Imiterere ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ibidukikije byaho

Afurika y'Iburasirazuba 
Afurika y'Iburasirazuba,cyangwa Uburasirazuba bwa Afurika, ni agace gaherereye iburasirazuba bw'umugabane wa Afurika. Muri gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibarurishamibare ry’uturere, uturere10 - 11- (16 *) tugize Afurika y'Iburasirazuba: 

Bitewe n’amateka y'ubwami bwaOmani n’ubutaka bw’abakoloni b'abongereza bwo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika ndetse n’Ubudage bw’Uburasirazuba , ijambo Afurika y’iburasirazuba rikunze gukoreshwa (cyane cyane mu rurimi rw’icyongereza) ryakoreshwaga ryerekeza ku gace ubu kagizwe n’ibihugu bitatu ari byo Kenya, Tanzaniya, na Uganda . "East Africa". The New Oxford Dictionary of English, Judy Pearsall, ed. 2001. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 582. "The eastern part of the African continent, especially the countries of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania." Robert M. Maxon, East Africa: An Introductory History, 2 Revised edition, (West Virginia University: 1994), p. 1 Mary Fitzpatrick and Tom Parkinson, Lonely Planet East Africa, 7th edition, (Lonely Planet Publications: 2006), p. 13 Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Ed., p. 24 Icyakora, ntabwo bigeze bashyiraho izindi ndimi nyinshi, aho iryo muri rusange hari rifite imiterere yagutse, bityo rikaba ryarimo Djibouti, Eritereya, Etiyopiya, ndetse na Somaliya. Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally recognized as a part of Somalia. "East Africa". Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed. 2001. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.; p. 339. "A term often used of the area now comprising the countries of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Somalia; sometimes used to include also other neighboring countries of E Africa."  Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.61 "East Africa". Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2003. The Gage Group Inc. "East Africa comprises ten countries: Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Kenya."  Sandra Fullerton Joireman, Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa, (Universal-Publishers: 1997), p.1

 Tanzaniya, Kenya, Uganda, u Rwanda, u Burundi, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Sudani y'Amajyepfo ni ibihugu by'abanyamuryango b'Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba . Batanu ba mbere banashyizwe mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika. Rimwe na rimwe u Burundi n'u Rwanda bifatwa nk'igice cya Afurika yo hagati .  
 Djibouti, Eritereya, Etiyopiya na Somaliya bizwi ku izina rya Ihembe rya Afurika . Robert Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation, (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26  Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook, 7th Edition, (Passport Books: 2002), p. 21: "To the north are the countries of the Horn of Africa comprising Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia." Encyclopedia Britannica, inc, Jacob E. Safra, The New Encyclopedia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.61: "The northern mountainous area, known as the Horn of Africa, comprises Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Somaliland." Sandra Fullerton Joireman, Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa, (Universal-Publishers: 1997), p.1: "The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia. These countries share similar peoples, languages, and geographical endowments." Aka gace nuburasirazuba bwiburasirazuba bwumugabane wa Afrika. 
 Comoros, Maurice, na Seychelles - ibihugu bito birwa mu nyanja y'Ubuhinde .thumb|East African Community heads of state (2010)
 Réunion, Mayotte (mu turere tumwe na tumwe two mu birwa bya Comoro ) hamwe n'ibirwa bitatanye mu nyanja y'Abahinde - Uturere two mu Bufaransa two mu mahanga na two mu nyanja y'Abahinde.
 Mozambike na Madagasikari - bikunze gufatwa nk'igice cya Afrika yepfo, ku ruhande rwiburasirazuba bwumugabane. Madagasikari ifitanye isano rya hafi n’umuco wo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bw'Aziya na Afurika y’iburasirazuba, ndetse n’ibirwa byo mu nyanja y’Ubuhinde .
 Malawi, Zambiya, na Zimbabwe - akenshi na byo byashyizwe muri Afurika y'Epfo, kandi byahoze bigize Federasiyo yo Hagati (bizwi kandi n'amateka nka Federasiyo ya Rodeziya na Nyasaland ).
 Sudani yepfo na Sudani - hamwe igice cyikibaya cya Nili . Ziherereye mu gice cy'amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwumugabane.  Abanyamuryango b’isoko rusange rya Afrika y'uburasirazuba n’amajyepfo (COMESA) agace k'ubucuruzi bwisanzuye.

 Imiterere n'ikirere 
Bimwe mu bice by'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byamamaye cyane kubera ko ahanini bikungahaye ku nyamaswa zo mu gasozi nini cyane kurusha izindi, nka " bitanu binini ": inzovu, inyamanswa, intare, imvubu z'umukara,  n'ingwe, nubwo abaturage bagiye bagabanuka kubera imihangayiko yiyongereye mu bihe byashize, cyane cyane iz'inzovu n'inzovu.

Imiterere y'Afrika y'uburasirazuba ikunze kuba myiza  Yakozwe cyane cyane n'imbaraga za tectonic y'isi yose yashyizeho ibibaya bya  Afurika yuburasirazuba, Afrika y'uburasirazuba niho hari umusozi wa Kilimanjaro nu musozi wa Kenya, impinga ebyiri ndende muri Afrika. Harimo kandi ikiyaga cya kabiri kinini ku isi gifite amazi meza, ikiyaga cya Victoria, n’ikiyaga cya kabiri cyimbitse ku isi, ikiyaga cya Tanganyika .

