Umwanda wo mu mazi (Water pollution)

Umwanda w’amazi (cyangwa umwanda wo mu mazi ) ni umwanda w’amazi, ubusanzwe biturutse ku bikorwa by’abantu, ku buryo bigira ingaruka mbi ku mikoreshereze yabwo. https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/ : 6 Amazi arimo ibiyaga, inzuzi, inyanja, amazi, ibigega n'amazi yo mu butaka . Guhumanya amazi bivamo iyo umwanda uvanze niyi mibiri yamazi. Abanduye bashobora guturuka muri imwe mu masoko ane y'ingenzi: gusohora imyanda, ibikorwa by'inganda, ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi, n'amazi yo mu mijyi harimo n'amazi y'imvura . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961 Guhumanya amazi ni kwanduza amazi hejuru (kwanduza amazi meza cyangwa kwanduza inyanja ) cyangwa kwanduza amazi yubutaka . Ubu buryo bwo kwanduza bushobora gukurura ibibazo byinshi, nko kwangirika kw urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi cyangwa gukwirakwiza indwara ziterwa n’amazi iyo abantu bakoresha amazi yanduye mu kunywa cyangwa kuhira . "Water Pollution". Environmental Health Education Program. Cambridge, MA: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. July 23, 2013. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 202 Ikindi kibazo nuko ihumana ry’amazi rigabanya serivisi z’ibidukikije (nko gutanga amazi yo kunywa ) umutungo w’amazi watanga ubundi.

Inkomoko y’umwanda w’amazi ni isoko y’amasoko cyangwa isoko idahwitse . Inkomoko y'ingingo ifite impamvu imwe yamenyekana, nk'umuyaga w'amazi, uruganda rutunganya amazi mabi cyangwa isuka rya peteroli . Inkomoko zidafite aho zihurira ni nyinshi, nko gutemba mu buhinzi . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610176 Umwanda nigisubizo cyingaruka ziterwa nigihe. Umwanda urashobora gufata ibintu byuburozi (urugero, amavuta, ibyuma, plastiki, imiti yica udukoko, imyanda ihumanya ibidukikije, imyanda iva mu nganda), ibintu bitesha umutwe (urugero, ihinduka rya pH, hypoxia cyangwa anoxia, ubushyuhe bwiyongereye, umuvuduko mwinshi, ihinduka ryumunyu ), cyangwa kwinjiza ibinyabuzima bitera indwara . Abanduye barashobora gushiramo ibintu kama nibidasanzwe . Impamvu ikunze gutera umwanda ni ugukoresha amazi nkigikonjesha n’inganda n’inganda.

 Ubusobanuro 
Igisobanuro gifatika cy’umwanda w’amazi ni: "Guhumanya amazi ni ukongeramo ibintu cyangwa imbaraga zingufu zihindura mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye imiterere y’amazi y’amazryo bigira ingaruka mbi ku mikorei ku bushereze yemewe". https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/ : 6 Kubwibyo, umwanda ujyanye nibitekerezo byitirirwa abantu, aribyo guhindura nabi no gukoresha umubiri wamazi. Amazi akunze kwitwa umwanda iyo yangijwe na antropogeneque . Bitewe nibi bihumanya ntibishobora gushyigikira ikoreshwa ryabantu, nkamazi yo kunywa, cyangwa bigahinduka cyane mubushobozi bwayo bwo gutera inkunga ibinyabuzima byacyo, nkamafi.

 Indwara Ziterwa namazi yanduye 
Amatsinda yingenzi yibinyabuzima bitera ni: (a) bagiteri, (b) virusi, (c) protozoans na (d) helminths. https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/ : 47 Mubikorwa, ibinyabuzima byerekana ibimenyetso byifashishwa mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku ihumana ry’amazi kuko kumenya ibinyabuzima bitera indwara mu cyitegererezo cy’amazi biragoye kandi birahenze, kubera ubwinshi bwabyo. Ibipimo ( ibimenyetso bya bagiteri ) byerekana kwanduza fecal urugero rwamazi akunze gukoreshwa ni: coliforme yuzuye (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) cyangwa colmiforme ya termotolerant, E. coli.  

Indwara ya virusi irashobora kubyara indwara zandurira mumazi haba mubantu cyangwa inyamaswa. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-648-0 Rimwe na rimwe mikorobe iboneka mu mazi yanduye yanduye yateje ibibazo byubuzima bwabantu harimo: Burkholderia pseudomallei , Cryptosporidium parvum , Giardia lamblia , Salmonella , norovirus nizindi virusi, inyo parasitike zirimo ubwoko bwa Schistosoma . Schueler, Thomas R. "Microbes and Urban Watersheds: Concentrations, Sources, & Pathways." Reprinted in The Practice of Watershed Protection.  2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.

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