Kriole langwej

A kriole langwej, or simpli kriole, bi a staebul nachoral langwej wey develop from di proces of diferen langwejis wey simplifai and mix togeda into a niu fom (often, a pidjin), and then dat fom expand and elaboraet into a ful-fledj langwej wit netiv spikas, aul for a feli brif period of taim. While di koncept dey simila to dat of a mixd or haibrid langwej, krioles often dey karaktaraizd bai a tendensi to systemataiz dia inherited grama (e.g., by eliminatin iregularitis or regularaizin di konjugashon of odawaiz iregula vebs). Laik eni langwej, krioles dey karaktaraizd bai a konsistent system of grama, possess laj stabul vokabularis, and pikin-dem often dey akuaia am as their nativ langwej.Diz tri feachos distinguish a kriole langwej from a pidjin.McWhorter, J. H. (2005). Defining creole. Oxford University Press. 

Nobodi Sabi di presais nomba of kriole langwejis, patikulali as plenti of dem dey poorly attested or dokumented. Abaut a hundred kriole langwejis don apia since 1500. These predominantli dey bayzd on Europian langwejis laik English and French due to di Europian Aij of Diskovri and di Atlantik slayv traid wey kom up dat taim.Linguistics, ed. Anne E. Baker, Kees Hengeveld, p. 436 Wit improvments for ship-buildin and navigashon, traidas kom get need to len to komunikaet wit pipo araund di wold, and di quikes way to do so na to develop a pidjin; in turn, ful kriole langwejis develop from diz pidjins. In adishon to krioles wey get Europian langwejis as dia bayz, e get, for exampul, krioles wey dey bayzd on Arabik, Chainis, and Malay. 

Di lexikon of a kriole langwej dey lajli supplied bai di parent langwejis, patikulali dat of di mos dominant grup for di social kontext of di kriole konstrukshon. Haweva, e often get som kle fonetik and semantik shifts. For di oda hand, di grama wey ga evolve diaof often get niu or uniq feachos wey diferen substanshali from those of di parent langwejis.

 Ovaviu 
E bi a beliv say for a Kriole to fom, a pidjin, wey adults fom for yuz as a sekond langwej, ga bikom di nativ and praimari langwej of dia pikin-dem – a proces wey wi kom to sabi as netivaizashon.  Robert Hall wey bi Amerikan linguist stodi di pidjin-kriole laif cykul for di 1960s.

Plenti of di krioles wey wi sabi today fom for di last 500 years, as a risolt of di woldwide expanshon of Europian maritaim pawa and traid for di Aij of Diskovri, wey lead to extensiv Europian kolonial empaias. Som kriole don evun get di status of ofishal or semi-ofishal langwejis of patikula politikal teritoris.

History
Etymology
Di Naijá tem kriole kom from Ínglish "Kreole" wey kom from French, wey dey kognaet wit di Spanish tem kriollo and Portuguese krioulo, aul bi disendant from di veb kriar ('to breed' or 'to raiz'), aul kom from Latin  ('to prodius, kriaet').. 

Di tems kriollo and krioulo orijinali bi qualifaias in yuz thruaut di Spanish and Portuguese kolonis to distinguish di membas of di etnik grup wey dem bon and raiz lokali from those wey imigraet as adults. 

Geographic distribution
As a konsequens of kolonial Europian traid patans, mos of di Europian-bayzd kriole langwejis wey wi sabi today fom from koastal ereas for di equatorial belt araund di wold, inkludin for di Amerikas, westan Afrika, Goa along di wes of India, and along Sauteas Asia up to Indonesia, Singapore, Makau, Hong Kong, di Filippins, Malaysia, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles and Oceania.

Gradualist and developmental hypotheses
Mos kriole fit start as pidjins, rudimentri sekond langwejis wey pipo improvais for yuz between spikas of tuw or moh non-intelijibul nativ langwejis. Keith Whinnom sujes say pidjins need tri langwejis to fom, wit di fes (di supastraet) wey kleli dey dominant ova di odas. Di lexikon of a pidjin usuali dey smol and dey drawn from di vokabularis of e spikas, in varyin proportions. Mofolojikal details laik wod inflekshons, wey usuali dey tek years to len, usuali dey omited; di syntax dey veri simpul, usuali bayzd on strikt wod oda. For dis inishal stej, aul aspekts of di speech – syntax, lexikon, and pronaunciashon – tend to dey quait variabul, especiali wit regard to di spika orijin.

If di pikin-dem of a komuniti manaej to len the pidjin as a nativ langwej, e fit dey fixd and akquaia moh komplex grama, wit fixd fonoloji, syntax, mofoloji, and syntatik embedin. Pidjins fit bikom ful langwejis for onli a singul jenerashon. "Kriolaizashon" bi dis sekond stej whe di pidjin langwej develop into a fuli fomd nativ langwej. Di vokabulari, too, ga develop to kontain moh and moh items akodin to a rashonaal of lexikal enrichment.

Adishonal resosis

Also si
 Diglossia
 Language contact
 Lingua franca
 List of creole languages
 Nation language

Referens

Bibliografi


























































{{citation
|last1=Wittmann
|first1=Henri
|last2=Fournier
|first2=Robert
|year=1996
|chapter=Contraintes sur la relexification: les limites imposées dans un cadre théorique minimaliste
|title=Mélanges linguistiques
|editor-last=Fournier
|editor-first=Robert 
|place=Trois-Rivières
|publisher=Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières 
|series=Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 13
|chapter-url=http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1996e-chiar.pdf
|pages=245–280
}}

Further reading























 Wittmann, Henri (1999). "Prototype as a typological yardstick to creoleness." The Creolist Archives Papers On-Line, Stockholms Universitet.
 Wittmann, Henri (2001). "Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French." CreoList debate, parts I-VI, appendixes 1–9. The Linguist List'', Eastern Michigan University|Wayne State University

External links

 International Magazine Kreol
 Association of Portuguese and Spanish Lexically-based Creoles
 Language Varieties

 Creole definition  at the Online Dictionary of Language Terminology (ODLT)
 Louisiana Creole Dictionary 
 Society for Pidgin & Creole Linguistics 
 Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures (APiCS)

In French
 Groupe Européen de Recherches en Langues Créoles

 Associação Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares
 Society for Caribbean Linguistics


Category:Linguistics terminology