Ikirere cy'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ntigisanzwe. Kubera guhuza ubutumburuke muri kariya karere muri rusange hamwe n'igicucu cyimvura y'umuyaga w’iburengerazuba watewe n’imisozi ya Rwenzori n’imisozi miremire ya Etiyopiya, Afurika y’iburasirazuba igira igihe cy'ubukonje cyangwa ubushyuhe bitunguranye  kubera ubutumburuke bwaho. Mu by'ukuri, ku nkombe za Somaliya, imyaka myinshi ishobora kugenda nta mvura iyo ari yo yose.  Ahandi imvura y'umwaka muri rusange yiyongera yerekeza mu majyepfo hamwe n'ubutumburuke, hafi 400 mm (16) muri) i Mogadishu na 1,200 mm (47) muri) i Mombasa ku nkombe, mu gihe imbere yiyongera kuva 130 mm (5 muri) i Garoowe kugeza hejuru ya 1,100 mm (43) muri) i Moshi hafi ya Kilimanjaro. harihariye, imvura nyinshi igwa mu bihe bibiri bitandukanye, kimwe cy'ibanze muri Mata ikindi mu Kwakira cyangwa Ugushyingo. Ubusanzwe ibyo biterwa no kunyura muri Intertropical Convergence Zone hirya no hino mukarere muri ayo mezi, ariko bishobora no kugereranywa nimvura yaguye y'ibice bya Sri Lanka, Vietnam, na Nordeste yo muri Berezile.

Iburengerazuba bw'imisozi miremire ya Rwenzori na Etiyopiya, imiterere y'imvura ikunze kuba mu turere dushyuha, imvura ikagwa umwaka wose mu nkengero za ekwateri ndetse n'igihe kimwe cy'imvura mu bice bikunze kubamo imisozi miremire ya Etiyopiya kuva muri Kamena kugeza muri Nzeri buri mwaka  - imvura iboneka kugeza muri Nyakanga na Kanama hafi ya Asmara . Imvura mu mwaka igwa muri ako gace iri hagati ya 1,600 mm (63) muri) kumusozi w'iburengerazuba kugera kuri 1,250 mm (49) muri) i Addis Abeba na 550 mm (22) in) kuri Asmara. Ku misozi miremire imvura ishobora kurenga 2,500 mm (98) in) .

Imvura muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba irangwa n'ibihe bibiri by'imvura, imvura nyinshi igwa kuva muri Werurwe kugeza Gicurasi n'imvura nkeya igwa  kuva Ukwakira kugeza mu kwezi kw'Ukuboza. ibi bihindagurika ahanini bitewe n'ibyabaye muri El Niño hamwe na Dipole nziza yo mu nyanja y'Abahinde . Ibikorwa bya El Nino bikunze kongera imvura usibye mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bw'imisozi miremire ya Etiyopiya na Eritereya, aho bitera amapfa n'umwuzure muke wa Nili .  Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Dipole nziza yo mu nyanja y'Abahinde itera ubushyuhe bwo hejuru y’inyanja ku nkombe za Afurika y'Iburasirazuba kandi bigatuma imvura yiyongera cyane cyane muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba.  Ubushyuhe muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, usibye ku mukandara ushyushye kandi usanzwe ufite ubushuhe bwo ku nkombe, biringaniye, hagati ya ya dogere z'ubushyuhe igera kuri 25 (77) ° F) na dogere z'ubushyuhe ya 15 ° C (59) ° F) ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,500  (4,921 ft) . Ku butumburuke buri hejuru ya metero 2,500 (8,202 ft), ubukonje burasanzwe mugihe cy'izuba na maxima mu bisanzwe nka 21 ° C (70 ° F) cyangwa munsi yayo.

Ubutaka budasanzwe kandi bigaragara ko bukwiye guhingwa bwatumye Afurika y'Iburasirazuba iba intandaro yo gushakishwa, gukoreshwa no gukolonizwa byakozwe n'ibihugu byo mu Burayi mu kinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda. Muri iki gihe, ubukerarugendo ni igice cy'ingenzi mu bukungu bwa Kenya, Tanzaniya, Seychelles, na Uganda. Ahantu h'iburasirazuba cyane ku mugabane, ni Ras Hafun muri Somaliya, ni ngombwa mu bucukumbuzi, amateka n'ubukungu .  

 Amateka 



 Imbanzirizamateka 

Dukurikije inyandiko zivuga kunkomoko ya Afurika iheruka y’abantu b'iki gihe, imyizerere yiganjemo abantu benshi mu bushakashatsi mu by'ibisigaramatongo, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari by'Afurika niho abantu ba none bagaragaye bwa mbere.  Hariho ibitekerezo bitandukanye byagaragaje ko niba habayeho intangiriro imwe cyangwa nyinshi; icyitegererezo cyo gutatanya kirimo ibitekerezo byo mu majyepfo.  Bamwe mu bashakashatsi bavuze ko Afurika y'Amajyaruguru ari akarere k'Afurika aho abantu ba none bava mu mugabane wa mbere. 

