Pale

Ing Pale  rice keng English, adua yang species king Poaceae ("tutung dikut") a familia, Oryza sativa at Oryza glaberrima.  Dening tanaman katutubu la keng tropical at subtropical 
king mauli at maulingaslagang Asia at king Africa. Ing pale mamye yang maiggit ikalimang dake ning caloring a apapangan ning tau king kayang pamamamgan.Smith, Bruce D. The Emergence of Agriculture.  Scientific American Library, A Division of HPHLP, New York, 1998. (Ing katayang "pale lampung" daleraya ya kareng lampung nang species ning Oryza, dapot daleraya ya kareng species ning mikiugnayan a genus Zizania, karing aduang lampung ampong sese.) Ing pale monocarpic banu-banuang tanaman, dragul mga 1–1.8 m a katas, agpang keng klasi at ning gabun a kataba. Ing dikut at yang makabang, payat a bulung  50–100 cm kaba at 2–2.5 cm lapad. Ing malating wind-pollinated bulaklak magagawa la king malaarkung pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm a kaba. Ing butul metung yang butil (caryopsis) 5–12 mm kaba at 2–3 mm kapal.

 Meto Yatung Papalual at Kalakal 
Deng pekatamas  a Apaplual a Pale - 2005(milyun metric tonelada)   185   129   54   40   36   27   25  18   15   13  11World Total  700Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)  

 Lawen ya rin 


 basmati rice
 beaten rice
 bhutanese red rice
 black rice
 brown rice syrup
 brown rice
 forbidden rice
 hemudu culture
 inari
 indonesian rice table
 list of rice dishes
 list of rice varieties
 jasmine rice
 new rice for africa
 patna rice
 protein per unit area
 puffed rice
 red rice
 rice belt
 rice bran oil
 rice milk
 rice wine
 riceland foods
 system of rice intensification
 wild rice
 white rice

