قدیم فلسفہ

ایہ صفحہ قدیم فلسفے دے کچھ روابط د‏‏ی لسٹ ا‏‏ے۔ مغربی فلسفے وچ ، رومی سلطنت وچ مسیحیت دے پھیلاؤ نے ہیلینیائی فلسفے اُتے خاتمے د‏‏ی مہر لگیا دتی تے فلسفہ قرون وسطی دا آغاز ہويا، جدو‏ں کہ مشرقی فلسفے وچ ، اسلام دے پھیلاؤ نے قدیم ایرانی فلسفے دا خاتمہ کر دتا تے ابتدائی اسلامی فلسفے دا آغاز ہويا۔

 تعارف 
خالص فلسفیانہ سوچ، خلقی انفرادی بصیرت اُتے منحصر اے، اس دا آغاز بہت ساریاں ثقافتاں وچ تقریباً اتفاقی طور اُتے ہويا۔
 فلسفی 
 تاؤ مت
 لاؤزی (پانچویں–چوتھ‏ی صدی ق م)
 Zhuangzi (چوتھ‏ی صدی ق م)
 Zhang Daoling
 Zhang Jue (وفات 184 عیسوی)
 Ge Hong (283 – 343 عیسوی)
 کنفیوشس مت
 کنفیوشس
 مین شیس
 Xun Zi (c. 312 – 230 ق م)
 Legalism
 Li Si
 Li Kui
 Han Fei
 Mi Su Yu
 Shang Yang
 Shen Buhai
 Shen Dao
 مؤیت
 Mozi
 Song Xing
 Logicians
 Deng Xi
 Hui Shi (380–305 ق م)
 Gongsun Long (c. 325 – c. 250 ق م)
 Agrarianism
 Xu Xing
 Naturalism
 Zou Yan (305 – 240 ق م)
 Neotaoism
 Wang Bi
 Guo Xiang
 Xiang Xiu
 School of Diplomacy
 Guiguzi
 Su Qin (380 – 284 ق م)
 Zhang Yi (bef. 329 – 309 ق م)
 Yue Yi
 Li Yiji (268 – 204 ق م)
 School of the Military
 Sunzi (c. 500 ق م)
 Sun Bin (وفات 316 ق م)

 قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ 


 فلسفی 

 ماپہلے سقراطی فلسفی 
 Milesian School
تھالیز (624 – c 546 ق م)
اناکسی میندر (610 – 546 ق م)
اناکسی مینس (c. 585 – c. 525 ق م)
 فیثا غورثی
فیثاغورث (582 – 496 ق م)
فلولاؤس (470 – 380 ق م)
Alcmaeon of Croton
آرکیٹاس (428 – 347 ق م)
 ہیروکلیطس (535 – 475 ق م)
 Eleatic School
Xenophanes (570 – 470 ق م)
بارامانیاس (510 – 440 ق م)
Zeno of Elea (490 – 430 ق م)
Melissus of Samos (c. 470 ق م – ?)
 Pluralists
امپی دوکلیز (490 – 430 ق م)
اناکسا غورث (500 – 428 ق م)
 Atomists
Leucippus (first half of پنجويں صدی ق م)
دیموقراطیس (460 – 370 ق م)
Metrodorus of Chios (چوتھ‏ی صدی ق م)
 Pherecydes of Syros (6th صدی ق م)
 Sophists
پروتاغوراث (490 – 420 ق م)
Gorgias (487 – 376 ق م)
Antiphon (480 – 411 ق م)
Prodicus (465/450 – بعد وچ 399 ق م)
Hippias (وسط پنجويں صدی ق م)
Thrasymachus (459 – 400 ق م)
Callicles
Critias
Lycophron
 Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 460 ق م – ?)

 قدیم یونانی فلسفی 
 سقراط (469 – 399 ق م)
 Euclid of Megara (450 – 380 ق م)
 اینٹی شینز (445 – 360 ق م)
 ارسطیفوس (435 – 356 ق م)
 افلاطون (428 – 347 ق م)
 Speusippus (407 – 339 ق م)
 دیو جانس کلبی (400 – 325 ق م)
 Xenocrates (396 – 314 ق م)
 ارسطو (384 – 322 ق م)
 Stilpo (380 – 300 ق م)
 Theophrastus (370 – 288 ق م)