Dukurikije ibimenyetso biranga uturemangingo tw'umuntu n’ibinyabuzima muri rusange, hagaragajwe ko kera mbere ya Homo sapiens yihinduranyije abantu bariho ubu mu buryo bwa anatomique mu ihembe ry'Afurika mu myaka 200.000 ishize maze itatana aho.   Kumenyekanisha Homo sapiens idaltu na Omo Kibish nkabantu bagezweho muri anatomique byaba bifite ishingiro ibisobanuro byabantu bo muri iki gihe hamwe nizina ryitwa Homo sapiens sapiens . Kuberako bakundana hakiri kare nibiranga umubiri bidasanzwe idaltu na kibish byerekana abakurambere b'abantu ba kijyambere nkuko bigaragazwa ni igitekerezo cyo hanze y' Afrika .    
Mu mwaka wa 2017, habonetse ibisigazwa by’abantu bigezweho, byanditswe mu myaka 300.000 ishize i Jebel Irhoud muri Maroc, byerekana ko abantu ba none bavutse kare kandi bishoboka ko mu gace kanini ka Afurika kuruta uko babitekerezaga. 

Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ni kamwe mu turere twa mbere aho Homo sapiens ikekwa kuba. Ibimenyetso byabonetse mu mwaka wa 2018, guhera mu myaka igera ku 320.000 ishize, ku rubuga rwa Kenya rwa Olorgesailie, hagaragaye hakiri kare imyitwarire igezweho ifitanye isano na Homo sapiens, harimo: imiyoboro y'ubucuruzi ndende (irimo ibicuruzwa nka obsidian), ikoreshwa pigment, hamwe nibishoboka byo gukora ingingo. Byagaragajwe n’abanditsi b’ubushakashatsi butatu bwa 2018 kuri uru rubuga, ko ibimenyetso by’imyitwarire bigereranywa n’ibisigazwa bya kera bya Homo sapiens bizwi kuva muri Afurika (nko kuri Jebel Irhoud na Florisbad ), kandi bavuga ko bigoye kandi bigezweho imyitwarire yari imaze gutangira muri Afrika mugihe cyo kuvuka kwa Homo sapiens .   

Muri Nzeri 2019, abahanga bavuze ko biyemeje gukoresha mudasobwa, bashingiye kuri 260 CT, yerekana ishusho ya gihanga ya ba sekuruza ba nyuma basanzwe ku bantu ba none / H. sapiens, uhagarariye sapiens ya mbere ya Homo, maze bavuga ko Homo sapiens yavutse hagati ya 350.000. n'imyaka 260.000 ishize binyuze mu guhuza abaturage muri Afrika yepfo nuburasirazuba.  

Inzira yo kwimuka yigitekerezo cya "Hanze ya Afrika" birashoboka ko yabereye muri Afrika yuburasirazuba ariko binyuze kuri Bab el Mandeb

Uyu munsi ku kirwa cya Bab-el-Mandeb, Inyanja Itukura ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 20, ariko mu myaka 50.000 ishize yari ndende cyane kandi inyanja yari munsi ya metero 70. Nubwo inzitizi zitigeze zifungwa burundu, hashobora kuba hari ibirwa hagati yabyo byagerwaho hakoreshejwe ibiti byoroshye.

Bimwe mu bisigazwa bya skelete ya hominin byavumbuwe mu karere kanini, harimo ibisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima byavumbuwe mu kibaya cya Awash muri Etiyopiya, ndetse no muri Koobi Fora muri Kenya na Gorge ya Olduvai muri Tanzaniya.

Igice cyo mu majyepfo ya Afurika y’iburasirazuba cyigaruriwe kugeza mu bihe byashize abahinzi-borozi bahiga Khoisan, mu gihe mu misozi ya Etiyopiya indogobe n’ibiti by’ibihingwa nka teff byatumye itangira ry’ubuhinzi ahagana mu 7000 mbere ya Yesu  Inzitizi zo mu bibaya n’indwara ziterwa na isazi ya tsetse ariko, yabujije indogobe n'ubuhinzi gukwira mu majyepfo. Gusa mu bihe bya vuba aha ubuhinzi bwakwirakwiriye mu turere twinshi two mu majyepfo ya ekwateri, binyuze mu gukwirakwiza inka, intama n'ibihingwa nka shitingi . Ikwirakwizwa ry’indimi ryerekana ko ibyo bishoboka cyane ko byaturutse muri Sudani bikinjira mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika, kubera ko indimi za Nilotic zavuzwe n’aba bahinzi babanjirije Bantu zifite bene wabo ba hafi mu kibaya cya Nili rwagati.

 Amateka ya kera 

Djibouti, Eritereya, Etiyopiya, Somaliya, n'inkombe z'inyanja Itukura ya Sudani bifatwa nk'ahantu hashobora kuba hashobora kuba hari igihugu kizwi ku Banyamisiri ba kera nka Punt .  Ubwami bwa kera bwavuzwe bwa mbere bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya 25 mbere ya Yesu.  Abapuntite ba kera bari ishyanga ryabantu bafitanye umubano wa hafi na Egiputa ya Farawo mugihe cya Farawo Sahure numwamikazi Hatshepsut .

