Settler colonialism

Settler colonialism refer to when colonizers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with them own society.

Settler colonialism bu a form of outsider domination when an imperial authority organise and support.  Settler colonialism different from exploitation colonialism, when entail an economic policy of conquering territory to exploit the population as cheap or free labor and the natural resources as raw material. In this way, settler colonialism di lasts indefinitely, except for the rare event of complete evacuation or settlers decolonization.

Settler colonialism been di especially prominent for the colonial empires of the European powers between the 16th and 20th centuries. The settling of Boers for South Africa, British, French, Portuguese and Spanish expansion in the Americas as well as the settlement of the Canary Islands by Castile bu practical examples of settler colonialism.

Origins as a theory
During the 1960s, settlement and colonization been di as separate phenomena from colonialism. Settlement endeavors bu like wetin di take place for empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism bu like bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems when di associated with classical colonialism. Starting from the mid-1990s, them establish field of settler colonial studies distinct but connected to Indigenous studies. Although often credited with originating the field, Australian historian Patrick Wolfe been state that "I no invent Settler Colonial Studies. Natives done bu experts for the field for centuries". Additionally, Wolfe's work been di preceded by others when di influential in the field, such as Fayez Sayegh's Zionist Colonialism in Palestine and Settler Capitalism by Donald Denoon.

Definition and concept
Settler colonialism occur when foreign settlers arrive place where people done already di reside to permanently reside for there and start a new society. Intrinsically connected to this bu the displacement or elimination of existing residents and destruction of their society.

Some scholars describe the process as inherently genocidal, considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures, and no bu only their displacement (see genocide, "the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part").

Depending on the definition, it fit di enacted by a variety of means, including mass killing of the previous inhabitants, removal of the previous inhabitants, and/or cultural assimilation.

Settler colonialism di distinct from migration because immigrants aim to join an existing society, no bu to replace am.

 Examples 
Settler colonial studies often focus on former British colonies when di North America, Australia and New Zealand, when di close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism. However, settler colonialism no di linked to any specific culture and done di practiced by non-Europeans. The settler colonial paradigm done di applied to wide variety of conflicts around the world, including the Andaman Islands, Argentina, Australia, British Kenya, the Canary Islands, Fiji, French Algeria, Generalplan Ost, Hawaii, Hokkaido, Ireland, Israel/Palestine, Italian Libya and East Africa, Kashmir, Korea and Manchukuo, Latin America, Liberia, New Zealand, northern Afghanistan, North America, Posen and West Prussia and German South West Africa, Rhodesia, Sápmi,
 South Africa, South Vietnam, and Taiwan. 

 Africa 

 Canary Islands 

During the fifteenth century, the Kingdom of Castile sponsor expeditions by conquistadors to subjugate under Castilian rule the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, when di located off the coast of Morocco and bu the residence of the Indigenous Guanche people. Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of Lanzarote on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on Tenerife on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified Spanish crown, the archipelago di subject to a settler colonial process when involve systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, when Spanish settlers replace, in a process when foreshadow the Iberian colonisation of the Americas when follow shortly after. Also like in the Americas, Spanish colonialists for the Canaries quickly turn to the importation of slaves from mainland Africa as source of labour due to the decimation of the already small Guanche population by a combination of war, disease, and brutal forced labour. Historian Mohamed Adhikari done label the conquest of the Canary Islands as the first overseas European settler colonial genocide.

 Morocco 

 South Africa 
For 1652, the arrival of Europeans spark the beginning of settler colonialism for South Africa. Them set up the Dutch East India Company for the Cape, and import large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century. The Dutch East India Company establish a refreshment station for ships when di sail between Europe and the east. The initial plan by the Dutch East India Company officer Jan van Riebeeck bu to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continue to spread and settle further than as originally planned. Historic struggle to achieve the intended British sovereignty when them achieve for other parts of the Commonwealth come di. State sovereignty belong to the Union of South Africa (1910–61), followed by the Republic of South Africa (1961–1994) and finally the modern day Republic of South Africa (1994–Present day). 

