Timbuktu

Ing Timbuktu (;  ; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu), sadya mu namang misusulat a Timbuctoo ampong Timbuktoo, metung yang balen king bansa king Albugang Africa ning Mali a atyu king  pangulu ning Ilug Niger king mauling gilid ning Sahara Desert. Ing balen ing buntuk balen o kapitolyu ning Labwad Timbuktu, metung kareng walung labwad a administratibu ning Mali. Maki populasyun yang 54,453 anyang 2009 census.

Migumpisa ya antimong pana-panaun a tutuknangan ing Timbuktu, a meging permanenting balayan anyang mumuna nang dake ning  ka-12 a dilanwa. Kaybat dang minaliwa deng ruta ning kalakal (trading routes), misaplala ya ing uli ning negosyu king asin, gintu, garing (ivory) ampong alipan, at megi yang dake ning Imperyu ning Mali anyang mumuna nang dake ning ka-13 a dilanwa. Anyang mumuna nang dake ning ka-15 a dilanwa, telan de reng tribung Tuareg king saguling panaun, bayu ne ikwa ning daragul a Imperyu ning Songhay anyang 1468. Simbut ne ning ukbung Moroccan ing Songhay anyang 1591, at gewa neng balwarti ing Timbuktu, lipat ning Gao. Ginawa lang bayung uring makababo deng sinakup, deng arma, a kaybat ning 1612 meging timawa king Morocco. Nanupata, yari na ing ginintuan a panaun ning lakanbalen, at linub ya king malambat a panaun ning pamagbaba kabilyan. Dakal lang tribu deng menibala kaniti, anggang dinatang la reng Frances anyang 1893, at makanyan ing kabilyan anggang iti megi yang dake ning kasalukuyan a Republica ning Mali anyang 1960. King salukuyan, kalulu ya ing Timbuktu, magi yang desyertu. Panigobran dong samasan kabilyan deng makasalesayan a manuskritung makasinup pa murin king lakanbalen. Samantala, maragul yang dake nign panakitan ning lugal ing turismu. 

Anyang Ginintuan a Panaun, mika maulagang kalakal kareng libru uling kareng dakal a manigaral king Islam ampong maleparan a pamiugnayan king kalakal: kayabe kareng kampus ning Sankore Madrasah, metung a universidad a Muslim, mitikdo ya ing Timbuktu antimong sentru ning pamanigaral king Africa. Dakal la reng talasulat king kasalesayan, alimbawa i 
Shabeni ampo i Leo Africanus, a miglarawan king Timbuktu. Deti mengising lang pamangutang king Europa, nung nu minalis ing paglalawe da king lakanbalen maninat king lugal a misnang mabandi, king lugal a misteryosu. Ini ing paglalaweng mibabo king makabayung panaun, anya king kultura ning Albugan, ing lagyu na mengabaldugan yang lugal a masyadung malaut o aliwang dili.

Anyang 1 Abril 2012, metung a aldo kaybat ning pangakwa king Gao, asakup de king militar ning Mali ing Timbuktu deng rebelding Tuareg ning  MNLA ampong Ansar Dine. Five days later, the MNLA declared the region independent of Mali as the nation of Azawad.
E ne kikilalanan ning sanumang bangsa o ning komunidad a internasyunal ing bayung deklarang lugal kabilyan a pampulitika.Azawad: the latest African Border Dilemma, Walter G. Moseley, Al Jazeera, 18 April 2012

 Lon la murin 
 List of cities in Mali

Notes

Dalerayan
.
. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3.
.
. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2.
.
.
.
. Originally published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.

. Also available from Gallica.
. The anonymous 18th century Tadhkirat al-Nisyan  is a biographical dictionary of the pashas of Timbuktu from the Moroccan conquest up to 1750.
.
. First published in 1999 as ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. A facsimile of Pory's English translation of 1600 together with an introduction and notes by the editor. Internet Archive: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3
. Link requires subscription to Aluka.
. First published in 1981 by Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-22422-5.
.
.
.
. Also available from Rice University.
. Link requires subscription to Aluka.
.
. Link requires subscription to Aluka. Reissued by Anchor Books, New York in 1965.
.
.
.
.

Karagdagang babasan
. (Vol. 1 contains the Arabic text, Vol. 2 contains a translation into French). Internet Archive: Volume 1; Volume 2; Gallica: Volume 2.
.
. The anonymous 18th century Tadhkirat al-Nisyan  is a biographical dictionary of the pashas of Timbuktu from the Moroccan conquest up to 1750.
Jenkins, Mark, (June 1997) To Timbuktu, ISBN 978-0-688-11585-2 William Marrow & Co. Revealing travelogue along the Niger to Timbuktu
.
.
.
.
. Also available from Aluka but requires subscription.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Suglung palwal

Saharan Archaeological Research Association  - contains information on the archaeological projects targeting the Iron Age occupation of Timbuktu
Ancient West Africa's Megacities - contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation
Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library
Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa’s written history unveiled, The UNESCO Courier, 2007-5, pp. 7–9
Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people', The UNESCO Courier, October 1959


Category:Populated places in the Tombouctou Region
Category:Regional capitals in Mali
Category:Communes of Mali
Category:Communities on the Niger River
Category:History of Islam
Category:History of the Sahara
Category:World Heritage Sites in Mali
Category:Ancient cities
Category:Massina Empire
Category:Azawad