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حروف صحیح IPA  مثالاںپنجابی اکھر تقریبنپنجابی مثال تقریبن  buy, cabببال dye, cad, doڈھ (تقریبن)لبھ thy, breathe, fatherعربی ذدھرم (تقریبن) giant, badge, jamججب fan, caff, phiففارسی  ()If the two characters  and  do not match and if the first looks like a , then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.guy, bagگاگ high, aheadہمحمد The IPA value of the letter  is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words: Besides hallelujah, there's Jägermeister and jarlsberg cheese.yes, hallelujahییار sky, crackک، کھْکھیل للندن my, smile, camموچ nigh, snide, canننیںد sang, sink, singerن٘گرنگ thigh, mathعربی ثتھک (تقریبن) پپیننا rye, try, veryر (تقریبن)ریل (تقریبن) sigh, massسسال shy, cash, emotionششہر ٹھ (تقریباً)ٹھیک (تقریباً) china, catchچھچھڈ ڤوالا (تقریبن) wye, swineعربی وہُوأ (تقریبن) whyThe phoneme  is not distinguished from  in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant.ھو - zoo, hasززیر equation, pleasure, vision, beigeA number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either  or .ژویژن Marginal consonants ugh, loch, ChanukahIn most dialects,  is replaced by  in most words, including loch. Where the sound begins a word, such as Chanukah, it is sometimes replaced with . In ugh, it is often replaced by  (a spelling pronunciation).خختم uh-oh ءان شاء اللہ   Optional sounds IPA  Examples تسْ، امبرسر nasturtium (/i/ is frequently dropped) واول IPA  Full vowels  IPA  … followed by RIn non-rhotic accents like RP,  is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles,  etc. may not be distinguished from  etc. These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here. , father, bra , bard, barn, snarl, star <small style="white-space: nowrap">(= ) , pod, John is not distinguished from  in dialects with the father–bother merger such as GenAm. moral, forage , pad, shall, banSome regions, such as New York City and Philadelphia, separate this into two phonemes,  and , so that the vowel in man may be closer to that in mail than that in cat. See /æ/ tensing.In some regions, what would normally be  is pronounced as  or , so that the a in rang is closer to the ai in rain than the a in rag. barrow, marryPronounced the same as  in accents with the Mary–marry–merry merger. , ride, file, fine, pieMany speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an  is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an  is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because  and  are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: . However, even though the value of  is not predictable in some words, such as spider , dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here. Ireland, hire (= ) higher, buyerSome speakers pronounce higher, flower, lawyer, layer (stratum) and mayor with two syllables, and hire, flour, loir, lair and mare with one. Others pronounce them the same. , loud, foul, down, how flour (= ) flower , bet, fell, men error, merry , made, fail, vein, pay , mare, scarce, cairn, Mary (= ) layer (one who lays) , lid, fill, bin mirror, Sirius , seed, feel, mean, sea , beard, fierce, serious (= )Same as  in accents with the mirror–nearer merger. freer , Maud, dawn, fall, straw is not distinguished from  (except before ) in dialects with the cot–caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm. , born, war, Laura (= ) is not distinguished from  in dialects with the horse–hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English. is not distinguished from  in dialects with the pour–poor merger, including many younger speakers.  sawer , void, foil, coin, boy loir (= ) employer , code, foal, bone, goCommonly transcribed  or . , more, boar, oral (= ) mower , good, full, woman courier , food, fool, soon, chew, do boor, moor, tourist (= ) truer cued, cute, mule, tune, queue, youIn dialects with yod dropping,  is pronounced the same as  after coronal consonants (, , , , , , and ) in the same syllable, so that dew  is pronounced the same as do . In dialects with yod coalescence, , ,  and  are pronounced , ,  and , so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose. cure (= ) fewer , bud, dull, gunThis phoneme is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the  vowel: there is no foot–strut split. , word, girl, fern, furry borough, hurrynot a GenAm distinction Variable vowels  , dance, laugh (either  or )  , office, wrong (either  or ) , seriousPronounced  in dialects with the happy tensing,  in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with , but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to . (either  or ) bedroom, roof, situation (either  or ) Reduced vowels Rosa’s, a mission, quiet, focus , perceive roses, emission (either  or ) beautiful, curriculum  (either  or ) omission (either  or ) bottle (either  or ) button (either  or ) rhythm (either  or )   Stress Syllabification IPA  Examples IPA  Examples   battleship Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed. moai ونڈہوک Vancouveria Mikey , Myki Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thus hire  is transcribed , without a stress mark, contrasting with higher , which is transcribed , without a syllable mark. 

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