 ہیلینیائی فلسفی 
 Pyrrho (365 – 275 ق م)
 Epicurus (341 – 270 ق م)
 Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (331 – 278 ق م)
 Zeno of Citium (333 – 263 ق م)
 Cleanthes (c. 330 – c. 230 ق م)
 Timon (320 – 230 ق م)
 Arcesilaus (316 – 232 ق م)
 Menippus (3rd صدی ق م)
 ارشمیدس (c. 287 – 212 ق م)
 Chrysippus (280 – 207 ق م)
 Carneades (214 – 129 ق م)
 Clitomachus (187 – 109 ق م)
 Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd صدی ق م)
 Philo of Larissa (160 – 80 ق م)
 Posidonius (135 – 51 ق م)
 Antiochus of Ascalon (130 – 68 ق م)
 Aenesidemus (1st صدی ق م)
 Agrippa (1st صدی عیسوی)

 ہیلینیائی مکت‏‏ب فکر 
 Cynicism
 Eclecticism
 Epicureanism
 Middle Platonism
 نو افلاطونیت
 Neopythagoreanism
 مشائیت
 Pyrrhonism
 Stoicism
 Sophism

 Early Roman and Christian philosophy 

 School of the Sextii

 Philosophers during Roman times 
 Cicero (106 – 43 ق م)
 Lucretius (94 – 55 ق م)
 Seneca (4 ق م – 65 عیسوی)
 Musonius Rufus (30 – 100 عیسوی)
 پلو ٹارک (45 – 120 عیسوی)
 Epictetus (55 – 135 عیسوی)
 Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 عیسوی)
 کلیمینس اسکندری (150 – 215 عیسوی)
 Alcinous (philosopher) (2nd صدی عیسوی)
 Sextus Empiricus (3rd صدی عیسوی)
 Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd صدی عیسوی)
 Ammonius Saccas (3rd صدی عیسوی)
  Plotinus (205 – 270 عیسوی)
 Porphyry (232 – 304 عیسوی)
 Iamblichus (242 – 327 عیسوی)
 Themistius (317 – 388 عیسوی)
 سینٹ آگسٹائن (354 – 430 عیسوی)
 Proclus (411 – 485 عیسوی)
 Damascius (462 – 540 عیسوی)
 Boethius (472 – 524 عیسوی)
 Simplicius of Cilicia (490 – 560 عیسوی)
 John Philoponus (490 – 570 عیسوی)

 Ancient Indian philosophy 

The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions : Sramana tradition and Vedic tradition.

 Vedic philosophy 
Indian philosophy begins with the وید where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous رگ وید  Hymn of Creation  (Nasadiya Sukta) the poet says:
250px|thumb|کھبے|ویاس، at وسط picture
 "Whence all creation had its origin,
 he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
 he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
 he knows—or maybe even he does not know."

In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (Purusha)۔ This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma۔ Nature (prakriti) is taken to have three qualities (sattva، rajas، and tamas)۔
 وید
 اپنیشد
 Hindu philosophy

 Sramana philosophy 

جین مت and بدھ مت are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. Cārvāka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named بعد وچ its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.

 Classical Indian philosophy 
In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:
 What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
 How is cognition itself experienced?
 Is mind (chit) intentional or not?
 Does cognition have its own structure?

The Six schools of ہندوستانی فلسفہ are:
 Nyaya
 Vaisheshika
 Samkhya
 Yoga
 Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)
 ویدانت (Uttara Mimamsa)

 Ancient Indian philosophers 

 1st millennium ق م 
 Parashara — writer of Viṣṇu Purāṇa۔

 Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 ق م) 
 Rishi Narayana — seer of the Purusha Sukta of the رگ وید۔The significance of Purusha Sukta in Daily Invocations by Swami Krishnananda
 Seven Rishis — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.P. 285 Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary By S. Devadas Pillai
 رشی — Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.
 رشبھ ناتھ — رشی mentioned in رگ وید and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious گرو of جین مت، as accredited by later followers.
 Yajnavalkya — one of the وید sages, greatly influenced بدھ مت thought.
 انگیار — one of the seers of the اتھرو وید and author of Mundaka Upanishad۔
 Uddalaka Aruni — an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
 Ashvapati — a King in the Later Vedic age who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of Chāndogya Upaniṣad۔
 Ashtavakra — an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the مہا بھارت، who authored Ashtavakra Gita۔

 Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 ق م) 
 Kanada (c. 600 ق م)، founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika، gave theory of atomism
 مہاویر (599–527 ق م) — heavily influenced جین مت، the 2چوتھ‏ی تیرتھنکر of جین مت۔
150px|thumb|کھبے|Buddha.
 پانینی (520–460 ق م)، grammarian, author of پانینی
 Kapila (c. 500 ق م)، proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy.
 Badarayana (lived between 500 ق م and 400 ق م) — Author of Brahma Sutras۔
 Pingala (c. 500 ق م)، author of the Chandas shastra
 گوتم بدھ (c. 480 – c. 400 ق م)، founder of بدھ مت school of thought
 چانکیہ (c. 350 – c. 275 ق م)، author of ارتھ شاستر، professor (acharya) of political science at the ٹیکسلا
 Patañjali (c. 200 ق م)، developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.
 Shvetashvatara — Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of شیو مت۔

