Amphibian

Deng amphibian (class Amphibia) metung lang 
taxon (grupu king klasipikasyun) da reng animal nung nu la kayabe reng 
eganaganang tetrapod (vertebrate a maki apat a bitis) a alang ebun a 
amniotic. Keraklan, ating panaun a king gabun la manuknangan, oneng e 
la kumabyeng laganas king gabun anti kareng aliwang makabayung tetrapod (deng 
amniote). Manga lima lang libu pitung dalan (5,700) deng mabyeng species 
da reng amphibian.  Herpetology ing aus da king pamagaral kareng amphibian 
ampong reptile. Herpetophobia naman ing aus ketang takut kareng amphibian 
ampong reptile.

 Ing kasalesayan da reng amphibian 
Linto la reng amphibian a maki kauryan anti reng pharyngeal slit/gills, 
nerve cord king gulut, notochord, ampong king gulut ning buldit (post-anal tail) 
kareng myayaliwang panaun king karelang bye. Mabibye na la manibat pa kanitang 
lalto la pamu deng tetrapod atlung dalan syam a pulung (390) milyun nang banwa 
ing milabas, kanitang panaun a Devonian, nung kapilan ila ing minunang 
animal a apat bitis a mika baga. Anyang tutuking panaun, ing Carboniferous, 
mika kagiwan lang lumakad king gabun ba rang lisyan ing kumpitensya king danum 
ampo reng darakap, kabang maglakbe la manibat king pilatan da reng danuman. 
Menatili lang dominanting animal anting metung a grupu kilub ning pitumpulu’t 
limang (75) milyung banwa. King kabilugan ning karelang kasalesayan, maragul ing 
pamiyaliwa ning karelang degulan, manibat ketang Ichthyostega kanitang 
Devonian a atlung pie kaba ampo itang maragul bagyang Eryops kanitang 
Permian, a limang pie kaba, angga kareng pekamalati, itang misnang latiktik a 
Brachycephalus didactylus o (Brazilian Gold Frog) ampo ing 
Eleutherodactylus iberia ibat Cuba, a maki pangkabilugang kabang  
9.6 anggang 9.8 a millimeter.       

 Solomon Berg Martin, Biology
 Duellman/Trueb, Biology of Amphibians

 Pamag-grupu (Classification) 
Sadya-sadya, yabe la kareng amphibian deng eganaganang tetrapod (animal a apat a 
bitis) a e amniote (maki telasuput lang mitmung likidu deng karelang embryo).  
Keta lang mas malating grupu kayabe deng amphibian ngening panaun tamu, a yawsan 
dang Lissamphibia. Deta namung kayabe keting Lissamphibia ilang tuturing 
dang Amphibia ngeni.  Ing buri nang sabyan, e no kayabe deng tetrapod a e mas 
malapit kareng modernung amphibian kesa kareng modernung reptile, ayup ampng 
mammal.     

There are two ancient, extinct, subclasses:
Adwa la reng subclass a ala na ngeni at mebye kanitang minunang panaun.

 Subclass Labyrinthodontia (paraphyletic)
 Subclass Lepospondyli

Itang mitatagan a modernung subclass, ing Lissamphibia, atlu ya [[Order 
(biologia)|order]]:

 Order Anura (tugak ampong karag) (king Superorder Salientia): 
5,228 a species
 Order Caudata o Urodela (salamander): 552 a species
 Order Gymnophiona o Apoda (caecilians): 171 a species

E la mikasundu deng siyentipiku nung Superorder ya ing Salientia nung nu ya 
kayabe ing Anura, o nung sub-order ne ning order Salientia ing Anura. Ing 
malilyari, deng kayanib king Salientia, ila ring Anura ampo ing metung a species 
a proto-frog (pipumpunan da reng tugak) kanitang panaun a Triassic, ing 
Triadobatrachus massinoti.  Balamu mas praktikal yang tukyan ngeni itang 
mumunang pamag-grupu.

 Ing pamiparakal 
Karas king pamiparakal, o la midadayu king danum a tabang deng keraklan kareng 
amphibian. Lipat ning ating mapilan a mabibye king danum a brackish (malat-
alat), alang taganang amphibian a mabibye king danum a malat.  Nanupata, ating 
pilang dalan a species da reng tugak kareng adaptive radiation (alimbawa, deng  
Eleutherodactylus, Pacific Platymantines, Australo-Papuan microhylids, at dakal 
pang aliwang tugak kareng lugal a tropical) a e bitasang gagamit danum para 
kaniti. Darakal la kapamilatan ning tambing o diretsung pamanalkus (direct 
development), metung a pamakibage king paligid ampo king ebolusyon nung nu la 
mitimawa o milibri king danum a e mamagus. Mabibye la kareng tropical rainforest 
a mabasa deng keraklan kareng species a reti, at potang miyapsa la reng ebun da, 
tambing da nong kalupa da reng mangaragul a tugak, at e no maging butiti. Ating 
muring mapilan a species a mekibage na kareng kapaligiran a malangi o malangi-
langi, dapot mangaylangan la pa muring danum a pipangebunan. Mangisnawa la reng 
butiti kapamilatan da reng asang.  Kayapsa ra, bagya-bagya lang manaliwa deti 
anggang akalupa do reng mangatwa, metung a prosesung awsan dang [[metamorphosis 
(biologia)|metamorphosis]]. Keraklan, mamako no reti potang dagul la, dapot dakal a e tutuki 
king paralan a iti.    

Itang pamanalto da reng apat a bitis bang mitikdo king gabun ing kapansin-pansin 
diling dake ning metamorphosis da reng amphibian.  Nanupata, atin pang aliwang 
manaliwa kareti: 
 Miyayalilan lang aliwang organu ning pamangisnawa deng asang, alimbawa 
bagas.
 Manaliwa ya ing balat at mikaka :en:gland ya iti ba yang e lalangi
 Mikaka talukab la reng mata at babage la king kilwal ning danum
 Mikaka :en:eardrum ba yang misara ing libutad ning balugbug
 Mawawala ya ing iki kareng tugak ampong karag (toad).

 Lon la murin deti 
 Ing pangagisan da reng populasyun da reng tugak
 Ing zoologia da reng tugak
 Deng amphibian kanitang minuna
 Deng tetrapod

 Deng pikwanan king lwal 

 [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/ American Museum of Natural History: 
Department of herpetology]
 The Global Amphibian Assessment 
 AmphibiaWeb
 Amphibian

Category:Chordates
Category:Amphibians