Ubwami bwa Aksum bwari ubwami bw'ubucuruzi bushingiye muri Eritereya no mu majyaruguru ya Etiyopiya.  Yabayeho kuva mu 100-940 nyuma ya Yesu, ikura kuva muri proto-Aksumite Iron Iron c. Ikinyejana cya 4 mbere ya Yesu kugira ngo tugere ku kinyejana cya mbere nyuma ya Yesu. Ubu bwami buvugwa muri Periplus yo mu nyanja ya Erythraean nk'ahantu h'isoko rikomeye ry’inzovu, zoherejwe mu isi ya kera. Aksum icyo gihe yategekwaga na Zoskales, wanayoboraga icyambu cya Adulis .  Abategetsi ba Aksumite borohereje ubucuruzi bahindura ifaranga ryabo rya Aksumite . Leta kandi yashyizeho umutegetsi ukomeye ku Bwami bwa Kush bwagabanutse kandi buri gihe yinjiraga muri politiki y’ubwami ku kirwa cy’Abarabu, amaherezo ikagura ubutegetsi bwayo muri ako karere hamwe n’ubwami bwa Himyarite .

 Kwaguka kwa Bantu 
Hagati yimyaka 2500 na 3000 ishize, Bantu -abantu bavuga batangiye urukurikirane rwimuka rwimyaka igihumbi rwimuka rwerekeza iburasirazuba bava mu gihugu cyabo bakikije amajyepfo ya Kameruni. Uku kwaguka kwa Bantu kwinjije ubuhinzi mu gice kinini cy’ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika. Mu binyejana cumi na bitanu byakurikiyeho, Bantu yakajije umurego mu buhinzi no kurisha mu turere twose dukwiye two muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, muri ubwo buryo bwo kuvugana n'abimukira bo muri Ositaraliya - n'abarabu bavuga ururimi rw'icyarabu mu turere two mu majyepfo. Aba nyuma kandi bakwirakwije Islam mu mukandara w’inyanja, ariko Bantu benshi bakomeje kuba abayoboke b’amadini gakondo yo muri Afurika .
Mu gihe cyibinyejana byinshi, abantu benshi bahiga-bahiga barimuwe kandi barigaruriwe n’imiryango ya Bantu yinjira, ndetse n’abaturage ba Nilotic nyuma.  Kwaguka kwa Bantu kwari uruhererekane rurerure rwo kwimuka ku mubiri, gukwirakwiza ururimi n'ubumenyi mu baturage baturanye ndetse no mu baturage baturanye, no gushyiraho amatsinda mashya ya sosiyete arimo gushyingiranwa hagati y'abaturage n'amatsinda mato yimukira mu baturage no mu matsinda mato yimukira mu gishya uturere. 

Nyuma yo kwimuka bava mu gihugu cyabo cya mbere muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba, Bantus yanahuye no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati bwa Afurika abantu bakomoka muri Cushitike .  Nkuko ijambo ry’inka rikoreshwa mu matsinda mato y’abashumba ya Bantu ya none abigaragaza, abimukira ba Bantu bari kubona inka mu baturanyi babo bashya ba Cushitike. Ibimenyetso by’indimi byerekana kandi ko Bantus ashobora kuba yaratijwe umuco wo koroza inka abaturage bo muri Cushitike bo muri ako karere. J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29

Ku gice cyo ku nkombe z'akarere k'ibiyaga bigari byo muri Afurika, undi muryango wavanze wa Bantu wateye imbere binyuze mu guhura n'abacuruzi b'Abarabu n'Abaperesi b'Abayisilamu, biganisha ku iterambere ry’ibihugu bivangwa n'Abarabu, Abaperesi n'Abanyafurika b'Abaswahili .  Umuco w'igiswahiri wagaragaye muri uku kungurana ibitekerezo ugaragaza ingaruka nyinshi z'Abarabu n'Abisilamu zitagaragara mu muco gakondo wa Bantu, kimwe n'abayoboke benshi b'Abanyafurika n'Abarabu bo mu bwoko bw'Abaswahili . Hamwe n’umuryango wambere w’ijambo ryibanze ku bice byo ku nkombe za Tanzaniya (cyane cyane Zanzibar ) na Kenya - inyanja y’inyanja yiswe inkombe y’igiswahiri - ururimi rw’igiswahiri rukubiyemo amagambo menshi y’inguzanyo y’icyarabu nk’imikoranire. Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114

Abaturage ba mbere ba Bantu bo mu nkombe z’iburasirazuba bwa Kenya na Tanzaniya bahuye n’aba nyuma b’abimukira b’Abarabu n’Abaperesi bamenyekanye mu buryo butandukanye hamwe n’imidugudu y’ubucuruzi ya Rhapta, Azania na Menouthias  ivugwa mu nyandiko za mbere z’Abagereki n’Ubushinwa kuva mu mwaka wa 50 kugeza mu wa 500 AD, Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press. Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10. Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies    Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue  by Yu Huan : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. See especially Section 15 on Zesan = Azania and notes.  amaherezo bituma izina rya Tanzaniya .   Izi nyandiko zo hambere wenda zerekana umuraba wambere wabimukira Bantu bageze muri Afrika yuburasirazuba bwo hagati mugihe bimukiye. 

Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 14 na 15, havutse ubwami n’ibihugu binini byo mu biyaga bigari byo muri Afurika, nk'ubwami bwa Buganda Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25. na Karagwe  bwa Uganda na Tanzaniya.

 Amateka ahari ubu 
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique by sea. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.

Repubulika ya Venise yari imaze kugenzura inzira nyinshi z'ubucuruzi hagati y'Uburayi na Aziya. Nyuma y’inzira gakondo z’ubutaka zerekeza mu Buhinde n’Abanyaturukiya ba Ottoman, Porutugali yizeye gukoresha inzira y’inyanja yabanjirijwe na da Gama kugira ngo icike monopole y’ubucuruzi ya Venetiya.  Ubutegetsi bw'igiportigale mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika byibanze cyane cyane ku nkombe z'inyanja zishingiye kuri Mombasa. Kuba Abanyaportigale bari muri ako gace byatangiye ku mugaragaro nyuma ya 1505, igihe ibendera ryayoborwaga na Don Francisco de Almeida ryigarurira Kilwa, ikirwa giherereye mu majyepfo ya Tanzaniya .

Muri Werurwe 1505, amaze guhabwa na Manuel wa mbere wa Porutugali ishyirwaho rya viceroy ku butaka bushya bwigaruriwe mu Buhinde, yafashe ubwato ava i Lisbonne ayobora amato manini kandi akomeye, maze agera muri Nyakanga i Quiloa ( Kilwa ), aremera. we hafi nta rugamba. Imyigaragambyo ikomeye cyane yatanzwe naba Moors ba Mombasa. Icyakora, umujyi wafashwe urasenywa, kandi ubutunzi bunini bwawo bwagiye gushimangira umutungo wa Almeida. Ibitero byakurikiye kuri Hoja (ubu bizwi ku izina rya Ungwana, biherereye ku nkombe y’umugezi wa Tana ), Barawa, Angoche, Pate ndetse n’indi mijyi yo ku nkombe kugeza igihe inyanja y’Ubuhinde yari ahantu hizewe hagamijwe inyungu z’ubucuruzi bwa Porutugali. Ahandi hantu yari mu nzira, nk'izinga rya Angediva, hafi ya Goa, na Cannanore, Abanyaportigale bubatse ibihome, kandi bafata ingamba zo kurinda ubutegetsi bwa Porutugali.

Intego nyamukuru ya Porutugali ku nkombe y’igiswahiri kwari ukugenzura ubucuruzi bw’ibirungo biva mu barabu . Kuri iki cyiciro, kuba Abanyaportigale muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byari bigamije kugenzura ubucuruzi mu nyanja y'Abahinde no kubona inzira z'inyanja zihuza Uburayi na Aziya. Amato y’amato yo muri Porutugali yahungabanije cyane ubucuruzi bw’abanzi ba Porutugali mu nyanja y’Uburengerazuba bw’Ubuhinde kandi bashoboye gusaba imisoro ihanitse ku bintu byatwarwaga mu nyanja kubera ko bagenzuraga ibyambu n’inzira zoherejwe. Iyubakwa rya Fort Jesus i Mombasa mu 1593 ryari rigamije gushimangira ubutegetsi bwa Porutugali muri ako karere, ariko uruhare rwabo rwakuweho n’Abarabu b'Abongereza, Abadage na Omani binjira mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari mu kinyejana cya 17.

Abarabu bo muri Omani bahanganye n’ingutu n’igiporutugali mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika. Kugeza magingo aya, Ingoma ya Porutugali yari imaze gutakaza inyungu zayo mu bucuruzi bw’ibirungo by’inyanja kubera kugabanuka kw’ubucuruzi. Abarabu bigaruriye byinshi mu bucuruzi bw’inyanja y’Ubuhinde, bahatira Abanyaportigale gusubira mu majyepfo aho bagumye muri Afurika y’iburasirazuba bwa Porutugali (Mozambike) nkabategetsi bonyine kugeza Mozambike yigenga mu 1975.

Abakoloni b'Abarabu bakolonije ku nkombe za Kenya na Tanzaniya byatumye ibihugu byahoze byigenga bigenzurwa n’amahanga kandi bigategekwa kuruta uko byari bimeze mu gihe cya Porutugali. Kimwe nabababanjirije, abarabu ba Omani bashoboye cyane cyane kugenzura uturere two ku nkombe, ntabwo imbere. Icyakora, ishyirwaho ry’ibihingwa, kongerera ingufu ubucuruzi bw’abacakara no kwimura umurwa mukuru wa Omani muri Zanzibar mu 1839 na Seyyid Said byagize ingaruka zo gushimangira ingufu za Omani mu karere. 

