لسٹ شاہان روم

شہنشاہان روم تے رانیاں رومی سلطنت  تے  حکومت تے شہریاں تے فوج تے قدرت رکھن  والے مرد تے عورتاں  سن۔ سلطنت رومی جمہوریہ توں وجود وچ آئی جو تقریبا سارے یورپ، شمالی افریقہ دے کچھ حصے تے مغربی ایشیاء اُتے قائم سی۔

 فہرست شہنشاہان روم 
 جولیو کلاڈیوی خاندان 

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxآگسٹس  IMPERATOR CAESAR DIVI FILIVS AVGVSTVSستمبر 23 63 ق م, روم, اطالیہGreat-nephew and adopted son of جولیس سیزر; became de facto emperor as a result of the 'first settlement' between himself and the Roman Senate.جنوری 16, 27 ق م – اگست 19, 14 عیسویاگست 19, 14 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات or perhapspoisoning by his wife, Livia40 years, 7 months and 3 days100pxتیبیریس  TIBERIVS IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVSنومبر 16 42 ق م, رومNatural son of Livia Drusilla, Augustus' third wife, by a previous marriage, and Augustus' son-in-law; adopted by Augustus as his son and heir.ستمبر 18, 14 عیسوی – مارچ 16, 37 عیسویمارچ 16, 37 عیسوی  Probably natural causes, possibly assassinated by Caligula22 years, 5 months and 27 days100pxکالیگولا  GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVSاگست 31, 12 عیسوی, انتوم, اطالیہGreat-nephew and adoptive grandson of Tiberius, natural son of جرمانیکس, great-grandson of Augustus.مارچ 18, 37 عیسوی – جنوری 24, 41 عیسویجنوری 24, 41 عیسوی  Assassinated in a conspiracy involving senators and Praetorian Guards.3 years, 10 months and 6 days100pxکلاڈیوس  TIBERIVS CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVSاگست 1, 10 ق م, Lugdunum, Gallia LugdunensisNephew of Tiberius, brother of Germanicus, uncle of Caligula, great-nephew-in-law and stepgrandson of Augustus; proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard.جنوری 25/26, 41 عیسوی – اکتوبر 13, 54 عیسویاکتوبر 13, 54 عیسوی  Probably poisoned by his wife اگریپینا صغری, in favour of her son Nero, possibly natural causes.13 years, 9 months100px نیرو  NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVSدسمبر 15, 37 عیسوی, انتوم, اطالیہGrandson of Germanicus, nephew of Caligula, great-great-nephew of Tiberius, and great-great-grandson of Augustus; great-nephew, stepson, son-in-law, and adopted son of Claudius.اکتوبر 13, 54 عیسوی – جون 9, 68 عیسویجون 9, 68 عیسوی  Committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the Senate.13 years, 8 months

چار شہنشاہوں کا سال اور فلاویان خاندان

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxگالبا  SERVIVS SVLPICIVS GALBA CAESAR AVGVSTVSدسمبر 24 3 ق م, Near تیراچینا, اطالیہSeized power after نیرو's suicide, with support of the Spanish legionsجون 8, 68 عیسوی – جنوری 15, 69 عیسویجنوری 15, 69 عیسوی  Murdered by Praetorian Guard in coup led by Otho.7 months and 7 days100pxاوتھو  MARCVS SALVIVS OTHO CAESAR AVGVSTVSاپریل 28, 32 عیسوی, Ferentinum, Etruria, اطالیہAppointed by Praetorian Guardجنوری 15, 69 عیسوی – اپریل 16, 69 عیسویاپریل 16, 69 عیسوی  Committed suicide after losing Battle of Bedriacum to Vitellius3 months 1 day (91 days)100pxویتلیوس  AVLVS VITELLIVS GERMANICVS AVGVSTVSستمبر 24, 15 عیسوی, رومSeized power with support of German Legions (in opposition to گالبا/Otho)اپریل 17, 69 عیسوی – دسمبر 20, 69 عیسویدسمبر 20, 69 عیسوی  Murdered by Vespasian's troops8 ماہ100pxویسپازیان  TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVSنومبر 17, 9 عیسوی, Falacrine, اطالیہSeized power with the support of the eastern Legions (in opposition to Vitellius)دسمبر 21, 69 عیسوی – جون 24, 79 عیسویجون 24, 79 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات10 سال100pxتیتوس  TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVGVSTVSدسمبر 30, 39 عیسوی, رومولد ویسپازیانجون 24, 79 عیسوی – ستمبر 13, 81 عیسویستمبر 13, 81 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات (بخار)2 سال, 3 ماہ 100pxدومیتیان  TITVS FLAVIVS CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVGVSTVSاکتوبر 24, 51 عیسوی, رومولد ویسپازیانستمبر 14, 81 عیسوی – ستمبر 18, 96 عیسویستمبر 18, 96 عیسوی  Assassinated by court officials15 سال

نیروا آنتونینے خاندان

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxنیروا  <small>MARCVS COCCEIVS NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS<small>نومبر 8, 30 عیسوی, Narni, اطالیہAppointed by the Senateستمبر 18, 96 عیسوی – جنوری 27, 98 عیسویجنوری 27, 98 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات1 year, 4 months 100pxتراجان  CAESAR MARCVS VLPIVS NERVA TRAIANVS AVGVSTVSستمبر 18, 53 عیسوی, اطالیکا, Hispania BaeticaAdopted son and heir of Nervaجنوری 28, 98 عیسوی – اگست 7, 117 عیسویاگست 7, 117 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات19 years, 7 months100pxHadrian  <small>CAESAR PVBLIVS AELIVS TRAIANVS HعیسویRIANVS AVGVSTVS <small>جنوری 24, 76 عیسوی, اطالیکا, Hispania Baetica (or روم)Adopted son and heir of تراجاناگست 11, 117 عیسوی – جولائی 10, 138 عیسویجولائی 10, 138 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات21 years100pxAntoninus Pius  CAESAR TITVS AELIVS HعیسویRIANVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS PIVSستمبر 19, 86 عیسوی, Near Lanuvium, اطالیہAdopted son and heir of Hadrianجولائی 10, 138 عیسوی – مارچ 7, 161 عیسویمارچ 7, 161 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات22 years, 7 months100px Marcus Aurelius  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVSاپریل 26, 121 عیسوی, رومAdopted son, son-in-law and heir of Antoninus Pius; Co-emperor with Lucius Verus until 169 عیسویمارچ 7, 161 عیسوی – مارچ 17, 180 عیسویمارچ 17, 180 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات 19 years100pxLucius Verus  CAESAR LVCIVS AVRELIVS VERVS AVGVSTVSدسمبر 15, 130 عیسوی, رومAdopted son and heir of Antoninus Pius and son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius; Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius until deathمارچ 7, 161 عیسوی – ? مارچ 169 عیسویمارچ 169 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات (Plague)8 years100pxCommodus  <small>CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS <small>اگست 31, 161 عیسوی, Lanuvium, اطالیہNatural son of Marcus Aurelius; joint emperor from 177 عیسوی177 عیسوی – دسمبر 31, 192 عیسویدسمبر 31, 192 عیسوی  Assassinated in palace, strangled to death15 years

Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxPertinax  CAESAR PVBLIVS HELVIVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVSاگست 1, 126 عیسوی, Alba, اطالیہProclaimed emperor by Praetorian Guardجنوری 1, 193 عیسوی – مارچ 28, 193 عیسویمارچ 28, 193 عیسوی  Murdered by Praetorian Guard3 months100pxDidius Julianus  CAESAR MARCVS DIDIVS SEVERVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS133 or 137 عیسوی, میلان, اطالیہWon auction held by the Praetorian Guard for the position of emperorمارچ 28, 193 عیسوی – جون 1, 193 عیسویجون 1, 193 عیسوی  Executed on orders of the Senate2 months, 4 days (65 days)100pxSeptimius Severus  CAESAR LVCIVS SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS PERTINAX AVGVSTVSاپریل 11, 145 عیسوی, Leptis Magna, LibyaSeized power with support of Pannonian legionsThe other claimants for the throne in the Year of the Five Emperors were Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus, supported by the Syrian and British legions respectively. Although not completely defeated until 197 عیسوی, they were not formally accepted by the senate and were therefore not technically reigning emperors.اپریل 9, 193 عیسوی – فروری 4, 211 عیسویفروری 4, 211 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات17 years, 10 months 100pxCaracalla  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ANTONINVS PIVS AVGVSTVSاپریل 4, 188 عیسوی, Lugdunum, Gallia Lugdunensisولد Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus from 198 عیسوی; with Severus and Geta from 209 عیسوی until فروری 211 عیسوی; co-emperor with Geta until دسمبر 211 عیسوی198 عیسوی – اپریل 8, 217 عیسویاپریل 8, 217 عیسوی  Murdered by a soldier as part of a conspiracy involving Macrinus19 years100pxGeta  CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS GETA AVGVSTUSمارچ 7, 189 عیسوی, رومولد Septimius Severus; co-emperor with Severus and Caracalla from 209 عیسوی until فروری 211 عیسوی; co-emperor with Caracalla until دسمبر 211 عیسوی209 عیسوی – دسمبر 26, 211 عیسویدسمبر 19, 211 عیسوی  Murdered on the orders of Caracalla3 yearsMacrinus  MARCVS OPELLIVS SEVERVS MACRINVS AVGVSTVS PIVS FELIX   with Diadumenian MARCVS OPELLIVS ANTONINVS DIعیسویUMENIANVSc. 165 عیسوی, Iol Caesarea, MauretaniaPraetorian Prefect to Caracalla, probably conspired to have Caracalla murdered and proclaimed himself emperor after Caracalla's death; appointed his son Diadumenian junior emperor in May 217اپریل 11, 217 عیسوی – جون 8, 218 عیسویجون 8, 218 عیسوی  Both executed in favour of Elagabalus1 year, 2 months100pxElagabalus  MARCVS AVRELIVS ANTONINVS AVGVSTVSc. 203 عیسوی, حمص, SyriaGrandson-in-law of Septimius Severus, alleged illegitimate son of Caracalla; proclaimed emperor by Syrian legionsجون 8, 218 عیسوی – مارچ 11, 222 عیسویمارچ 11, 222 عیسوی  Murdered by Praetorian Guard3 years, 9 months100pxSeverus Alexander  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS SEVERVS ALEXANDER AVGVSTVSاکتوبر 1, 208 عیسوی, Arca Caesarea, SyriaGrandson-in-law of Septimius Severus, cousin and adoptive heir of Elagabalusمارچ 13, 222 عیسوی – مارچ 18, 235 عیسویمارچ 18, 235 عیسوی  Murdered by the army13 years

Crisis of the Third Century and Gordian dynasty

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxMaximinus I  CAESAR GAIVS IVLIVS VERVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS c.173 عیسوی, تھریس or MoesiaProclaimed emperor by German legions after the murder of Severus Alexanderمارچ 20, 235 عیسوی – جون 238 عیسویجون 238 عیسوی  Assassinated by Praetorian Guard3 years, 3 months100pxGordian I  CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVSc. 159 عیسوی, Phrygia?Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but retrospectively legitimised by the accession of Gordian IIIمارچ 22, 238 عیسوی – اپریل 12, 238 عیسویاپریل 238 عیسوی  Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II.21 days100pxGordian II  CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS SEMPRONIANVS ROMANVS AFRICANVS AVGVSTVSc. 192 عیسوی, ?Proclaimed emperor, alongside father Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by act of the Senate.مارچ 22, 238 عیسوی – اپریل 12, 238 عیسویاپریل 238 عیسوی  Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army21 days100pxPupienus  CAESAR MARCVS CLODIVS PVPIENVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVSc. 178 عیسوی, ?Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Balbinus.اپریل 22, 238 عیسوی – جولائی 29, 238 عیسویجولائی 29, 238 عیسوی  Assassinated by the Praetorian Guard3 months100pxBalbinus  CAESAR DECIMVS CAELIVS CALVINVS BALBINVS PIVS AVGVSTVS?Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co-emperor with Pupienus and Gordian IIIاپریل 22, 238 عیسوی – جولائی 29, 238 عیسویجولائی 29, 238 عیسوی  Assassinated by Praetorian Guard3 months100pxGordian III  CAESAR MARCVS ANTONIVS GORDIANVS AVGVSTVSجنوری 20, 225 عیسوی, رومProclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I and II, then by the Senate; joint emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus until جولائی 238 عیسوی.اپریل 22, 238 عیسوی – فروری 11, 244 عیسویفروری 11, 244 عیسوی  Unknown; possibly murdered on orders of Philip I6 years100pxPhilip I  CAESAR MARCVS IVLIVS PHILIPPVS AVGVSTVS  with Philip IIc. 204 عیسوی, شہبا, SyriaPraetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took power after his death; made his son Philip II co-emperor in summer 247 عیسویفروری 244 عیسوی – ستمبر/اکتوبر 249 عیسویستمبر/اکتوبر 249 عیسوی  Killed in battle against Trajan Decius, near ویرونا5 years100pxTrajan Decius  CAESAR GAIVS MESSIVS QVINTVS TRAIANVS DECIVS AVGVSTVS  with Herennius Etruscusc. 201 عیسوی, Budalia, Pannonia InferiorGovernor under Philip I; proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions and defeated Philip in battle; made his son Herennius Etruscus co-emperor in early 251 عیسویستمبر/ اکتوبر 249 عیسوی – جون 251 عیسویجون 251 عیسوی  Both killed in the Battle of Abrittus fighting against the Goths2 yearsHostilian  CAESAR CAIVS VALENS HOSTILIANVS MESSIVS QVINTVS AVGVSTVSSirmiumولد Trajan Decius, accepted as heir by the Senateجون 251 عیسوی – late 251 عیسویستمبر/اکتوبر 251 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات (plague)4–5 months100pxTrebonianus Gallus  CAESAR GAIVS VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVGVSTVS   with  Volusianus206 عیسوی, اطالیہGovernor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Trajan Decius's death (and in opposition to Hostilian); made his son Volusianus co-emperor in late 251 عیسوی.جون 251 عیسوی – اگست 253 عیسویاگست 253 عیسوی  Assassinated by their own troops, in favour of Aemilian2 years100pxAemilian  CAESAR MARCVS AEMILIVS AEMILIANVS AVGVSTVSc. 207 عیسوی AfricaGovernor of Moesia Superior, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after defeating the Goths; accepted as emperor after death of Gallusاگست 253 عیسوی – اکتوبر 253 عیسویستمبر/اکتوبر 253 عیسوی  Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Valerian2 months100pxValerian  CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS VALERIANVS AVGVSTVSc. 195 عیسویGovernor of Noricum and Raetia, proclaimed emperor by Rhine legions after death of Gallus; accepted as emperor after death of Aemilianاکتوبر 253 عیسوی – 260 عیسویAfter 260 عیسوی  Captured in Battle of Edessa against Persians, died in captivity7 years100pxGallienus  CAESAR PVBLIVS LICINIVS EGNATIVS GALLIENVS AVGVSTVS  with Saloninus218 عیسویولد Valerian, made co-emperor in 253 عیسوی; his son Saloninus is very briefly co-emperor in c. جولائی 260 before assassination by Postumus.اکتوبر 253 عیسوی – ستمبر 268 عیسویستمبر 268 عیسوی  Murdered at Aquileia by his own commanders.15 years100pxClaudius Gothicus  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS May 10, 213 عیسوی/214 عیسوی, SirmiumVictorious general at Battle of Naissus, seized power after Gallienus's deathستمبر 268 عیسوی – جنوری 270 عیسویجنوری 270 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات (plague)1 year, 4 months100pxQuintillus  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS AVGVSTVS ?, SirmiumBrother of Claudius Gothicus, seized power after his deathجنوری 270 عیسوی – 270 عیسوی270 عیسوی  Unclear; possibly suicide or murderUnknown100pxAurelian  CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS ستمبر 9, 214 عیسوی/215 عیسوی, Sirmium Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillusستمبر(?) 270 عیسوی – ستمبر 275 عیسوی ستمبر 275 عیسوی  Assassinated by Praetorian Guard5 years100pxTacitus  CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS AVGVSTVS c. 200, InteramnaElected by the Senate to replace Aurelian, after a short interregnumستمبر 25, 275 عیسوی – جون 276 عیسویجون 276 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات (possibly assassinated)9 months100pxFlorian  CAESAR MARCVS ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVGVSTVS ?Brother of Tacitus, elected by the army in the west to replace himجون 276 عیسوی – ستمبر? 276 عیسویستمبر? 276 عیسوی  Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Probus3 months100pxProbus  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS PROBVS AVGVSTVS 232 عیسوی, SirmiumGovernor of the eastern provinces, proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions in opposition to Florianستمبر? 276 عیسوی – ستمبر/ اکتوبر 282 عیسویستمبر/ اکتوبر 282 عیسوی  Assassinated by his own troops, in favour of Carus6 years100pxCarus  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARVS AVGVSTVS c. 230 عیسوی, NarboPraetorian Prefect to Probus; seized power either before or after Probus was murderedستمبر/ اکتوبر 282 عیسوی – late July/ early اگست 283 عیسویLate July/early اگست 283 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات? (Possibly killed by lightning)10–11 months100pxNumerian  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS NVMERIVS NVMERIANVS AVGVSTVS ?ولد Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother CarinusLate July/early اگست 283 عیسوی – 284 عیسوی?284 عیسوی  Unclear; possibly assassinated1 year100pxCarinus  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CARINVS AVGVSTVS ?ولد Carus, succeeded him jointly with his brother NumerianLate July/early اگست 283 عیسوی – 285 عیسوی285 عیسوی  Died in battle against Diocletian?2 years