 Dalerayan 
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 Crawford, G.W. and C. Shen. 1998. The Origins of Rice Agriculture: Recent Progress in East Asia. Antiquity 72:858-866.
 Crawford, G.W. and G.-A. Lee. 2003. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87-95.
 Douangboupha, B., K. Khamphoukeo, S. Inthavong, J. Schiller, and G. Jahn. 2006.  Pests and diseases of the rice production systems of Laos. Pp. 265-281.  In J.M. Schiller, M.B. Chanphengxay, B. Linquist, and S. Appa Rao, editors. Rice in Laos. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 457 p. ISBN 978-971-22-0211-7.
 Heong, KL, YH Chen, DE Johnson, GC Jahn, M Hossain, RS Hamilton. 2005.  Debate Over a GM Rice Trial in China.  Letters. Science, Vol 310, Issue 5746, 231-233 , 14 October 2005.
 Huang, J.,  Ruifa Hu, Scott Rozelle, Carl Pray.  2005.  Insect-Resistant GM Rice in Farmers' Fields: Assessing Productivity and Health Effects in China.  Science (29 April 2005) Vol. 308. no. 5722, pp. 688 – 690.  DOI: 10.1126/science.1108972
 Jahn, G. C. 1992.  Rice pest control and effects on predators in Thailand.  Insecticide & Acaricide Tests 17:252-253.
 Jahn, GC and B. Khiev. 2004. Gall midge in Cambodian lowland rice. pp. 71-76.  In J. Benett, JS Bentur, IC Pasula, K. Krishnaiah, [eds]. New approaches to gall midge resistance in rice. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 195 p.
 Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, B. Khiev and C. Pol 2000. Ecological characterization of biotic constraints to rice in Cambodia. International Rice Research Notes (IRRN) 25 (3): 23-24.
 Jahn, GC, B. Khiev, C. Pol, N. Chhorn, S. Pheng, and V. Preap. 2001. Developing sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia. pp. 243-258, In  S. Suthipradit, C. Kuntha, S. Lorlowhakarn, and J. Rakngan [eds.] “Sustainable Agriculture: Possibility and Direction” Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Sustainable Agriculture 18-20 October 1999, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Bangkok (Thailand): National Science and Technology Development Agency. 386 p.
 Jahn, GC, NQ Kamal, S Rokeya, AK Azad, NI Dulu, JB Orsini, A Barrion, and L Almazan. 2004a.  Completion Report on Livelihood Improvement Through Ecology (LITE), PETRRA IPM Subproject SP 27 02. Poverty Elimination Through Rice Research Assistance (PETRRA), IRRI, Dhaka. 20 pages text plus 20 pages appendices.   
 Jahn, GC, I. Domingo, L. P. Almazan and J. Pacia. 2004b. Effect of rice bugs (Alydidae: Leptocorisa oratorius (Fabricius)) on rice yield, grain quality, and seed viability.  Journal of Economic Entomology 97(6): 1923-1927.
 Jahn, GC, LP Almazan, and J Pacia. 2005. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the intrinsic  rate of increase of the rusty plum aphid, Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environmental Entomology 34 (4): 938-943.
 Jahn, GC, JA Litsinger, Y Chen and A Barrion.  2007.  Integrated Pest Management of Rice: Ecological Concepts.  In Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management  (eds. O. Koul and G.W. Cuperus). CAB International Pp. 315-366.
 Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, C. Pol, B. Khiev 2000. Characterizing biotic constraints to production of Cambodian rainfed lowland rice: limitations to statistical techniques. pp. 247-268 In  T. P. Tuong, S. P. Kam, L. Wade, S. Pandey, B. A. M. Bouman, B. Hardy [eds.] “Characterizing and Understanding Rainfed Environments.” Proceedings of the International Workshop on Characterizing and Understanding Rainfed Environments, 5-9 Dec. 1999, Bali, Indonesia. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 488 p. 
 Jahn, G. C., S. Pheng, B. Khiev, and C. Pol.  1997.  Pest management practices of lowland rice farmers in Cambodia.  In K. L. Heong and M. M. Escalada  [editors] "Pest Management Practices of Rice Farmers in Asia." Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 35-52. ISBN 971-22-0102-3
 Jahn, G. C., B. Khiev, S. Pheng, and C. Pol. 1997.  Pest management in rice.  In H. J. Nesbitt [ed.] "Rice Production in Cambodia." Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 83-91.
 Khiev, B., G. C. Jahn, C. Pol, and N. Chhorn 2000. Effects of simulated pest damage on rice yields.  IRRN 25 (3): 27-28.
 Leung LKP, Peter G. Cox, Gary C. Jahn and Robert Nugent. 2002.  Evaluating rodent management with Cambodian rice farmers. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 5, pp. 21-26.
 Pheng, S., B. Khiev, C. Pol and G. C. Jahn 2001. Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) P. Beauv. International Rice Research Institute Notes (IRRN) 26 (2): 36-37. 
 Preap V.,  M. P. Zalucki and G. C. Jahn.  2006.  Brown planthopper outbreaks and management.  Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 7(1): 17-25.
 Preap, V, GC Jahn, K Hin, N Siheng. 2005. Fish and rice management system to enable agricultural diversification.  Paper presented at the 5th Asia-Pacific Congress of Entomology, 18-21 Oct. 2005, Jeju, Korea. 
 Rice Research in South Asia through Ages by Y L Nene, Asian Agri-History Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005 (85–106)  
 Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition Oxford: University Press, 2000.
 Zhao, Z. 1998. The Middle Yangtze Region in China is the Place Where Rice was Domesticated: Phytolithic Evidence from the Diaotonghuan Cave, Northern Jiangxi. Antiquity 72:885-897.

 Suglung Palwal 

 Rice genome 
 n:Chinese authorities question genetically altered rice allegation
 Oryza sativa The rice genome, a "Rosetta stone" for other cereals
 Rice Genome Research Program
 Rice Genome Approaches Completion
 The Genomes of Oryza sativa: A History of Duplications
 Biologists Trace Back Genetic Origins Of Rice Domestication
 Waterproof rice can outlast the floods - Researchers have tracked down a gene that allows the plant to survive complete submersion

Category:Staple foods
Category:Cereals
Category:Butil
Category:Deng Dikut
Category:Model organisms

Category:Tropical agriculture
Category:Tamil words and phrases