Dayat Atlantic

Say Atlantiko et komaduan sankabalgan ya dayat, ya manga sakey a kakapat na kabaleg na dalin. Say ngaran na dayat, a nanlapud Griegon mitolohiya, et mankabaliksan na "Dagat na Atlas". Say sankadaanan ya abitlan impangisalaysay ed sayan ngaran et walad The Histories nen Herodotus nen manga 450 B.C. (I 202).

Sayan dayat et walaan na andukey, S-shaped a bassin ya ontutuloy ed bandad amianen-abagatan tan naapag ed North Atlantic tan South Atlantic panamegley na Equatorial Counter Currents diad manga 8° North latitude. Say Atlantiko et mikonektaan ed Pasipiko panamegley na Dayat Arktiko diad amianen tan say Drake Passage diad abalaten. Say Panama Canal so ginawa na too a koneksion na Atlantiko tan Pasipiko. Diad bukig, say linean a mangibiig ed Atlantiko tan dayat Indyano et say 20° East meridian, a manlalapud abalaten manlapud Cape Agulhas anggad Antarctica. Say Atlantiko so nisian ed Artiko na sakey a linya manlapud Greenland ya anggad amianen a sagur na Islandia insan manlapud amianen-bukig na Islandia ya anggad abalaten a sampot na Spitsbergen insan anggad North Cape diad amianen a Norway.Limits of Oceans and Seas.  International Hydrographic Organization Special Publication No. 23, 1953.

Diad kabaleg to, say Dayat Atlantiko et komadua labat ed Pasipiko. Kaibay asinggeran a dayat to, say sukat to et manga 106,400,000 kilometro kwadrado; no anggapo iratan, say sukat to et 82,400,000 kilometro kwadrado. Say dalin ya onagos ed Atlantiko et apatiran beses a mas baleg nen say Pasipiko odino Indian Ocean. Say kabaleg na Dayat Atlantiko tan saray asingger a dayat et 354,700,000 kilometro kubiko (85,100,000 mi) tan 323,600,000 kilometro kubiko (77,640,000 mi).

Say average a kaaralem na Atlantiko, a pati saray asingger a dayat, et 3,338 metro (10,932 ft); no anggapo iratan et 3,926 metro (12,881 ft). Say sankaaraleman a kaaralem, 8,605 metro (28,232 ft), et diad Puerto Rico Trench. Say kabaleg na Atlantiko et manlalapud 2,848 kilometro (1,770 mi) ed baetan na Brazil tan Liberia anggad manga 4,830 kilometro (3,000 mi) ed baetan na Estados Unidos tan amianen ya Aprika.

 Saray Karakteristika na Danum 

Diad average, say Atlantiko so sankasalin dayat ed saray manunan dayat ed mundo; say salinidad na danum ed paway na dayat et manlalapud 33 anggad 37 a parte ed kada sanlibon masa tan nandumaan unong ed latitude tan panaon. Saray balor na salinidad ed tapew na dalin et naiimpluensyaan na panag-ebolusyon, uran, isusublay na ilog, tan itetelek na yelo ed dayat. Anggaman saray sankaabebaan a balor na asin et walad bandad norte na equator (lapud maples ya uran), diad inkalapagan et saray sankamelagan a balor et walad atagey iran latitude tan diad gilig na baybay a ditan et onagos iray baleg a ilog ed dayat. Say sankatageyan ya salinidad et nagagawa ed manga 25° ed norte tan abalaten na equator, diad subtropikal iran rehiyon ya melag so uran tan atagey so ipapaway.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from less than −2 °Celsius to 29 °C (28 °F to 84 °F).  Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7 °C to 8 °C (44 °F to 46 °F).

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters constitute the surface waters. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). The North Atlantic deep water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (13,200 ft). The Antarctic bottom water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres (13,200 ft).

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate a large elongated body of water known as the Sargasso Sea, in which the salinity is noticeably higher than average.  The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for the European eel.

Because of the Coriolis effect, water in the North Atlantic circulates in a clockwise direction, whereas water circulation in the South Atlantic is counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. The tides are a general wave that moves from south to north. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

 Climate 

The climate of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent land areas is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as the winds blowing across the waters. Because of the ocean's great capacity for retaining heat, maritime climates are moderate and free of extreme seasonal variations. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from the water temperatures. The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest climatic zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in the high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents contribute to climatic control by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. Adjacent land areas are affected by the winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents. The Gulf Stream, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and northwestern Europe, and the cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of northeastern Canada (the Grand Banks area) and the northwestern coast of Africa. In general, winds tend to transport moisture and warm or cool air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean.

 History 
The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the world's oceans, after the Southern Ocean. Evidence indicates that it did not exist prior to 180 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral supercontinent, Pangaea, were being rafted apart by the process of seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements were established along its shores. The Vikings, Portuguese, and Christopher Columbus were the most famous among its early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Numerous scientific explorations have been undertaken, including those by the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont Geological Observatory, and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.

Some important events in relation to the Atlantic:
 In 1858, the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by Cyrus Field.
 On April 14th 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with loss of 1,593 people.
 In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first airplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands along the way).
 Later in 1919, a British airplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
 In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
 In 1922, the Portuguese were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
 The first transatlantic telephone call was made on January 7, 1927.
 In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an airplane (between New York City and Paris). 
 In 1998, Ben Lecomte was the first person to swim across the Atlantic Ocean, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
 After rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), on December 3, 1999, Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

 Economy 
The ocean has also contributed significantly to the development and economy of the countries around it. Besides its major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves and the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major species of fish caught are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel. The most productive areas include the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the shelf area off Nova Scotia, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales have also been taken in great quantities. All these factors, taken together, tremendously enhance the Atlantic's great commercial value. Because of the threats to the ocean environment presented by oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea, various international treaties exist to reduce some forms of pollution.