 ڈومینیٹ 
Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxDiocletian  CAESAR GAIVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVSc. دسمبر 22, 244 عیسوی, SalonaProclaimed emperor by army after death of Numerian, and in opposition to Carinus; adopted Maximian as senior co-emperor in 286 عیسوینومبر 20, 284 عیسوی – May 1, 305 عیسوی3 دسمبر 311 عیسوی  Abdicated; died of natural causes in Aspalatos20 years100pxMaximian  CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVSc. 250 عیسوی, near Sirmium, PannoniaAdopted as senior co-emperor ('Augustus') in the west by Diocletian in 286 عیسویاپریل 1, 286 عیسوی – May 1, 305 عیسوی310 عیسوی  Abdicated with Diocletian; twice tried to regain throne with, and then from Maxentius; captured by قسطنطین اعظم and committed suicide at his behest19 years100pxConstantius I Chlorus  CAESAR GAIVS FLAVIVS VALERIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVSمارچ 31 c. 250 عیسوی, Dardania, MoesiaAdopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Maximian in 293 عیسویMay 1, 305 عیسوی – جولائی 25, 306 عیسوی306 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات1 year and 2 months100pxGalerius  CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMIANVS AVGVSTVSc. 260 عیسوی, Felix Romuliana, Moesia SuperiorAdopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Diocletian in 293 عیسوی. Also son-in-law of Diocletian.May 1, 305 عیسوی – May 311 عیسوی311 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات6 years100pxSeverus II  FLAVIVS VALERIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS ?Adopted as junior co-emperor ('Caesar') and heir by Constantius I Chlorus in 305 عیسوی; succeeded as Augustus in 306; opposed by Maxentius and قسطنطین اعظمSummer 306 عیسوی – مارچ/ اپریل 307 عیسویستمبر 16, 307 عیسوی  Captured by Maxentius and forced to commit suicide (or murdered)1 year100pxقسطنطین اعظم  CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS VALERIVS AVGVSTVS فروری 27 c. 272 عیسوی, نیش, Moesia Superiorولد Constantius I Chlorus, proclaimed emperor by his father's troops; accepted as Caesar (west) by Galerius in 306 عیسوی; promoted to Augustus (west) in 307 عیسوی by Maximian after death of Severus II; refused relegation to Caesar in 309 عیسوی25 جولائی 306 عیسوی – May 22, 337 عیسویMay 22, 337 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات31 years100pxMaxentius  MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS MAXENTIVS AVGVSTVS c. 278 عیسوی, ?ولد Maximian, seized power in 306 after death of Constantius I Chlorus, in opposition to Severus and قسطنطین اعظم; made Caesar (west) by Maximian in 307 عیسوی after the death of Severus28 اکتوبر 306 عیسوی – اکتوبر 28, 312 عیسویاکتوبر 28, 312 عیسوی  Died at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, against قسطنطین اعظم6 years100pxMaximinus II  CAESAR GALERIVS VALERIVS MAXIMINVS AVGVSTVS نومبر 20 c. 270 عیسوی, Dacia AurelianaNephew of Galerius, adopted as Caesar and his heir in 305 عیسوی; succeeded as Augustus (shared with Licinius I) in 311 عیسویMay 1, 311 عیسوی – July/اگست 313 عیسویJuly/اگست 313 عیسوی  Defeated in civil war against Licinius I; probably committed suicide thereafter2 years100pxLicinius I  CAESAR GAIVS VALERIVS LICINIVS AVGVSTVS    with  Valerius Valens  Martinianc. 250 عیسوی, Felix Romuliana, Moesia SuperiorSon-in-law of Constantius Chlorus, appointed Augustus in the west by Galerius in 308 عیسوی, in opposition to Maxentius; became Augustus in the east in 311 عیسوی after the death of Galerius (shared with Maximinus II); defeated Maximinus in civil war to become sole eastern Augustus in 313 عیسوی; appointed Valerius Valens in 317 عیسوی, and Martinian in 324 عیسوی as western Augustus, in opposition to Constantine, both being executed within weeks.نومبر 11, 308 عیسوی – ستمبر 18, 324 عیسوی325 عیسوی  Defeated in civil war against قسطنطین اعظم in 324 عیسوی and captured; executed on the orders of Constantine the next year16 years100pxConstantine II  CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS 316 عیسوی, Arlesولد قسطنطین اعظم; appointed Caesar in 317 عیسوی, succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantius II and Constans IMay 22, 337 عیسوی – 340 عیسوی340 عیسوی  Died in battle against Constans I3 years100pxConstantius II  CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS اگست 7, 317 عیسوی, Sirmium, Pannoniaولد قسطنطین اعظم; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantine II and Constans I; sole emperor from 350 عیسویMay 22, 337 عیسوی – نومبر 3, 361 عیسوی361 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات24 years100pxConstans I  CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS CONSTANS AVGVSTVS 320 عیسوی, ?ولد قسطنطین اعظم; succeeded as joint Augustus with his brothers Constantine II and Constantius IIMay 22, 337 عیسوی – 350 عیسوی350 عیسوی  Assassinated on the orders of the usurper Magnentius13 years100pxVetranio?, MoesiaGeneral of Constans I, proclaimed Caesar against Magnentius and temporarily accepted as Augustus of the west by Constantius II.مارچ 1 – دسمبر 25, 350 عیسویc. 356  As a private citizen, after abdication.9 months100pxJulian II "the Apostate"  CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS IVLIANVS AVGVSTVS 331 عیسوی/332 عیسوی, قسطنطنیہ, ThraciaCousin of Constantius II; made Caesar of the west in 355 عیسوی; proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 360; sole emperor after the death of Constantiusفروری 360 عیسوی – جون 26, 363 عیسویجون 26, 363 عیسوی  Mortally wounded in battle3 years100pxJovian  CAESAR FLAVIVS IOVIANVS AVGVSTVS 331 عیسوی, Singidunum, MoesiaGeneral of Julian's army; proclaimed emperor by the troops on Julian's deathجون 26, 363 عیسوی – فروری 17, 364 عیسویفروری 17, 364 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات (suffocated on fumes)1 year

