Calculator

Ing calculator metung yang kasangkapan a gagamitan para king pamanguenta o pamangarculang pang-matematica. Aliwa ya king computer uling limitadu ing kagiwan nang maglutas o munie solucion king problema. Maliari lang hardware (kasangkapan) o software (computer program) deng calculator, at maliari lang mechanical (maquinang gawa kareng kikimut a parti o dake) o electronic, at maralas, makapalub na la o kayabe kareng gamit antimo deng PDA o cellphone.

Deng makabayung electronic calculator keraklan malati la, digital, (keraklan mipagiu la king bulsa) at keraklan mura. Bukud kareng calculator a pangkabilugan a gamit (general purpose calculators), ating para kareng particular a gagamit, alimbawa deng scientific calculator, a maki operation a mas complicadu kesa king kabud mu arithmetic o simpling pamanguenta, alimbawa deng pamangarculang trigonometric and statistical. Atin ping calculator a agiu rang gawang computer algebra. Deng graphing calculator, maliari lang gamitan bang mag-graph kareng function a makatuldu king real line, o mas matas dimension a Euclidean space. Nanupata, atin la pang aliwang silbi. Mas apidala-dala mu la deng calculator cumpara kareng computer, dapot deng PDA alus kasindagul do reng handheld calculator o calculator a tatalnan king gamat.  

 Lon la murin 

General interest
 :Category:Calculators
 :Category:Programmable calculators
 History of computing hardware
 Beghilos
 Formula calculator

Mechanical calculators
 Abacus
 Napier's bones
 Comptometer
 Mercedes (calculator)
 Adding machine
 Addiator

 Curta
 Slide rule
 Difference Engine
 Volvelle

Electronic calculators
 Sumlock ANITA calculator
 Machinist calculator
 Scientific calculator
 Programmable calculators
 Texas Instruments calculators
 HP calculators

 Notes 

 Dalerayan 


  Reprinted by Arno Press, 1972 ISBN 0-405-04730-4.

 Karagdagang babasan 
  – Complex computer – G. R. Stibitz, Bell Laboratories, 1954 (filed 1941, refiled 1944), electromechanical (relay) device that could calculate complex numbers, record, and print results by teletype
  – Miniature electronic calculator – J. S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, 1974 (originally filed 1967), handheld (3 lb, 1.4 kg) battery operated electronic device with thermal printer
 The Japanese Patent Office granted a patent in June 1978 to Texas Instruments (TI) based on US patent 3819921, notwithstanding objections from 12 Japanese calculator manufacturers. This gave TI the right to claim royalties retroactively to the original publication of the Japanese patent application in August 1974. A TI spokesman said that it would actively seek what was due, either in cash or technology cross-licensing agreements. Nineteen other countries, including the United Kingdom, had already granted a similar patent to Texas Instruments. – New Scientist, 17 August 1978 p455, and Practical Electronics (British publication), October 1978 p1094.
  – Floating Point Calculator With RAM Shift Register - 1977 (originally filed GB March 1971, US July 1971), very early single chip calculator claim.
  – Extended Numerical Keyboard with Structured Data-Entry Capability – J. H. Redin, 1997 (originally filed 1996), Usage of Verbal Numerals as a way to enter a number.
 European Patent Office Database - Many patents about mechanical calculators are in classifications G06C15/04, G06C15/06, G06G3/02, G06G3/04

 Suglung palual 

 Programmable calculators Specifications and description of many (programmable) calculators
 On TI's US Patent No. 3819921 – From TI's own website
 30th Anniversary of the Calculator – From Sharp's web presentation of its history; including a picture of the CS-10A desktop calculator
 The Old Calculator Web Museum - Documents the technology of desktop calculators, mainly early electronics
 History of Mechanical Calculators
 Vintage Calculators Web Museum - Shows the development from mechanical calculators to pocket electronic calculators
 The Museum of HP calculators  (slide rules/mech. section )
 Soviet Calculators Collection  - A big collection of Soviet made calculators
 MyCalcDB - Database for 1970s and 1980s calculators
 Microprocessor and single chip calculator history; foundations in Glenrothes, Scotland 
 HP-35  - A thorough analysis of the HP-35 firmware including the Cordic algorithms and the bugs in the early ROM
 Bell Punch Company and the development of the Anita calculator - The story of the first electronic desktop calculator
 Busicom LE-120A "HANDY" electronic calculator  
 Handheld mechanical calculator photos and manuals
 JavaScript Calculator Widget - Example of an online calculator widget developed using Web standards (XHTML, CSS, and JavaScript)

*Calculator
Category:Mathematical tools
Category:Office equipment
Category:1938 introductions