Species

King biolohia, ing species metung ya kareng pekamaugalang unit ning 
pamitinduk-tinduk da reng mabibie (biological classification), at metung yang ranggung pang-taxonomy. Ing species metung yang grupu da reng organismu a maki kagiwan a magpalipi o magparakal (breed) at mika ának a maliari muring mika anak. Keraklan, makagiu ne ining pamagmasala (definition), dapot neng kai, gagamit la pang mas eksaktu o aliwang sukad para kaniti, anti ing pamilupa ra king DNA o king itsura o pamibalangkas. Nung ating kaurian (traits o characteristics) a mas partikular o makabage king metung a lugal, maliari ya pang pitnan ing species kareng subspecies.  

Neng kai, pareu la kareng species deng karaniwan a lagiu da reng tanaman o animal: alimbawa, deng leun, walrus o "tanaman a camphor" - magagamit ya king metung species ing balang metung kareng lagiung deti. Oneng dakal la mu naman deng karaniwang lagiu (common name) a e eksaktung makaparikil king metung a species. Alimbawa, ing "usa" magagamit ya king e magkulang king atlung pulu't apat (34) a species, kayabe no reng Eld's Deer, Red Deer ampong Wapiti (Elk). Aniang purmeru, tuturing dong metung mung species deng aduang tauling mebanggit; papakit na niti nung makananung maliaring maliwa ing angganan da reng species neng miraragdagan ing beluan a sientipiku.    

Makalalam ya (ampong bibilug) king metung a genus ing balang species. Ini ibat ya king paniwalang mas mikanlapit la pamikamaganak deng species a kayabe king metung a genus kesa karetang makabili kareng aliwang genus. Atin la ngang lagiung maki aduang dake o binomial name ing eganaganang species. Iti bibilugan ne ning  generic name ampo ning specific name (o specific epithet). Itang mumuna, yang peka-pilidu, at ing kadua, ya ing lagiu na mismu, nung wari king tau. Mupin, mumuna ya keti ing pilidu, at kadua ya itang sariling lagiu. Alimbawa, ing  Felis domesticus ing lagiu nang sientipiku o scientific name karaniwan a pusa.   

Maulaga ya king pamituldu ampong pamaniubuk kareng teoria king biolohia, ampo king pamaniukad king pamiyaliwa-liwa (diversity) ning bie ing metung a magamitan a kabaldugan ning katayang "species", ampo reng ayasahan a paralan para king pamangilala kareng species. Sadia, kailangan lang panigaralan deng dakal a alimbwa ning metung a species a makamunikala (proposed) ba lang makilala deng kaurian a pareu o lupa-lupa (unifying characters) bayu ya mituring a species iti. Keraklan, masákit mamie ranggung pang-taxonomia o taxonomic ranking deng species a mewala na, at balu ra namu kareng fossil. Nung alarawan da ne deng sientipiku at adinan lagiu ing metung a species, maliari neng ausan king kayang binomial name o lagiung maki aduang dake.   

Nanupata, anti ing sinabi nang Charles Darwin,  
I look at the term species as one arbitrarily given for the sake of convenience to a set of individuals closely resembling each other .... it does not essentially differ from the term variety, which is given to less distinct and more fluxtuating forms. The term variety, again in comparison with mere individual difference, is also applied arbitrarily, and for mere convenience sake (...lon me ing katayang species antimong metung a terminung kabud na mu megamit king metung a grupu da reng mabibieng maragul pamilupa king metung at metung .... e malaut king katayang ‘’variety’’, a magagamit kareng uring e masiadung makabukud at mas maragul pamialiwa. Pasibayu, itang katayang ‘’variety’’, nung pakiyanti ya king pamilupa ning balang metung a indibidual, kabud da ne mu gagamitan, uli mung masaguli o kumbinienti).Charles Darwin 1988 (1859) On the Origin of Species in The Works of Charles Darwin edited by Paul H. Barrett and R. B. Freeman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press vol. 15 page 39 

Uli ning pamagkasákit da king pamagmasala o depinisiun king kabaldugan ampong pamamilang king bilang da reng miyayaliwang species, tatantian dang maki atiu king pilatan ning adua (2) ampong dinalan (100) a miliung ing bilang da reng species. 

 Lon la murin deti 
 w:Species problem
 w:Systematics
 w:Cryptic species complex
 w:Ring species
 Cline
 w:Encyclopedia of Life
 w:Genetic pollution
 w:Genetic erosion
 w:Endangered species

 Suglung palual 

 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Speciation.html 
 2003-12-31, ScienceDaily: Working On The 'Porsche Of Its Time': New Model For Species Determination Offered Quote: "...two species of dinosaur that are members of the same genera varied from each other by just 2.2%. Translation of the percentage into an actual number results in an average of just three skeletal differences out of the total 338 bones in the body. Amazingly, 58% of these differences occurred in the skull alone. "This is a lot less variation than I'd expected", said Novak..."
 2003-08-08, ScienceDaily: Cross-species Mating May Be Evolutionarily Important And Lead To Rapid Change, Say Indiana University Researchers Quote: "...the sudden mixing of closely related species may occasionally provide the energy to impel rapid evolutionary change..."
 2004-01-09 ScienceDaily: Mayo Researchers Observe Genetic Fusion Of Human, Animal Cells; May Help Explain Origin Of AIDS Quote: "...The researchers have discovered conditions in which pig cells and human cells can fuse together in the body to yield hybrid cells that contain genetic material from both species... "What we found was completely unexpected", says Jeffrey Platt, M.D."
 2000-09-18, ScienceDaily: Scientists Unravel Ancient Evolutionary History Of Photosynthesis Quote: "...gene-swapping was common among ancient bacteria early in evolution..."
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
 Barcoding of species 
 A cladogram showing the Tree of Life 
 26 definitions of "species" 
 European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French 
 Catalogue of Life
 VisualTaxa 
 Species Database 
 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA2OtherSpeciesConcept.shtml
 "Gone", Mother Jones, May/June 2007.

 Notes and references 

Category:Biologia