Valentinian dynasty

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxValentinian I  FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS321 عیسوی, Cibalae, PannoniaElected to replace Jovian by the armyفروری 26, 364 عیسوی – نومبر 17, 375 عیسوینومبر 17, 375 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات11 years100pxValens  FLAVIVS IVLIVS VALENS AVGVSTVS328 عیسوی, Cibalae, PannoniaBrother of Valentinian I, appointed co-augustus (for the east) by himمارچ 28, 364 عیسوی – اگست 9, 378 عیسویاگست 9, 378 عیسوی  Killed in Battle of Adrianople against the Goths14 years100pxGratian  FLAVIVS GRATIANVS AVGVSTVSاپریل 18/May 23, 359 عیسوی, Sirmium, Pannoniaولد Valentinian I, appointed 'junior' Augustus by him in 367, became 'senior' augustus (for the west) after Valentinian's death.اگست 4, 367 عیسوی – اگست 25, 383 عیسویاگست 25, 383 عیسوی  Murdered by rebellious army faction16 years100pxValentinian II  FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS INVICTVS AVGVSTVS371 عیسوی, میلان, اطالیہولد Valentinian I, proclaimed emperor by Pannonian army after Valentinian's death; accepted as co-Augustus for the west by Gratianنومبر 17, 375 عیسوی – May 15, 392 عیسویMay 15, 392 عیسوی  Unclear; possibly murdered or committed suicide17 years

Theodosian dynasty

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxTheodosius I  FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVSجنوری 11, 347 عیسوی, Cauca, ہسپانیاSon-in-law of Valentinian I, appointed as Augustus for the east by Gratian after the death of Valens; became sole 'senior' Augustus after death of Valentinian IIجنوری 1, 379 عیسوی – جنوری 17, 395 عیسویجنوری 17, 395 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات16 years100pxArcadius  FLAVIVS ARCعیسویIVS AVGVSTVS   EASTc. 377 عیسوی, ہسپانیاولد Theodosius I; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Theodosius in 383 (after the death of Gratian); became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's deathجنوری 383 عیسوی – May 1, 408 عیسویMay 1, 408 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات25 yearsMagnus Maximus  with Flavius Victor   WESTc. 335 عیسوی, ہسپانیاUsurper in the West; legitimized along with his son Victor by Theodosius I as emperors of Britannia and Gaul. 383/384 عیسوی – اگست 28, 388 عیسویاگست 28, 388 عیسوی  Executed by Theodosius I in Aquileia after the Battle of the Save; Victor killed by Arbogast4/5 years100pxHonorius  FLAVIVS HONORIVS AVGVSTVS   WESTستمبر 9, 384 عیسوی, ?ولد Theodosius I; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the west by Theodosius in 393 (after the death of Valentinian II); became 'senior' Augustus for the west after his father's deathجنوری 23, 393 عیسوی – اگست 15, 423 عیسوی اگست 15, 423 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات30 years100pxTheodosius II  FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS   EASTاپریل 10, 401 عیسوی, قسطنطنیہ?ولد Arcadius; appointed as 'junior' Augustus for the east by Arcadius in 402; became 'senior' Augustus for the east after his father's deathجنوری 402 عیسوی – جولائی 28, 450 عیسویجولائی 28, 450 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات48 years100pxConstantine III  with Constans II   WEST?Usurper who declared himself emperor in the west in 407, recognized as co-emperor by Honorius in 409. Elevated his son Constans II to co-emperor in 409, who was not recognized by Honorius.407/409 عیسوی - اگست or ستمبر 411 عیسویاگست or ستمبر 411 عیسوی  Executed by Constantius III2 years100pxConstantius III  FLAVIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS   WEST?, نیش, Moesia SuperiorMarried to Theodosius I's daughter Galla Placidia, elevated to co-Augustus for the west by Honoriusفروری 8, 421 عیسوی – ستمبر 2, 421 عیسویستمبر 2, 421 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات7 months100pxJoannes    WEST?A senior civil servant under Honorius, proclaimed emperor by Castinus; not recognized by the Eastern Empireاگست 27, 423 عیسوی – May 425 عیسویجون or جولائی 425 عیسوی  Defeated in battle by Theodosius II and Valentinian III, captured and executed2 years100pxValentinian III  FLAVIVS PLACIDIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS   WESTجولائی 2, 419 عیسوی, راوینا, اطالیہولد Constantius III, appointed Caesar for the west by Theodosius II after the death of Honorius, in opposition to the Johannes; became Augustus for the west after the defeat of Johannesاکتوبر 23, 424 عیسوی – مارچ 16, 455 عیسویمارچ 16, 455 عیسوی  Assassinated, possibly at the behest of Petronius Maximus31 years100pxMarcian  FLAVIVS MARCIANVS AVGVSTVS   EAST396, تھریس or IllyriaNominated as successor (and husband) by Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius IISummer 450 عیسوی – جنوری 457 عیسویجنوری 457 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات7 years