 Current environmental issues 
Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing is killing dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes. There is municipal sludge pollution off the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off of the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.

 Major ports and harbours 

 North America 
 United States 
 Baltimore, Maryland 
 Boston, Massachusetts 
 Port Canaveral, Florida
 Charleston, South Carolina
 Corpus Christi, Texas
 Port Everglades
 Houston, Texas
 Jacksonville, Florida
 Port of Miami-Dade
 Morehead City, North Carolina
 Nantucket, Massachusetts 
 New Haven, Connecticut
 New London, Connecticut
 New Orleans, Louisiana
 New York, New York 
 Newport News, Virginia 
 Norfolk, Virginia 
 Port of Palm Beach
 Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
 Portland, Maine 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire 
 Providence, Rhode Island 
 Savannah, Georgia 
 Tampa, Florida
 Wilmington, North Carolina

 Canada 

 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
 Digby, Nova Scotia
 Halifax Nova Scotia
 Liverpool, Nova Scotia 
 Pictou, Nova Scotia
 Hantsport, Nova Scotia
 Saint John, New Brunswick
 Shelburne, Nova Scotia
 Sept-Îles, Quebec
 St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador 
 Sydney, Nova Scotia
 Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

 Other North American locales 
 Puerto Cortés, Honduras
 Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles

 Europe 
 Aberdeen, United Kingdom
 A Coruña, Spain 
 Ålesund, Norway
 Amsterdam, Netherlands 
 Antwerp, Belgium 
 Avilés, Spain
 Belfast, United Kingdom 
 Bergen, Norway 
 Bilbao, Spain 
 Bodø, Norway 
 Bordeaux, France 
 Bremen, Germany 
 Brest, France 
 Bristol, United Kingdom
 Cadiz, Spain 
 Cherbourg-Octeville, France 
 Cork, Republic of Ireland 
 Dublin Port, Republic of Ireland 
 Dunkirk, France 
 Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 Esbjerg, Denmark
 Funchal, Portugal
 Galway, Republic of Ireland
 Gijón, Spain
 Glasgow, United Kingdom 
 Gothenburg, Sweden
 Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
 Hamburg, Germany 
 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands 
 Le Havre, France 
 Lisbon, Portugal
 Liverpool, United Kingdom 
 London, United Kingdom 
 Milford Haven, United Kingdom
 Nantes, France 
 Narvik, Norway
 Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
 Newport, United Kingdom
 Normandy, France 
 Oslo, Norway 
 Ostend, Belgium 
 Penzance, United Kingdom
 Peterhead, United Kingdom
 Porto, Portugal 
 Portsmouth, United Kingdom 
 Reykjavík, Iceland 
 Rotterdam, Netherlands 
 Saint-Nazaire, France
 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands 
 Santander, Spain 
 Seville, Spain 
 Sines, Portugal
 Southampton, United Kingdom
 Stavanger, Norway 
 Swansea, United Kingdom 
 Tromsø, Norway 
 Trondheim, Norway 
 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
 Vigo, Spain 

 South America 
 QuequenArgentina
 Bahia Blanca, Argentina
 Mar del Plata, Argentina
 Cayenne, French Guiana
 Punta Arenas, Chile
 Puerto Williams, Chile
 Georgetown, Guyana 
 Iquitos, Peru (via the Amazon)
 Pucallpa, Peru (via the Amazon)
 Yurimaguas, Peru (via the Amazon)
 Paramaribo, Suriname

 Brazil 

 Belém, Pará
 São Luís , Maranhão
 Fortaleza, Ceará
 Recife, Pernambuco
 Suape,Pernambuco
 Maceió, Alagoas
 Aratu, Bahia
 Salvador, Bahia
 Vitória, Espírito Santo
 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
 São Sebastião, São Paulo
 Santos, São Paulo
 Paranaguá, Paraná
 Itajaí, Santa Catarina
 São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina
 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul

 Africa 
 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
 Accra, Ghana
 Banjul, The Gambia
 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
 Cape Town, South Africa
 Casablanca, Morocco
 Conakry, Guinea
 Cotonou, Benin
 Dakar, Senegal
 Douala, Cameroon
 Lagos, Nigeria
 Libreville, Gabon
 Lomé, Togo
 Luanda, Angola
 Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
 Monrovia, Liberia
 Nouakchott, Mauritania
 Port Harcourt, Nigeria
 Porto-Novo, Benin
 Praia, Cape Verde
 Rabat, Morocco
 Saldanah, South Africa
 Tangier, Morocco
 Walvis Bay, Namibia

Note: This list of ports and harbors is very short.  For instance, Panama alone has 30 ports.

 Saray reperensiya 

Much of this article comes from the public domain site http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html (dead link).  It is now accessible from the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20020221215514/http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html.
 Disclaimers for this website, including its status as a public domain resource, are recorded on the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20020212021049/http://oceanographer.navy.mil/warning.html.

 Nengnengen met 
 Transatlantic
 Transatlantic flight
 List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean
 :Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
 :Category:Atlantic hurricanes
 Ocean Highway

 Saray gawing ed labas 

 Oceanography Image of the Day , from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations 
 CIA – The World Factbook – Atlantic Ocean

Category:Atlantic Ocean
Category:Oceans