 Philosophers of Golden Age (184 ق م – 600 عیسوی) 
 Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd صدی عیسوی)، wrote Jaimini، author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras۔
 Dignāga (c. 500)، one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic۔
 Asanga (c. 300)، exponent of the Yogacara
 بھرتری ہری (c 450–510 عیسوی)، early figure in Indic linguistic theory
 بودھی دھرم (c. 440–528 عیسوی)، founder of the زین بدھ school of بدھ مت
 Siddhasena Divākara (پنجويں Century عیسوی)، Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)
 وسوبندھو (c. 300 عیسوی)، one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.
 Kundakunda (2nd Century عیسوی)، exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of Pañcāstikāyasāra (Essence of the Five Existents)، the Pravacanasāra (Essence of the Scripture) and the Samayasāra (Essence of the Doctrine)
 Nagarjuna (c. 150 – 250 عیسوی)، the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of مہایان۔
 Umāsvāti or Umasvami (2nd Century عیسوی)، author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra، expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.

 Ancient Iranian philosophy 
کھبے|250px|thumb|Zarathustra as depicted in رافیل's The School of Athens beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter Apelles of Kos۔

See also: ثنویت، Dualism (philosophy of mind)

While there are ancient relations between the Indian وید and the Iranian اوستا، the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of انسانی حقوق by کورش اعظم as understood in the اسطوانۂ کورش is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by زرطشت and developed in زرتشتیت schools of thought of the ہخامنشی سلطنت of ایران د‏‏ی تریخ۔Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.

 Schools of thought 
Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in اوستائی زبان۔ Among these are treatises such as the Shikand-gumanic Vichar by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of Denkard، Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the Gathas which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings"۔An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. ۔

 Zoroastrianism 
 زرطشت
 Jamasp
 Ostanes
 Mardan-Farrux OhrmazddadanZurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. ۔
 Adurfarnbag FarroxzadanSasanian Iran – intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. ۔
 Adurbad Emedan
 اوستا
 Gathas
Anacharsis

 Pre-Manichaean thought 
 BardesanesMansour Shaki. Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. ۔Prods Oktor Skjaervo. Bardesanes۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. ۔

 Manichaeism 
 Mani (c. 216 – 276 عیسوی)
 AmmoDavid A. Scott. Manichaean Views of Buddhism in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.

 Mazdakism 
 مزدکYarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997
 مزدک (وفات c. 524 or 528 عیسوی)

 Zurvanism 
 Aesthetic Zurvanism
 Materialist Zurvanism
 Fatalistic Zurvanism

 Philosophy and the Empire 
 Political philosophy
 Tansar
 اکادمی جندیشاپور
 Borzouye
 بختیشوع
 خسرو اول خسرو اول
 Paul the Persian

 Literature 
 پہلوی ادب

 Ancient Jewish philosophy 

 First Temple (c. 900 ق م to 587 ق م) 
 Joel (9th–پنجويں صدی ق م)
 Amos (8th صدی ق م)
 ہوسیع (8th صدی ق م)
 Micah (8th صدی ق م)
 کتاب یسعیاہ (8th صدی ق م)
 حزقی ایل (7th صدی ق م)
 حبقوق (7th صدی ق م)
 ارمیاہ (7th صدی ق م)
 Nahum (7th صدی ق م)
 Zephaniah (7th صدی ق م)

 Assyrian exile (587 ق م to 516 ق م) 
 کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
 حجی (6th صدی ق م)
 عبدیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
 کتاب یسعیاہ (6th صدی ق م)
 زکریا بن برخیا (6th صدی ق م)

 Second Temple (516 ق م to 70 عیسوی) 
 ملاکی (پنجويں صدی ق م)
 کتاب واعظ (پنجويں – 2nd صدی ق م)
 Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira (2nd صدی ق م)
 ہلل (c. 110 ق م – 10عیسوی)
 فیلو (30 ق م – 45 عیسوی)

 Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی) 
 Rabbi Akiva (c. 40 – c. 137 عیسوی)

 ہور ویکھو 
 Index of ancient philosophy articles

 حوالے 

 ہور پڑھو 
 Luchte, James, Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn، in series, Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy، Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011. 

 باہرلے جوڑ 


گٹھ:قدیم فلسفہ