The last emperors of the Western Empire

تصویرنامپیدائشجانشینیدور حکومتوفاتمدت حکومت100pxPetronius Maximus  FLAVIVS ANICIVS PETRONIVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVSc. 396 عیسوی, ?Son-in-law of Theodosius II, proclaimed himself emperor with the support of the army, after the death of Valentinian III. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.مارچ 17, 455 عیسوی – May 31, 455 عیسویMay 31, 455 عیسوی  Murdered, probably stoned to death by the Roman mob2 months100pxAvitus  EPARCHIVS AVITVS AVGVSTVSc. 385 عیسوی, ?Magister militum under Petronius Maximus, proclaimed emperor by the Visigoth king Theoderic II after Petronius's deathجولائی 9, 455 عیسوی – اکتوبر 17, 456 عیسویafter 17 اکتوبر 456 عیسوی  Deposed by his Magister militum, Ricimer; became bishop of Placentia; murdered at some point afterwards1 year100pxMajorian  IVLIVS VALERIVS MAIORIANVS AVGVSTVSنومبر 420 عیسوی, ?Appointed emperor by Ricimerاپریل 457 عیسوی – اگست 2, 461 عیسویاگست 7, 461 عیسوی  Deposed by his troops (probably at the behest of Ricimer); beheaded on the orders of Ricimer4 years80pxLibius Severus  LIBIVS SEVERVS AVGVSTVS?, Lucania, اطالیہAppointed emperor by Ricimer. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.نومبر 461 عیسوی – اگست 465 عیسویاگست 465 عیسوی  Probably poisoned by Ricimer4 years80pxAnthemius  PROCOPIVS ANTHEMIVS AVGVSTVSc. 420 عیسویSon-in-law of Marcian, appointed emperor by Ricimer, with the backing of the eastern emperor Leo Iاپریل 12, 467 عیسوی – جولائی 11, 472 عیسویجولائی 11, 472 عیسوی  Executed by Ricimer5 years80pxOlybrius  FLAVIVS ANICIVS OLYBRIVS AVGVSTVSc. 420 عیسویSon-in-law of Valentinian III; appointed emperor by Ricimer. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.جولائی 11, 472 عیسوی – نومبر 2, 472 عیسوینومبر 2, 472 عیسوی  قدرتی وجوہات4 months80pxGlycerius   FLAVIVS(?) GLYCERIVS AVGVSTVS?Appointed emperor by Gundobad (Ricimer's successor). Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.مارچ 473 عیسوی – جون 474 عیسویafter 480 عیسوی  Deposed by Julius Nepos, became Bishop of Salona, time and manner of death unknown1 year100pxJulius Nepos   FLAVIVS IVLIVS NEPOS AVGVSTVSc. 430 عیسویNephew-in-law of the eastern emperor Leo I, appointed emperor in opposition to Glyceriusجون 474 عیسوی – اگست 28, 475 عیسوی (in Italy); – spring 480 عیسوی (in Gaul and Dalmatia)480 عیسوی  Deposed in Italy by Flavius Orestes, ruled in balance of Western Empire until assassination in 480. Maintained as figurehead in Italy by Odoacer to his death in 480.1 year/6 years80pxRomulus Augustulus   FLAVIVS ROMVLVS AVGVSTVSc. 460 عیسوی, ?Romulus Agustulus biographic details.Appointed by his father, Flavius Orestes. Not recognized by the Eastern Empire.اکتوبر 31, 475 عیسوی – ستمبر 4, 476 عیسوی (in Italy)Unknown.  Regarded as emperor more from historical convention than accuracy, his rule never extended beyond portions of the Italian peninsula and was not recognized by Eastern Emperor Zeno. Deposed by Odoacer, who then ruled in the name of Julius Nepos until the latter's death in 480, which formally ended the separate western empire; most likely lived out his life on a private villa in obscurity.11 months

 مشرقی شہنشاہان 

Leonid dynasty (457–518)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxLeo I "the Thracian", "the Butcher", or "the Great"  (Λέων Α' ὁ Θρᾷξ, ὁ Μακέλλης, ὁ Μέγας, Flavius Valerius Leo)7 فروری 457 –18 جنوری 474Born in Dacia ca. 400, and of Bessian origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic commander-in-chief of the army, Aspar, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube frontier and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the western empire, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an expedition to recover قرطاج from the Vandals in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the Isaurians as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter Ariadne to the Isaurian leader Tarasicodissa (Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken.80pxLeo II "the Little"  (Λέων Β' ὁ Μικρός, Flavius Leo)18 جنوری –17 نومبر 474Born ca. 467, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. Raised to Caesar and then co-emperor in autumn 473, soon after his accession Leo II crowned his father Zeno as co-emperor and effective regent. Died shortly after, possibly poisoned.80pxZeno  (Ζήνων, Flavius Zeno) 17 نومبر 474 –9 اپریل 491Born ca. 425 in Isauria, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to comes domesticorum, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of Aspar and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 9 فروری 474, and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before Basiliscus in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the Vandals, saw off challenges against him by Illus and Verina, and secured peace in the بلقان by enticing the Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great to migrate to Italy. Zeno's reign also saw the end of the western line of emperors. His pro-Monophysite stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the Henotikon resulted in the Acacian Schism with the papacy.80pxBasiliscus  (Βασιλίσκος, Flavius Basiliscus)9 جنوری 475 –اگست 476General and brother-in-law of Leo I, he seized power from Zeno but was again deposed by him. Died in 476/47780pxAnastasius I  (Ἀναστάσιος Α' ὁ Δίκορος, Flavius Anastasius)11 اپریل 491 –9 جولائی 518 Son-in-law of Leo I, he was born ca. 430 at دراج, he was a palace official (silentiarius) when he was chosen as her husband and Emperor by Empress-dowager Ariadne. He was nicknamed "Dikoros", because of his heterochromia. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the Byzantine coinage and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to wideaspread opposition, most notably the Revolt of Vitalian and the Acacian Schism. His reign was also marked by the first Bulgar raids into the بلقان and by a war with Persia over the foundation of Dara. He died childless.

Justinian dynasty (518–602)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxJustin I  (Ἰουστῖνος Α', Flavius Iustinus)جولائی 518 –1 اگست 527Born c. 450 at Bederiana (Justiniana Prima), Dardania. Officer and commander of the Excubitors bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.80pxJustinian I "the Great"  (Ἰουστινιανὸς Α' ὁ Μέγας, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus)1 اگست 527 –13/14 نومبر 565 Born in 482/483 at Tauresium (Taor), Dardania. Nephew of Justin I, possibly raised to co-emperor on 1 اپریل 527. Succeeded on Justin I's death.80pxJustin II  (Ἰουστῖνος Β', Flavius Iustinus Iunior)14 نومبر 565 –5 اکتوبر 578Born c. 520. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife Sophia, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.80pxTiberius II Constantine  (Τιβέριος Β', Flavius Tiberius Constantinus)5 اکتوبر 578 –14 اگست 582Born c. 535, commander of the Excubitors, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named Caesar and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death.80pxMaurice  (Μαυρίκιος, Flavius Mauricius Tiberius)14 اگست 582 –22 نومبر 602Born in 539 at Arabissus, کیپادوکیا. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and succeeded him upon his death. Named his son Theodosius as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 نومبر 602 at Chalcedon.

