Daniel Jones (phonetician)

Daniel Jones (12 Septemba 1881 - 4 Disemba 1967) bụ onye ụda olu Britain gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Paul Passy, ​​prọfesọ nke phonetics na École des Hautes Études na Sorbonne (Mahadum Paris).  Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba nke ụda olu na University College London.

 Biography 
N'afọ 1900, Jones gụrụ akwụkwọ nkenke na William Tilly's Marburg Language Institute na Germany, bụ ebe e bu ụzọ webatara ya na ụda ụda.  N'afọ 1903, ọ natara akara ugo mmụta BA ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ na mahadum Cambridge, na n'aka nri ya MA na 1907. Site na 1905 ruo 1906, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Paris n'okpuru Paul Passy, ​​onye bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere International Phonetic Association, na 1911, ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne Passy Cyrille Motte.  O were obere oge nweta nkuzi nkeonwe site n'aka onye ụda olu Britain bụ Henry Sweet.

Na 1907, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi nwa oge na Mahadum Mahadum London wee họpụta ya n'ọkwa oge niile.  Na 1912, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba nke Phonetics na a họpụtara ya oche na 1921, a post ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1949. Site 1906 gaa n'ihu, Jones bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke International Phonetic Association, na bụ osote odeakwụkwọ si 1907 ruo 1927, odeakwụkwọ si 1927 ruo 1905 President site 1919 ruo 1906..

Na 1909, Jones dere nkenke Pronunciation of English, akwụkwọ o mechara degharịa nke ọma.  Ihe si na ya pụta, An Outline of English Phonetics, sochiri na 1918 ma bụrụ nkọwa nke mbụ n'ezie n'ụzọ zuru ezu nke British natara Pronunciation, na nke mbụ dị otú ahụ nkọwa nke ọkọlọtọ pronunciation nke ọ bụla asụsụ.

Afọ 1917 bụ ihe ịrịba ama nye Jones n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.  Ọ ghọrọ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ mbụ n'ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ nke jiri okwu phoneme mee ihe n'echiche ya ugbu a, na-eji okwu ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya "The phonetic structure of Sechuana Language" [1]  Jones emewo mgbalị a ma ama na mbụ n'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ịkpọ okwu [2] mana ọ bụ ugbu a ka o wepụtara mbipụta mbụ nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee ama ama ya, [3] ọrụ nke edegharịrị ka na-ebipụta.[4]  Ọ bụ ebe a ka eserese ụdaume kadinal pụtara nke mbụ.

Nsogbu nke nkọwa ụdaume nke ụdaume dị ogologo, na-alaghachi n'oge ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ India oge ochie.  Ndị ọkà mmụta ụda olu Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu rụrụ ọrụ na isiokwu a.  Alexander Melville Bell (1867) chepụtara mkpụrụedemede ụdaume nke gụnyere usoro sara mbara maka ụdaume.  Alexander John Ellis atụpụtawokwa akara ụdaume maka mkpụrụedemede ụdaume ya.  Sweet rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na nkọwa nhazi nke ụdaume, na-emepụta usoro nkọwapụta ụdaume sara mbara nke gụnyere ọtụtụ akara.  Otú ọ dị, Jones bụ onye a na-ekwukarị na ọ gara ụzọ dị ukwuu iji nweta ngwọta bara uru site na atụmatụ ya nke 'ụdaume kadinal', usoro ntinye ụdaume dị mfe bụ nke a na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na omenala Britain n'usoro.  Enwere ike ịchọta ọtụtụ n'ime mkpali maka atụmatụ a na mbipụta mbụ nke Passy.
In the original form of the cardinal vowels, Jones employed a dual-parameter system of description based on the supposed height of the tongue arch together with the shape of the lips. This he reduced to a simple quadrilateral diagram which could be used to help visualize how vowels are articulated. Tongue height (close vs. open) is represented on the vertical axis and front vs. back on the horizontal axis indicates the portion of the tongue raised on the horizontal axis. Lip-rounding is also built into the system, so that front vowels (such as [i, e, a]) have spread or neutral lip postures, but the back vowels (such as [o, u]) have more marked lip-rounding as vowel height increases. Jones thus arrived at a set of eight "primary Cardinal Vowels", and recorded these on gramophone disc for HMV in 1917.