Imiyoborere y’Abarabu ku byambu byose bikomeye ku nkombe z’igiswahiri yarakomeje kugeza igihe inyungu z’Abongereza zigamije cyane cyane guhagarika ubucuruzi bw’abacakara no gushyiraho gahunda y’imishahara itangira gushyira igitutu ku butegetsi bwa Omani. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi n'icyenda, ubucuruzi bw'abacakara ku nyanja ifunguye bwari bwarabujijwe burundu n'Abongereza kandi Abarabu bo muri Omani nta bushobozi buke bari bafite bwo kurwanya ubushobozi bw'amato y'Abongereza bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mabwiriza. Kubaho kwa Omani byakomeje muri Zanzibar na Pemba kugeza Revolution ya Zanzibar mu 1964. Icyakora, kuba Abarabu bemewe muri Arabiya muri Kenya byagenzuwe n’uko Abadage n’Abongereza bafashe ibyambu by’ingenzi ndetse no gushyiraho ubufatanye bukomeye bw’ubucuruzi n’abayobozi bakomeye bo mu nzego z'ibanze mu 1880.

 Igihe cyubwami bw'abami bw'iburayi 
Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 19 na 20, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yabaye ikinamico yo guhatana hagati y'ibihugu bikomeye by'iburayi by'iburayi by'icyo gihe. Amabara atatu yingenzi yigihugu cya Afrika yari beige, umutuku, nubururu. Umutuku wagereranya Abongereza, ubururu bugereranya Abafaransa, naho beige igereranya Ubudage mugihe cyabakoloni. Mugihe cya Scramble for Afrika, ibihugu hafi ya byose byo mukarere kanini kurwego rutandukanye byabaye igice cyubwami bwabakoloni bwi Burayi.

Porutugali yari yabanje kwerekana igihagararo gikomeye mu majyepfo ya Mozambike no mu nyanja y'Abahinde kuva mu kinyejana cya 15, mu gihe muri icyo gihe imitungo yabo yagendaga yiyongera harimo ibice byo mu majyaruguru ya Mozambike, kugeza i Mombasa muri Kenya y'ubu. Ku kiyaga cya Malawi, amaherezo bahuye n’uburinzi bwa Nyasaland bw’Abongereza buherutse gushingwa (muri iki gihe Malawi ), buzengurutse ikiyaga kitazwi ku mpande eshatu, bituma Abanyaportigale bagenzura inkombe z’iburasirazuba. Ingoma y'Ubwongereza yakandagiye mu bihugu bikoreshwa cyane muri ako karere kandi bitanga icyizere bigura ubu Uganda, na Kenya . Protectorate ya Uganda na Koloni ya Kenya yari iherereye mu butaka bukize cyane bukenewe mu guhinga ibihingwa ngengabukungu nka kawa n'icyayi, ndetse n'ubworozi bukomoka ku nka n'ihene, nk'inyama z'ihene, inyama z'inka na amata . Byongeye kandi, kariya gace kari gafite amahirwe yo kwaguka gutuwe cyane, gakwiranye no kwimura umubare munini w’abenegihugu b’abongereza muri ako karere. Ikirere cyiganje hamwe n’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’akarere byatumye hashyirwaho imidugudu y’iterambere ry’iburayi nka Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques na Entebbe . 

Abafaransa batuye ikirwa kinini cy'inyanja y'Ubuhinde (na kane mu bunini ku isi), Madagasikari, hamwe n'itsinda ry’ibirwa bito hafi aho, aribyo Réunion na Comoros .  Madagasikari yabaye umwe mu bwami bwa gikoloni bw’Abafaransa nyuma y’ibitero bibiri bya gisirikare byibasiye ubwami bwa Madagasikari, byatangiye nyuma yo kumvisha u Bwongereza kureka inyungu zabwo muri icyo kirwa kugira ngo bugenzure Zanzibar ku nkombe za Tanganyika, ihuriro rikomeye ry’ibirungo . ubucuruzi. Abongereza kandi bari bafite ubukoloni bw’ibirwa byinshi muri kariya karere, harimo ikirwa cyagutse cya Seychelles ndetse n’izinga rikungahaye ry’ubuhinzi rya Maurice, mbere y’ubutegetsi bw’Ubufaransa.

Ingoma y'Ubudage yigaruriye agace kanini kitwa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba bw'Ubudage, igizwe n'u Rwanda, Uburundi ndetse n'umugabane wa Tanzaniya witwa Tanganyika.  Mu 1922, Abongereza babonye manda y’umuryango w’ibihugu kuri Tanganyika wayoboraga kugeza ubwigenge bwahawe Tanganyika mu 1961. Nyuma y’impinduramatwara ya Zanzibar yo mu 1965, leta yigenga ya Tanganyika yashinze Repubulika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya ishyiraho ubumwe hagati y’umugabane w’umugabane wa Zanzibar. Ubu Zanzibar ni leta yigenga yunze ubumwe ku mugabane w’umugabane rusange hamwe bakunze kwita Tanzaniya . Ubudage bw’iburasirazuba bw’Ubudage, nubwo bwagutse cyane, ntabwo bwari bufite akamaro gakomeye nk’abakoloni b’abongereza bo mu majyaruguru: gutura muri ibyo bihugu byari bigoye bityo bikaba bike cyane, bitewe n’imiterere y’ikirere na geomorphologiya yaho. Ubutaliyani bwigaruriye ibice bitandukanye bya Somaliya mu myaka ya 1880. Amajyepfo ya bitatu bya kane bya Somaliya byabaye uburinzi bwabataliyani ( Somaliya yu Butaliyani ).