In 1948, them introduce the policy of Apartheid for South Africa in order to segregate the native African population from Boer settlers and ensure the domination of the White populace over non-whites, politically, socially and economically. 

Americas 
For colonial America, colonial powers create economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporate Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and control them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol. With the emergence of an independent United States, desire for land and the perceived threat of permanent Indigenous political and spatial structures come lead to violent relocation of many Indigenous tribes to the American West, 
in wetin we come sabi as the Trail of Tears.Wolfe 2006 Frederick Jackson Turner, the father of the "frontier thesis" of American history, note in 1901: "Our colonial system nor start with Spanish War; the U.S. been get a colonial history from the beginning... when di hidden under the phraseology of 'interstate migration' and territorial organization'". While the United States government and local state governments directly aid this dispossession through the use of military forces, ultimately this come about through agitation by settler society in order to gain access to Indigenous land. Especially for the US South, them use such land acquisition build plantation society and expand the practice of slavery. Settler colonialism participate for the formation of US cultures and last for many years past the conquest, removal, or extermination of Indigenous people. The practice of writing the natives out of history perpetrate a forgetting of the full dimensions and significance of colonialism both for the national and local levels.

 Eurasia 

 China 

Near the end of their rule the Qing try to colonize Xinjiang, Tibet, and other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal them begin a policy of settler colonialism by which them resettle Han Chinese  for the frontier. 

 Palestine, Zionism and Israel 

When it write in the 1990s, the Australian historian Patrick Wolfe di credited with originating the field. Him theorize settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) when di premised on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population, thus differentiating am from classical colonialism. Wolfe argue say settler colonialism di centered on the control of land, it continue after the closing of the frontier, and continue to exist today, 

 Russia and the Soviet Union 

Some scholars describe Russia as a settler colonial state, particularly due to the expansion into Siberia and the Russian Far East, during which it displace and resettled Indigenous peoples, while practicing settler colonialism. The native people resist the annexation of Siberia and the Far East to Russia, while the Cossacks often commit atrocities against them. During the Cold War, them practice new forms of Indigenous repression.

This colonization continue even during the Soviet Union for the 20th century.  The Soviet policy also sometimes include the deportation of the native population, as in the case of the Crimean Tatars.

 Taiwan 

The ethnic makeup of Taiwan contemporary population bu largely the result of settler colonialism.

Australia

Europeans explore and settle for Australia by displacing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The Indigenous Australian population been di estimated at about 795,000 at the time of the European settlement.Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 15. The population decline steeply for 150 years following the settlement from 1788, due to casualties from infectious disease, the Australian frontier wars and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.Page, A. (2015, September). The Australian Settler State, Indigenous Agency, and the Indigenous Sector in the Twenty First Century. Australian Political Studies Association Conference.Page, A., & Petray, T. (2015). Agency and Structural Constraints: Indigenous Peoples and the Settler-State in North Queensland. Settler Colonial Studies, 5 (2).

 References 

 Further reading 



 Horne, Gerald. The Apocalypse of Settler Colonialism: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, and Capitalism in Seventeenth-Century North America and the Caribbean. Monthly Review Press, 2018. 243p. 
 Horne, Gerald. The Dawning of the Apocalypse: The Roots of Slavery, White Supremacy, Settler Colonialism, and Capitalism in the Long Sixteenth Century. Monthly Review Press, 2020. .

 Marx, Christoph (2017). Settler Colonies, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (pdf).
 Mikdashi, Maya (2013). What is settler colonialism? American Indian Culture and Research Journal 37.2: 23–34.
Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century (edited by Susan Pedersen and Caroline Elkins), Routledge, 2005.

 Wolfe, Patrick, 'Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race' (Verso 2016)
 Wolfe, Patrick (2006). Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native. Journal of Genocide Research 8.4 (2006): 387–409. DOI: 10.1080/14623520601056240

 External links 
 Articles on Settler Colonialism in Western American Literature


Category:Cultural geography
Colonialism