kubona abashyitsi bashya mu turere tutaramenyekana. Mugihe izo virusi nubwoko bihura cyane nabantu, byanduye muburyo butaziguye.

Urugero ruteye ubwoba rwo kwaguka ni urugero rwa virusi ya Nipah muri 1998 muri Maleziya. [124] Mu myaka itari mike, gutema amashyamba, amapfa, n’umuriro byakurikiyeho byatumye habaho ihinduka rikomeye ry’imiterere n’uburinganire bw’ibiti by’imbuto, ikigega cya virusi ya Nipah. Gutema amashyamba byagabanije ibiti byera imbuto biboneka aho batuye, kandi bigarurira imirima ikikije iyo nayo yabaye ahantu h'ingurube nyinshi. Ibibabi, binyuze hafi yegera Nipah ingurube. Mugihe virusi yanduye ingurube, impfu zaragabanutse cyane ugereranije n’abantu, bituma ingurube zakira virusi bigatuma abantu banduza virusi. Ibi byatumye havuka abantu 265 banduye encephalite, muri bo 105 bakaviramo urupfu. Uru rugero rutanga isomo ryingenzi ku ngaruka gutema amashyamba bishobora kugira ku buzima bwabantu.

Urundi rugero rwo kwaguka kwatewe no gutema amashyamba nizindi ngaruka ziterwa na antropogenique zirimo imbeba ya Capybara muri Paraguay. [126] Iyi nzoka niyo yakira indwara nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa zoonotic kandi, mu gihe hataraboneka icyorezo cyatewe n'abantu bitewe no kwimuka kw'iyi nzoka mu turere dushya, itanga urugero rw'ukuntu kwangiza aho gutura binyuze mu gutema amashyamba ndetse no kugenda kw'ibinyabuzima nyuma. ni buri gihe.

Ubu igitekerezo cyateye imbere kandi cyemewe na benshi ni uko iseswa rya virusi itera sida ryatewe byibuze igice bitewe no gutema amashyamba. Ubwiyongere bw'abaturage bwatumye ibiribwa bikenerwa, kandi gutema amashyamba bikingura uduce dushya tw’ishyamba, abahigi basaruye ibihuru byinshi by’ibihuru, bikekwa ko ari yo nkomoko ya virusi itera SIDA. [114]

Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Indoneziya bwerekanye ko abakozi bo hanze bakoraga mu turere dushyuha no mu mashyamba aho kuba mu turere dushyuha kandi dusanzwe tw’amashyamba bahuye n’ubumuga bwo kutamenya no kwibuka bigaragara ko biterwa ahanini n’ubushyuhe bwinshi ibiti byari kubarinda. [127] Gutema amashyamba bigabanya amasaha meza yo gukora kubantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni mu turere dushyuha, cyane cyane ku bakora imirimo iremereye hanze. Biteganijwe ko gukomeza gushyuha ku isi no gutakaza amashyamba byongera izo ngaruka, bikagabanya amasaha y'akazi ku matsinda atishoboye kurushaho.