Hagati aho, mu 1884, agace gato ka Somaliland kari ku nkombe kayobowe n’abongereza ( Abongereza Somaliland ). Ubu burinzi bwa Somaliland bwari butandukanye cyane na koloni y'Ubwongereza ya Aden ku gice cy'Abarabu . Hamwe n'utwo turere dufite umutekano, Ubwongereza bwashoboye kuba umurinzi w'irembo ry'inyanja igana mu Buhinde bw'Ubwongereza . Mu 1890, guhera ku kugura umujyi muto w’icyambu wa ( Asseb ) kwa sultan waho muri Eritereya, Abataliyani bakolonije Eritereya yose.

Mu 1895, kuva mu birindiro byo muri Somaliya na Eritereya, Abataliyani batangije Intambara ya mbere y'Ubutaliyani - Etiyopiya kurwanya Ingoma ya orotodogisi ya Etiyopiya . Kugeza mu 1896, intambara yari yarabaye ibyago rwose kubataliyani kandi Etiyopiya yashoboye kugumana ubwigenge bwayo. Etiyopiya yagumye yigenga kugeza mu 1936 igihe, nyuma y’Intambara ya kabiri y’Ubutaliyani -Abisiya, yabaye igice cya Afurika y’iburasirazuba bw’Ubutaliyani . Igikorwa cy'Ubutaliyani kwigarurira Etiyopiya cyarangiye mu 1941 mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose mu rwego rwo kwiyamamaza kwa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba . Abafaransa kandi bashyizeho ibirindiro by'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba mu nzira igana Indochina y'Abafaransa . Guhera mu myaka ya 1850, uburinzi buto bwa Djibouti bwabaye Ubufaransa Somaliland mu 1897.

 Mu gihe cya nyuma y'ubukoloni 
Hano hari firime zerekana Afrika yuburasirazuba muburyo butandukanye. Iminsi 7 muri Entebbe, Umwami wanyuma wa Scotland, Hanze ya Afrika, Umwamikazi wa Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, Ikinyoma Cyiza, na Kapiteni Phillips ni zimwe muri firime zamamaye cyane.  Mu mikino yo kuri videwo Halo 2 na Halo 3, Afurika y'Iburasirazuba ni hamwe mu turere two hagati twiyamamaza. 

 Umuco 

 Ubuhanzi 


 Ubwubatsi 


 Imyambarire 


 guteka/imitekere 

 Umuziki 

 Iyobokamana n'imyemerere 

 Indimi zivugwa 
Mu ihembe rya Afurika no mu kibaya cya Nili, indimi za Afroasiatic ziriganje, harimo indimi z'Abashushitike b'umuryango (nka Beja, Oromo na Somali ), Abasemite (nka Amharic, Icyarabu na Tigrinya ), n'amashami ya Omotic (nka Wolaytta ).

Mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari bya Afurika, indimi za Nigeriya-Congo zo mu ishami rya Bantu zivugwa cyane. Muri izo ndimi harimo Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda n'izindi nyinshi. Igiswahiri, byibuze 80 miliyoni y'abavuga  nk'ururimi rwa mbere cyangwa urwa kabiri, ni ururimi rukomeye rw'ubucuruzi mu karere k'ibiyaga bigari. Ifite statut yemewe muri Tanzaniya, Kenya na Uganda.

Indimi za Nilotic, nka Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai na Nuer, zivugwa mu mubare muto, cyane cyane mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika no mu kibaya cya Nili.

Indimi z'Ubuhinde n'Uburayi, nk'Icyongereza, Igifaransa n'Igiporutugali, zikomeje kuba ingenzi mu mashuri makuru mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'akarere kanini.

 Imibare y'abaturage 
Afurika y'Iburasirazuba yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 260 mu 2000. Biteganijwe ko mu 2050 bizagera kuri miliyoni 890, ikigereranyo cyo kwiyongera kigera kuri 2,5% ku mwaka. Biteganijwe ko abaturage 2000 bazikuba kabiri mu kinyejana cya 21, bagera kuri 1.6 miliyari guhera mu 2100 (umuryango w'abibumbye ugereranya guhera 2017).  Muri Etiyopiya, habarurwa abaturage 102 miliyoni guhera mu 2016. 

 imyubakire 
Andi makuru mu bice byubwubatsi bwa Afrika :

 Ubwubatsi bwa kera bwa Afrika yuburasirazuba
 Imyubakire yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba bwubatswe

 Ubumenyi n'ikoranabuhanga 
Andi makuru mu bice byamateka yubumenyi nikoranabuhanga muri Afrika :


 Amakimbirane 
Kuva ubukoloni bwarangira, ibihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba byari byuzuyemo guhirika ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare, ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko hamwe n'igitugu gikandamiza. Aka karere kihanganiye amakimbirane akurikira nyuma y'ubukoloni:

 Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba bwa Afurika (Ihembe rya Afurika)

 Intambara y'abenegihugu ya Etiyopiya 1974–1991
 Intambara yo kwigenga ya Eritereya 1961–1991
 Intambara ya Eritereya-Etiyopiya 1998–2000
 Intambara ya Ogaden 1977–1978
 Intambara y'abenegihugu ya Dijboutian 1991–1994
 Intambara y'abenegihugu ya Somaliya 1991–2009