Non-dynastic (602–610)
نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxPhocas  (Φωκᾶς, Flavius Phocas)23 نومبر 602 –4 اکتوبر 610Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.

Heraclian dynasty (610–695)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxہرقل  (Ἡράκλειος, Flavius Heraclius)5 اکتوبر 610 –11 فروری 641Born c. 575 as the eldest son of the Exarch of Africa, Heraclius the Elder. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in اکتوبر 610. Brought the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628 to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the Muslim conquest of Syria. Officially replaced Latin with Greek as the language of administration.80pxConstantine IIIformally Heraclius New Constantine  (Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος, Heraclius Novus Constantinus)11 فروری –24/26 May 641Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife Fabia Eudokia. Named co-emperor in 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager Martina.80pxHeraklonas  (Ἡρακλωνᾶς, Heraclianus)formally Constantine Heraclius  (Κωνσταντίνος Ἡράκλειος, Constantinus Heraclius)11 فروری 641 –ستمبر 641Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife Martina, named co-emperor in 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name قسطن ثانی co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the Senate in ستمبر 641.80pxقسطن ثانی  (Κῶνστας Β', Constantus II)formally Constantine "the Bearded",  (Κωνσταντίνος ὁ Πωγωνάτος)ستمبر 641 –15 ستمبر 668Born on 7 نومبر 630, the son of Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. "Constans" is his nickname. Moved his seat to Syracuse, where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of Mezezius.80pxConstantine IV "the Bearded"  (Κωνσταντίνος Δ' ὁ Πωγωνάτος) 15 ستمبر 668 –ستمبر 685Born in 652, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He repelled the محاصرہ قسطنطنیہ 674ء تا 678ء, and died of dysentery.80px Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"  (Ἰουστινιανὸς Β' ὁ Ῥινότμητος)ستمبر 685 –695Born in 669, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to Cherson, whence he recovered his throne in 705.

Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxLeontios  (Λεόντιος)695–698General from Isauria, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in فروری 706.80px  Tiberius III Apsimar  (Τιβέριος Γ' Ἀψίμαρος)698–705Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontios after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in فروری 706.80px Justinian II "the Slit-nosed"  (Ἰουστινιανὸς Β' ὁ Ῥινότμητος)اگست 705 –دسمبر 711Returned on the throne with Bulgar support. Named son Tiberius as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt.80pxPhilippikos Bardanes(Φιλιππικὸς Βαρδάνης)دسمبر 711 –3 جون 713A general of Armenian origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the Opsician troops.80pxAnastasios II(Ἀναστάσιος Β')جون 713 –نومبر 715Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippikos, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippikos. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed.80pxTheodosios III(Θεοδόσιος Γ')May 715 –25 مارچ 717A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in نومبر 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.

Isaurian dynasty (717–802)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxLeo III "the Isaurian"(Λέων Γ΄ ὁ Ἴσαυρος)25 مارچ 717 –18 جون 741Born c. 685 in Germanikeia, Commagene, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the محاصرہ قسطنطنیہ 717ء تا 718ء and initiated the Byzantine Iconoclasm.80pxConstantine V "the Dung-named"(Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄ ὁ Κοπρώνυμος)18 جون 741 –14 ستمبر 775Born in جولائی 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named" by hostile later chroniclers.  Artabasdos(Ἀρτάβασδος)جون 741/742 –2 نومبر 743General and son-in-law of Leo III, Count of the Opsician Theme. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who blinded and tonsured him.80pxLeo IV "the Khazar"(Λέων Δ΄ ὁ Χάζαρος)14 ستمبر 775 –8 ستمبر 780Born on 25 جنوری 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death.80pxConstantine VI(Κωνσταντίνος ΣΤ΄)8 ستمبر 780 –اگست 797Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor in 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders, blinded and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after.80pxIrene of Athens(Εἰρήνη ἡ Αθηναία)اگست 797 –31 اکتوبر 802Born c. 752 in ایتھنز, she married Leo IV. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress-regnant. Deposed in a palace coup in 802, she was exiled and died on 9 اگست 803.

Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxNikephoros I "the Logothete"(Νικηφόρος Α΄ ὁ Λογοθέτης)31 اکتوبر 802 –26 جولائی 811General Logothete (finance minister) under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the Battle of Pliska.80pxStaurakios(Σταυράκιος)26 جولائی 811 –2 اکتوبر 811Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in دسمبر 803. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. He was forced to resign, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after.80pxMichael I Rangabe(Μιχαὴλ Α΄ Ραγγαβὲ)2 اکتوبر 811 –22 جون 813Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication. Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 جنوری 844. Reigned with eldest son Theophylact as co-emperor.

Non-dynastic (813–820)
نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxLeo V "the Armenian"(Λέων Ε' ὁ Ἀρμένιος)11 جولائی 813 –25 دسمبر 820General of Armenian origin, born c. 775. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of Constantine on Christmas 813. Revived Byzantine Iconoclasm. Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian.

Amorian dynasty (820–867)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxMichael II "the Amorian"(Μιχαὴλ Β΄ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου)25 دسمبر 820 –2 اکتوبر 829Born in 770 at Amorium, he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him. Survived the rebellion of Thomas the Slav, lost کریٹ to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily, reinforced iconoclasm.80pxTheophilos(Θεόφιλος)2 اکتوبر 829 –20 جنوری 842Born in 813, as the only son of Michael II. Co-emperor since 821, he succeeded on his father's death.80pxMichael III "the Drunkard"(Μιχαὴλ Γ΄ ὁ Μέθυσος)20 جنوری 842 –23 ستمبر 867Born on 19 جنوری 840, he succeeded on Theophilos' death. Under the regency of his mother Theodora until 856, and under the effective control of his uncle Bardas in 862–866. Ended iconoclasm. Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers .

Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxBasil I "the Macedonian"(Βασίλειος Α΄ ὁ Μακεδὸν)867 –2 اگست 886Born in the Theme of Macedonia ca. 811, he rose in prominence through palace service, becoming a favourite of Michael III. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the Paulicians, and recovered southern Italy for the Empire.80pxLeo VI "the Wise"(Λέων ΣΤ΄ ὁ Σοφὸς)886 –11 May 912Born on 19 ستمبر 866, likely either son of Basil I or Michael III, Leo was known for his erudition. His reign saw a height in Saracen (Muslim) naval raids, culminating in the Sack of Thessalonica, and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under Simeon I.80pxAlexander(Ἀλέξανδρος)11 May 912 –6 جون 913ولد Basil I, Alexander was born in 870 and raised to co-emperor in 879. Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession. He died of exhaustion after a polo game.80pxConstantine VII "the Purple-born"(Κωνσταντίνος Ζ΄ ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος)6 جون 913 –9 نومبر 959The son of Leo VI, he was born on 17/18 May 905 and raised to co-emperor on 15 May 908. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother, Zoe Karbonopsina, and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, and from 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in 920. Constantine was sidelined during the Lekapenos regime, but asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons in early 945. His reign was marked by struggles with Sayf al-Dawla in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the dynatoi. He is notable for his promotion of the "Macedonian Renaissance", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories. He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft (De administrando imperio) and ceremonies (De ceremoniis) he compiled for his son, Romanos II.80pxRomanos I Lekapenos(Ρωμανὸς Α΄ Λεκαπηνὸς)17 دسمبر 920 –16 دسمبر 944An admiral of lowly origin, Romanos rose to power as a protector of the young Constantine VII against the general Leo Phokas the Elder. After becoming the emperor's father-in-law, he successively assumed higher offices until he crowned himself senior emperor. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of John Kourkouas in the East. Romanos promoted his sons Christopher, Stephen and Constantine as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by the latter two and confined to an island as a monk. He died there on 15 جون 948.80pxRomanos II "the Purple-born"(Ρωμανὸς Β΄ ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος)9 نومبر 959 –15 مارچ 963The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 مارچ 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch Joseph Bringas. His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against Sayf al-Dawla and the recovery of Crete by general Nikephoros Phokas.80pxNikephoros II Phokas(Νικηφόρος Β΄ Φωκᾶς)16 اگست 963 –11 دسمبر 969The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born ca. 912 to the powerful Phokas clan. After the death of Romanos II, he rose to the throne with the support of the army and people as regent for the young emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, marrying the empress-dowager Theophano. Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes.80pxJohn I Tzimiskes(Ἰωάννης Α΄ Κουρκούας ὁ Τσιμισκὴς)11 دسمبر 969 –10 جنوری 976Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born ca. 925. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him. Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes crushed the Rus' in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died.80pxBasil II "the Bulgar-Slayer"(Βασίλειος Β΄ ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος)10 جنوری 976 –15 دسمبر 1025Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil was born in 958. The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful Basil Lekapenos, an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor. Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance with Vladimir I of Kiev, and after suppressing the revolts, he embarked on his conquest of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was finally subdued in 1018 after over 20 years of war, interrupted only by sporadic warfare in Syria against the سلطنت فاطمیہ. Basil also expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia. His reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium.80pxConstantine VIII "the Purple-born"(Κωνσταντίνος Η΄ ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος)15 دسمبر 1025 –15 نومبر 1028The second son of Romanos II, Constantine was born in 960 and raised to co-emperor in مارچ 962. During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially among the military aristocracy, many of whom were blinded and exiled. On his deathbed, he chose Romanos Argyros as husband for his daughter Zoe.80pxZoe "the Purple-born"(Ζωὴ Πορφυρογέννητη)15 نومبر 1028 –جون 1050The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora. Her three husbands, Romanos III (1028–1034), Michael IV (1034–1041) and Constantine IX (1042–1050) ruled alongside her.80pxRomanos III Argyros(Ρωμανὸς Γ΄ Ἀργυρὸς)15 نومبر 1028 –11 اپریل 1034Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed as Zoe's husband and succeeded on the throne after Constantine's death a few days later.80pxMichael IV "the Paphlagonian"(Μιχαὴλ Δ΄ ὁ Παφλαγὼν)11 اپریل 1034 –10 دسمبر 1041Born in 1010, he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor. Aided by his older brother, the eunuch John the Orphanotrophos, his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover صقلیہ failed. He died after a long illness.80pxMichael V "the Caulker"(Μιχαὴλ Ε΄ ὁ Καλαφάτης)10 دسمبر 1041 –20 اپریل 1042Born in 1015, he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 اپریل 1042, along with her sister Theodora. He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 اگست 1042.80pxTheodora(Θεοδώρα)19 اپریل 1042 –after 31 اگست 1056The younger sister of Zoe, born in 984, she was raised as co-ruler on 19 اپریل 1042. After Zoe married her third husband, Constantine IX, in جون 1042, Theodora was again sidelined. After Zoe died in 1050 and Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her death. She nominated Michael VI as her successor.80pxConstantine IX Monomachos(Κωνσταντίνος Θ΄ Μονομάχος)11 جون 1042 –7/8 or 11 جنوری 1055Born ca. 1000 of noble origin, he had an undistinguished life but was exiled to لزبوس by Michael IV, returning when he was chosen as Zoe's third husband. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy. A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a number of monasteries, chiefly the Nea Moni of Chios and the Mangana Monastery. His reign was marked by invasions by the Pechenegs in the بلقان and the Seljuk Turks in the East, the revolts of George Maniakes and Leo Tornikios, and the Great Schism between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople.

Non-dynastic (1056–1057)
نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxMichael VI Bringas, "Stratiotikos" or "the Old"(Μιχαὴλ ΣΤ΄ Βρίγγας, ὁ Στρατιωτικός, ὁ Γέρων)ستمبر 1056 –31 اگست 1057A court bureaucrat and military logothete (hence his first sobriquet). Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in 1059.

Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxIsaac I Komnenos(Ἰσαάκιος Α΄ Κομνηνὸς)5 جون 1057 –22 نومبر 1059Born c. 1005. A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared Emperor; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael VI on 31 اگست 1057. He resigned in 1059 and died c. 1061.

Doukid dynasty (1059–1081)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxConstantine X Doukas(Κωνσταντίνος Ι΄ Δούκας)24 نومبر 1059 –22 May 1067Born in 1006, he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication. Named his sons Michael, Andronikos and Konstantios as co-emperors80pxMichael VII Doukas(Μιχαὴλ Ζ΄ Δούκας)22 May 1067 –24 مارچ 1078Born in 1050 as the eldest son of Constantine X. Co-emperor since 1059, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, in 1067–1068, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068–1071. Senior emperor in 1071–1078, he named his son Constantine co-emperor alongside his brothers. He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died c. 1090.80px  Romanos IV Diogenes(Ρωμανὸς Δ΄ Διογένης)1 جنوری 1068 –24 اکتوبر 1071Born in 1032, a successful general he married empress-dowager Eudokia Makrembolitissa and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X. Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the جنگ ملازکرد, blinded in جون 1072 and exiled. He died soon after.80pxNikephoros III Botaneiates(Νικηφόρος Γ΄ Βοτανειάτης)31 مارچ 1078 –4 اپریل 1081Born in 1001, he was the strategos of the Anatolic Theme. He rebelled against Michael VII and was welcomed into the capital. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the Komnenos clan. He retired to a monastery where he died on 10 دسمبر of the same year (1081).

Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxAlexios I Komnenos(Ἀλέξιος Α' Κομνηνὸς)4 اپریل 1081 –15 اگست 1118Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the Normans and the Seljuk Turks, as well as the arrival of the پہلی صلیبی جنگ and the establishment of independent Crusader states. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092.80pxJohn II Komnenos(Ἰωάννης Β' Κομνηνὸς)15 اگست 1118 –8 اپریل 1143Born on 13 ستمبر 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son Alexios co-emperor in 1122, but he died before him.80pxManuel I Komnenos(Μανουὴλ Α' Κομνηνὸς)1143 –24 ستمبر 1180Born on 28 نومبر 1118 as the third and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother Isaac by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled Hungary, achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources.80pxAlexios II Komnenos(Ἀλέξιος B' Κομνηνὸς)24 ستمبر 1180 –اکتوبر 1183Born on 14 ستمبر 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother, Maria of Antioch. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and finally had Alexios II deposed and killed.80pxAndronikos I Komnenos(Ἀνδρόνικος Α' Κομνηνὸς)1183 –11 ستمبر 1185Born c. 1118, a nephew of John II by his brother Isaac. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising.