Later modifications to his theory allowed for an additional set of eight "secondary Cardinal Vowels" with reverse lip shapes, permitting the representation of eight secondary cardinal vowels (front rounded and back unrounded). Eventually, Jones also devised symbols for central vowels and positioned these on the vowel diagram. He made two further disc recordings for Linguaphone in 1943 and 1956.

With the passing years, the accuracy of many of Jones's statements on vowels has come increasingly under question, and most linguists now consider that the vowel quadrilateral must be viewed as a way of representing auditory space in visual form, rather than the tightly defined articulatory scheme envisaged by Jones. Nevertheless, the International Phonetic Association still uses a version of Jones's model, and includes a Jones-type vowel diagram on its influential International Phonetic Alphabet leaflet contained in the "Handbook of the International Association".  Many phoneticians (especially those trained in the British school) resort to it constantly as a quick and convenient form of reference.

Although Jones is especially remembered for his work on the phonetics and phonology of English, he ranged far more widely. He produced phonetic/phonological treatments which were masterly for their time on the sound systems of Cantonese, Tswana (Sechuana as it was then known), Sinhalese, and Russian. He was the first phonetician to produce, in his "Sechuana Reader", a competent description of an African tone language, including the concept of downstep. Jones helped develop new alphabets for African languages, and suggested systems of romanisation for Indian languages and Japanese. He also busied himself with support for revised spelling for English through the Simplified Spelling Society.

Apart from his own vast array of published work, Jones acted as mentor to numerous scholars who later went on to become famous linguists in their own right. These included such names as Lilias Armstrong, Harold Palmer, Ida C. Ward, Hélène Coustenoble, Arthur Lloyd James, Dennis Fry, A. C. Gimson, Gordon Arnold, J.D. O'Connor, Clive Sansom, and many more. For several decades, his department at University College was pivotal in the development of phonetics and in making its findings known to the wider world. Beverley Collins and Inger M. Mees (1998) speculate that it is Jones, not as is often thought Sweet, who provided George Bernard Shaw with the basis for his fictional character Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion.

After retirement, Jones worked at his publications almost up to the end of his long life. He died at his home in Gerrards Cross in Buckinghamshire on 4 December 1967.

 Notes 
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 References 

 Asher, R. E. (1994), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press.
 Bell, A. Melville (1967), "Visible Speech", London: Simpkin Marshall; rpt in facsimile in B. Collins and I. Mees (2006), "Phonetics of English in the 19th Century", London: Routledge.
 Collins, B. and I. Mees (1998), The Real Professor Higgins: The Life and Career of Daniel Jones, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
 IPA (1999), "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association", Cambridge: CUP.
 Jones, D. (1909), "The Pronunciation of English", Cambridge: CUP; rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002).
 Jones, D. (1917a), "An English Pronouncing Dictionary", London: Dent, rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002). 17th edn, P. Roach, J. Hartman and J. Setter (eds), Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
 Jones, D. (1917b), The phonetic structure of the Sechuana language, Transactions of the Philological Society 1917–20, pp. 99–106; rpt in Jones (2002).
 Jones, D. (1918), "An Outline of English Phonetics", Leipzig: Teubner; rpt in Jones (2002).
 Jones, D. and Kwing Tong Woo (1912), "A Cantonese Phonetic Reader", London: University of London Press; rpt in Jones (2002).
 Jones, D. and S. Plaatje (1916), "A Sechuana Reader", London: ULP; rpt in Jones (2002).
 Jones, D. and H. S. Perera (1919), "A Colloquial Sinhalese Reader", Manchester: Manchester University Press; rpt in Jones (2002).
 Jones, D. and M. Trofimov (1923), "The Pronunciation of Russian", Cambridge: CUP; rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002).
 Jones, Daniel and Dahl, Ivar (1944). Castellano bonaerense, en Fundamentos de escritura fonética. London, University College, págs. 16–17.
 Jones, D. (2002), Daniel Jones: Selected Works, Vols. 1–8, ed. B. Collins and I.M. Mees, London: Routledge.
 Michaelis, H. and D. Jones (1913), "A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language", Hanover-Berlin: Carl Meyer and Gustav Prior; rpt in Jones (2002).

 External links 

 Ling Links, People, I-M, Section on Daniel Jones
 Parts of his book An Outline of English Phonetics
 "The Daniel Jones Legacy", J. Windsor Lewis
 "Anniversary of the Death of Daniel Jones", J. Windsor Lewis
 "Daniel Jones b 12th Sept 1881", J. Windsor Lewis (includes a recording of Jones speaking)