Bihar

Ing Bihar (Hindi:बिहार, Urdu: بہار , ) metung yang estadu king Aslagang India. Ing Bihar ing kalabing-aduang pekamaragul a estadu karas king lapad 38,202 sq mi (99,200 km²) ampong katlung pekamaragul karas king populasiun. Alus 85 porsientu da reng memalen ing manuknangan kareng bariu o king marangle. Alus 58 porsientu da reng Bihari ing mas anak pa king 25., a yang pekamatas king India. Makalibutad ya ing Bihar king malisangan (humid) a Albugang Bengal king aslagan ampo ing sub humid a Uttar Pradesh king albugan, at uli na niti atiu king pilatan karas king clima, economia ampong cultura. Padurutan ne ning bangsang Nepal king pangulu ampo ing Jharkhand king mauli. 

Mapipitna ya ing kapatagan a Bihar kareng aduang e panteng dake king ilug Ganga a mamagus king libutad manibat king albugan paras king aslagan. Ing dake nang pulu o kakeuan ning Bihar 6,764.14 km², a 7.1 porsientu  ning kayang leparan. Deng Hindi ampong Urdu ing opisial a amanu ning estadu, kabang metung kareng amanung Bihari (a sadia tuturing dang dialectu ning Hindi) - Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili o Angika - ing gagamitan da reng keraklan da reng tau. Ing Bihar kanitang minunang panaun, a ausan dang Magadha, metung yang sentru ning upaya, pamagaral ampong cultura king India kanitang minuna ampong clasicung panaun. King Bihar ya migmula ampong mitaniag ing mumunang nang mapiang imperiu ning India, ing imperiung Maurya, ampo ing pekamaulaga nang relihiun a pangkaratunan o pacifist, ing Budhismu.Mishra Pankaj, The broblem, Seminar 450 - February 1997 Pibuklud do reng imperiung Magadha, lalu na reng  Maurya among Gupta, deng mangaragul nang dake ning Mauling Asia lalam ning sentralisadung pamanibala  . Ing kayang tungku (capitoliu), ing Patna, a sadia rang ausang Patliputra, maulaga yang sentru ning sibilisasiung Indianu.

Ngening panaun a iti, tauli ya kareng aliwang estadu ning India king paniulung a pantau  ampong pang-economia, ,
ref>, samantalang deng lahing Bihari kareng aliwang estadu ning India, bictima lang crimen a bunga ning marok dang paglalawe kareng aliwang lahi (racist hate crimes), ampo ning tambing a pamanusga (prejudice)  and prejudice.
Sasabian da reng economista ampong sientistang pang-ketauan (social scientist) iti derechu yang resulta da reng ating kakabiran a patakaran ning sentral a kapamahalan anti ing patakaran ning pamagpante-pante ning bayad king carga (freight equalization policies) , ing kayang kealan masabal king Bihar 
, kakulangan ning "sub-nationalism" da reng Bihari (ania alang talapagsalita para king estadu), ampo ing Permanent Settlement na kanitang 1893 ning British East India Company. Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray, India Today, October 31, 2008 . Nanupata, maragul ing agawa ning salukuyang kapamahalan ning estadu king pamagpasalese ning palakad . Uli ning mesanting a palakad, melabung yang pasibayu ing economia king estadu kapamilatan ning karagdagang pamamuhunan king infrastuctura, mas masanting a pasilidad king pamaningat king kabulasan (health), mas masikan a pamagpaulaga king educaciun, ampong pamamawas king crimen ampong corupcion.
Indian ampong kalakal a pang-yatu, at king palage da reng manibala king economia, masanting ing pamikatagun ning Bihar ngeni para king paniulung a pang-economiang agiung itaglus (sustainable economic development), at uli na niti, migpalto lang interes a mamuhunan king estadu.
 Lon la murin deti 

 Dalerayan ampong footnotes 

 Karagdagang babasan 
 Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati) in Six volumes, Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
 Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983. 
 Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999.
 Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
 Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
 Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
 Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
 Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad. 
 Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna. 
 Das Arvind N., The republic of Bihar, Penguin Books, 1992, 
 Yadav Ramendra Kumar, Bihar: Myth And Reality, Hope India, 2004, ISBN 81-7871-039-0
 Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 1740-1772, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970
 Verma B S, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.)], Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962 
 Maitra A ,Magahi Culture, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983
 Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977
 Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811-1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple Jannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar, University of Texas Press, 1974, ISBN 0-292-76414-6, 9780292764149
 Omalley L S S, History Of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, ISBN 81-89224-01-8
 Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780-1917,  Pragati Publications, 1993, ISBN 81-7307-004-0
 Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988 
 Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923
 Crindle John W Mc, Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, ISBN 81-215-0945-9
 Patra C, Life In Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, ISBN 81-85094-93-4
 Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism In India As Described By The Chinese Pilgrims AD 399-689, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, ISBN 81-215-0132-6  
 Mccrindle John W, Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram Manoharlal 
 Sastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923 
 Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, ISBN 81-250-1979-0
 Waddell Austine L., Report On The Excavations At Pataliputra (Patna) - The Palibothra Of The Greeks,  Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903 
 Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992
 Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990
 Askari S. H., Medival Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990
 Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007
 Taylor P.J.O., "What really happened during the during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857-1859 in India", Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564182-5
 Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 - 600), Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
 Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, ISBN 0-330-43909-X
 Nambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-14-029449-1
 Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, ISBN 81-7100-289-7
 D'Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India'', Oxford University Press, 2006,

 Suglung palual 

Government websites
 Official website
 Profile at the Government of India website

Others
 Bihar Times
 Patna Daily 
 JaiBihar 
 Informations about Bihar State
 History of Bihar 
 Cool Bihari
 India's First Multimedia Museum at Nalanda 


Category:Bihar
Category:States and territories of India