Angelid dynasty (1185–1204)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxIsaac II Angelos(Ἰσαάκιος Β' Ἄγγελος)1185–1195Born in ستمبر 1156, Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I. His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent Bulgaria. He was deposed, blinded and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III.80px Alexios III Angelos(Ἀλέξιος Γ' Ἄγγελος)1195 –17/18 جولائی 1203Born in 1153, Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates. He was deposed by the Fourth Crusade and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne. He died in Nicaean captivity in 1211.80pxIsaac II Angelos(Ἰσαάκιος Β' Ἄγγελος)18 جولائی 1203 –27/28 جنوری 1204Restored to his throne by the Crusaders, actual rule fell to his son Alexios IV. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in جنوری 1204 and died on 28 جنوری 1204, perhaps of poison.80pxAlexios IV Angelos(Ἀλέξιος Δ' Ἄγγελος)1 اگست 1203 –27/28 جنوری 1204Born in 1182, the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in جنوری 1204, and was strangled on 8 February.80pxAlexios V Doukas "Mourtzouphlos"(Ἀλέξιος Ε' Δούκας ὁ Μούρτζουφλος)''5 فروری 1204 –13 اپریل 1204Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they captured Constantinople forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later blinded by the latter. Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in دسمبر 1205.

Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxTheodore I Laskaris(Θεόδωρος Α΄ Λάσκαρις)1205–دسمبر 1221/1222Born c. 1174, he rose to prominence as a son-in-law of Alexios III. His brother Constantine Laskaris was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day the city fell to the Crusaders; he later fled to Nicaea, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in 1208. He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the Empire of Nicaea as the strongest of the Greek successor states.80pxJohn III Doukas Vatatzes(Ἰωάννης Γ' Δούκας Βατάτζης)15 دسمبر 1221/1222–3 نومبر 1254Born c. 1192, he became the son-in-law and successor of Theodore I in 1212. A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace and Macedonia at the expense of the Latin Empire, Bulgaria and the rival Greek state of Epirus.80pxTheodore II Laskaris(Θεόδωρος Β' Λάσκαρις)3 نومبر 1254–18 اگست 1258Born in 1221/1222 as the only son of John III, he succeeded on his father's death. His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into and Albania.80pxJohn IV Laskaris(Ἰωάννης Δ' Λάσκαρις)18 اگست 1258–25 دسمبر 1261Born on 25 دسمبر 1250 as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by George Mouzalon until his assassination, and then by Michael Palaiologos, who within months was crowned senior emperor. After the recovery of Constantinople in اگست 1261, Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him blinded and imprisoned. John IV died c. 1305.

Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)

نامدور حکومتتبصرہ80pxMichael VIII Palaiologos(Μιχαὴλ Η' Παλαιολόγος)1 جنوری 1259–11 دسمبر 1282Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259, sole emperor since 25 دسمبر 1261.80pxAndronikos II Palaiologos(Ἀνδρόνικος Β' Παλαιολόγος)11 دسمبر 1282–24 May 1328ولد Michael VIII, he was born on 25 مارچ 1259. Named co-emperor in ستمبر 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army, and his reign saw the collapse of the Byzantine position in Asia Minor. He named his son Michael IX co-emperor. In a protracted civil war, he was first forced to recognize his grandson Andronikos III as co-emperor and was then deposed outright. He died on 13 فروری 1332.80pxAndronikos III Palaiologos(Ἀνδρόνικος Γ' Παλαιολόγος)24 May 1328–15 جون 1341ولد Michael IX, he was born on 25 مارچ 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since جولائی 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by John Kantakouzenos, his reign saw defeats against the سلطنت عثمانیہ کا عروج but successes in Europe, where Epirus and ثیسالیا were recovered.80pxJohn V Palaiologos(Ἰωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος)15 جون 1341–12 اگست 1376Only son of Andronikos III, he had not been crowned co-emperor or declared heir at his father's death, a fact which led to the outbreak of a destructive civil war between his regents and his father's closest aide, John VI Kantakouzenos, who was crowned co-emperor. The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V in 1354, during another civil war. Matthew Kantakouzenos, raised by John VI to co-emperor, was also deposed in 1357. John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, but in 1371 he was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty. He was deposed in 1376 by his son Andronikos IV.80pxJohn VI Kantakouzenos(Ἰωάννης ΣΤ' Καντακουζηνὸς)8 فروری 1347–4 دسمبر 1354A maternal relative of the Palaiologoi, he was declared co-emperor on 26 اکتوبر 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the civil war on 8 فروری 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 جون 1383.80pxAndronikos IV Palaiologos(Ἀνδρόνικος Δ΄ Παλαιολόγος)12 اگست 1376–1 جولائی 1379ولد John V and grandson of John VI, he was born on 2 اپریل 1348 and raised to co-emperor c. 1352. He deposed his father on 12 اگست 1376 and ruled until overthrown in turn in 1379. He was again recognized as co-emperor in 1381 and given سیلیوری as an appanage, dying there on 28 جون 1385.80pxJohn V Palaiologos(Ἰωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος)1 جولائی 1379–14 اپریل 1390Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in 1381, re-appointing him co-emperor. He was overthrown again in 1390 by his grandson, John VII.80pxJohn VII Palaiologos(Ἰωάννης Ζ' Παλαιολόγος)14 اپریل 1390–17 ستمبر 1390ولد Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. He held Constantinople against the Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given تھیسالونیکی as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 ستمبر 1408.80pxJohn V Palaiologos(Ἰωάννης Ε' Παλαιολόγος)17 ستمبر 1390–16 فروری 1391Restored to senior emperor, he ruled until his death in فروری 1391.80pxManuel II Palaiologos(Μανουὴλ Β' Παλαιολόγος)16 فروری 1391–21 جولائی 1425Second son of John V, he was born on 27 جون 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the جنگ انقرہ to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.80pxJohn VIII Palaiologos(Ἰωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος)21 جولائی 1425–31 اکتوبر 1448Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 دسمبر 1392. Raised to co-emperor c. 1416, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the Union of the Churches in 1439.80pxConstantine XI Palaiologos(Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Παλαιολόγος)6 جنوری 1449–29 May 1453The fourth son of Manuel II, he was born on 8 فروری 1405. As Despot of the Morea since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the Principality of Achaea and brought the Duchy of Athens under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under Turahan Bey. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new Ottoman sultan, محمد ثانی, on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed during the final Ottoman attack on 29 May 1453.

Palaiologan dynasty (claimants in exile)
PictureNameStatusBirthEmperor fromEmperor untilDeath Demetrios Palaiologos (Δημήτριος Παλαιολόγος)ولد Manuel II, brother of John VIII and Constantine XIc. 140714531460147080pxThomas Palaiologos (Θωμᾶς Παλαιολόγος)ولد Manuel II, brother of John VIII and Constantine XIc. 1409145312 May 146512 May 1465 Andreas Palaiologos (Ἀνδρέας Παλαιολόγος)ولد Thomasc. 145312 May 146515021502

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