 Sudani y'Amajyepfo

 Intambara ya kabiri y'Abanyasudani 1983–2005
 Imbere mu Gihugu Politiki-Amoko Amakimbirane 2011 - arakomeje
 Intambara y'abenegihugu ya Sudani y'Amajyepfo 2013–2015

 Afurika y'Epfo y'Amajyepfo (Afurika y'Epfo)

 Intambara y'abenegihugu yo mu Burundi 1993–2005 na jenoside y'Abahutu mu 1972 na jenoside y'Abatutsi mu 1993
 Uganda - Tanzaniya Intambara 1978–1979
 Intambara ya Bush muri 1981–1986
 Inyeshyamba za Lord Resistance Army muri Uganda, Sudani y'Amajyepfo na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo birakomeje
 Intambara y'abenegihugu yo mu Rwanda 1990–1993 na jenoside yo mu Rwanda yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994
 Impinduramatwara ya Zanzibar 1964



 Intambara ya mbere ya congo 1996–1997 n'intambara ya kabiri ya congo 1998–2003
 Amakimbirane ya Kivu (Laurent Nkunda Kwigomeka)

Kenya yishimiye imiyoborere ihamye. Icyakora, rimwe na rimwe politiki yagiye ihungabana, harimo no gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi mu 1982 ndetse n’imvururu z’amatora yo mu 2007 .

Tanzaniya izwiho guverinoma ihamye kuva yigenga nubwo hari amakimbirane akomeye ya politiki n’amadini aturuka ku bumwe bwa politiki hagati ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar mu 1964. Zanzibar ni leta yigenga muri Repubulika yunze ubumwe ya Tanzaniya .

Tanzaniya na Uganda barwanye mu ntambara ya Uganda - Tanzaniya mu 1978–1979, bituma Idi Amin umuyobozi w’igitugu wa Uganda akurwaho.

Kuva mu bwigenge, u Burundi, u Rwanda, na Uganda byahuye n’ihungabana n’amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko, cyane cyane Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi Rwanda mu 1994 na jenoside yo mu Burundi yo mu 1993 ndetse n’intambara yo mu Burundi yakurikiye. U Rwanda na Uganda bikomeje kugira uruhare mu makimbirane afitanye isano n'akarere.

Djibouti, kimwe n'uturere twa Puntland na Somaliland muri Somaliya, na byo byabonye umutekano muke.   

Sudani y'Amajyepfo yitandukanije mu mahoro na Sudani mu mwaka w'2011, hashize imyaka itandatu n'igice nyuma y'amasezerano y'amahoro arangije Intambara ya kabiri y'Abanyasudani . Ubwigenge bwa Sudani y'Amajyepfo bwateshutse hafi kubera amakimbirane ya Kordofan y'Amajyepfo, cyane cyane amakimbirane ashingiye ku gace ka Abyei, kandi imisozi ya Nuba ya Abyei na Kordofan y'Amajyepfo ikomeje kuba intandaro y’amakimbirane hagati ya Juba na Khartoum as of 2011  . 

 Ibihugu, umurwa mukuru n'imijyi minini 
ugendeye ku mibare itengwa na CIA ivuga ko kugeza mu 2017, ibihugu byo mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika bifite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 537.9. 
igihuguumujyiumujyi munini ugendeye ku mubare w'abaturageumujyi wa kabiri wunganiraUmuryango w'Afurika y'iburasirazubaGitega (22,989; 2012 est.)BujumburaMuyingaKinshasaKinshasaMbuji-MayiNairobiNairobiMombasa (915,101; 2009 est.)KigaliKigaliGitaramaJubaJubaMalakalDodomaDar es SalaamMwanzaKampala (1,507,114; 2014 est.)KampalaGuluIhembe rya AfurikaDjibouti City (529,000; 2018 est.)Djibouti CityAli SabiehAsmaraAsmaraKerenAddis AbabaAddis Ababa (2,739,551; 2007 est.)Dire DawaMogadishu (2,572,125)MogadishuHargeisaInyanja y'ubuhindeCamp Thunder CoveCamp Thunder Cove–MoroniMoroniMutsamuduSaint PierrePort-aux-Français–Antananarivo (1,015,140; 2005 est.)AntananarivoToamasina (3,133,518; 2009 est.)Port LouisPort LouisBeau Bassin-Rose HillMamoudzouMamoudzouDzaoudziSaint DenisSaint DenisSaint PaulVictoriaVictoriaAnse Etoileuburasirazuba bw'amajyaruguruKhartoumOmdurmanKhartoumuburasirazuba bw'amajyepfoLilongwe (868,800; 2012 est.)LilongweBlantyre (783,296; 2012 est.)MaputoMaputoNampulaLusakaLusakaKitweHarareHarareBulawayo


 Amateka y'Afurika
 Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara
 Afurika y'Iburengerazuba
 Afurika y'Epfo
 Afurika yo hagati
 Afurika y'Amajyaruguru
 Ihembe rya Afurika

 Reba 

 amasomero 


Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba