Chilankhulo Cha ChiTumbuka

Chitumbuka ndi Chiyankhulo chachi Bantu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Malawi, Zambia, ndi Tanzania.Michigan State University African Studies Center information page. Chimadziwikanso kuti  kapena  — mawu akuti chi- kutsogolo kwa Tumbuka amatanthauza "m'njira ya", ndipo pankhaniyi amatanthauza "chilankhulo cha anthu a Tumbuka". Chitumbuka chili m’gulu la chinenero chimodzi (Guthrie Zone N) monga Chewa ndi Sena.Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.

Bungwe la World Almanac (1998) likuyerekeza kuti pali anthu pafupifupi 2,000,000 (mu chaka cha 1998) olankhula Chitumbuka, ngakhale magwero ena amati ndi ochepa kwambiri. Anthu ambiri olankhula Chitumbuka amati amakhala ku Malawi. Chitumbuka ndi zinenero zomwe zimalankhulidwa kwambiri ku Northern Malawi, makamaka ku Rumphi, Mzuzu, ndi Maboma a Mzimba. Panopa ChiTumbuka chili ndi anthu oposa 8 miliyoni.University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Chitumbuka chomwe chimalankhulidwa m'matauni a Malawi (omwe amabwereka mawu kuchokera ku Swahili ndi Chewa) ndi "mudzi" kapena "zakuya" Tumbuka m’midzi. Mtundu wa Rumphi nthawi zambiri umadziwika kuti ndi "chilankhulo choyera", ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa "Tumbuka weniweni".Kamwendo (2004), p.282. Chiyankhulo cha Mzimba wakhala akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Zulu (chiNgoni),University of Malawi (2006), p.27. even so far as to have clicks mawu ngati   "kodza", omwe samapezeka m'zilankhulo zina.

M'mbiri yonse ya dziko la Malawi Chitumbuka ndi Achewa nthawi zina zakhala zilankhulo zomwe akuluakulu aboma amagwiritsa ntchito. Komabe, chilankhulo cha Chitumbuka chinavutika kwambiri muulamuliro wa Pulezidenti Hastings Kamuzu Banda, chifukwa mu 1968 chifukwa cha mfundo ya dziko limodzi lokhala ndi chinenero chimodzi chinasiya kukhala chinenero chovomerezeka m’Malawi. Izi zinachititsa kuti a Tumbuka achotsedwe pa maphunziro a sukulu, wailesi ya dziko lonse, ndi ma print media. zinayambikanso pawailesi, koma chiwerengero cha mabuku ndi zofalitsa zina m’Chitumbuka chidakali chochepa.Onani Kafukufuku wa Mapu a Zinenero ku Northern Malawi (2006), tsamba 38-40 kuti mupeze mndandanda wa zofalitsa.

Malemba
Njira ziwiri zolembera Chitumbuka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito: kalembedwe kakale (kagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachitsanzo mu Wikipedia ya Chitumbuka ndi m’nyuzipepala ya ), mmene mawu monga  'people' ndi  'year' alembedwa ndi 'b' ndi 'ch', komanso kalembedwe katsopano ka boma (kogwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo mu mtanthauzira mawu wa Citumbuka wofalitsidwa pa intaneti ndi Center for Language Studies ndi m’Baibulo la pa intaneti), m’mene mawu ofananawo amalembedwa ndi ‘mira’ ndi ‘c’, mwachitsanzo. ŵanthu and caka. (Phokoso la  ndi lozungulira kwambiri [w] limatchulidwa ndi lilime moyandikira-i.)Atkins, Guy (1950) "Maganizo for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205. Pali kusatsimikizika kwina komwe mungalembe 'r' ndi kuti 'l', mwachitsanzo.  (Dictionary) or  (Bible) 'food'. (Kwenikweni [l] ndi [r] ali maalofoni ofanana phoneme.) Pali kukayikiranso pakati pa kalembedwe 'sk' ndi 'sy' (onse ) ndi </nowiki> ('nsungwi') akupezeka mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka).Onani zolembedwa , , .

Malembo ake
Mavawelo
Mavawelo omwewo , , , ,  ndi syllabic  amapezeka m'Chitumbuka monga m'chinenero choyandikana nawo Chewa.Vail (1972), p. 1.

Makonsonati
Makonsonanti a Chitumbuka amafanananso ndi a Chewa oyandikana nawo, koma amasiyana. Mawu osalekeza akuti ,  ndi , omwe palibe kapena m'mphepete mwa Chewa, amapezeka m'Chitumbuka. Zinanso zodziwika bwino ndi mawu omveka , , , , , , ndi . M’Chitumbuka mulibe ma affricates monga Chichewa , , , . Maphokoso a  ndi  samachotsedwa m'mphuno m'Chitumbuka, kotero kuti Chewa

rds a Tumbuka; mwachitsanzo Low ( 'disintegrating into small pieces'), High ( 'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low ( 'kuphulika kwa chinthu'), ndi Kutsika Kwambiri ( 'kutayika mwadzidzidzi'), etc.Moto (1999), pp.112-120. 

Ku Tumbuka kumagwiritsanso ntchito malankhulidwe amitundumitundu; mwachitsanzo, mu mafunso inde-ayi nthawi zambiri pamakhala kugwa Kwapamwamba-Kutsika pa syllable yomaliza ya funso:Downing (2008), p.55.
 'kodi inunso mukupalira chimanga?'

Zikuoneka kuti palibe kugwirizana kulikonse pakati pa kamvekedwe ka mawu mu Chitumbuka ndi focus.Downing (2012), p.129.

Maina
Maphunziro a mayina
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zilankhulo za Chibantu, mayina a Chitumbuka amagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a mayina malinga ndi mawu amodzi komanso ambiri. Gulu lirilonse la nauni liri ndi adjective, pronoun, ndi ma verb mapangano, omwe amadziwika kuti 'concords'. Kumene mapanganowo sakugwirizana ndi mawu oyamba, mapanganowo amakhala patsogolo posankha gulu la nauni. Mwachitsanzo, dzina lakuti  'possessions', ngakhale lili ndi mawu oyamba ka-, limayikidwa m'kalasi 1, popeza wina amati  'awa katundu' pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero cha kalasi 1 . Amalawi eni ake (monga mu dikishonale ya Citumbuka ya University of Malawi) amatchula mayina a mayina ndi mayina achikhalidwe monga "Mu-lina-"; Akatswiri a Bantu, komabe, amatchula makalasi ndi manambala (1/2 etc.) zogwirizana ndi mayina a zilankhulo zina za Bantu. Nthawi zina manauni sagwirizana ndi makalasi pansipa, mwachitsanzo.  'chief' (class 9) mosakhazikika amakhala ndi mawu ambiri mafumu m'kalasi 6.

Class 1/2 (Mu-lina-)

Maina ena m'kalasi ili alibe chiyambi Mu-:
 pl.  = munthu
 pl.  = mlendo, mzungu
 pl.  = mwana
 pl.  = bulu
 pl.  = amalume a amayi
 (no pl.) = katundu, katundu

Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)
 pl.  = mutu
 pl.  = mkuyu
 pl.  = moyo
 pl.  = mtima

Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)
 pl.  = bere
 pl.  = boma, boma
 pl.  = botolo
 pl.  = fuko, fuko
 pl.  = diso
 (palibe umodzi) = madzi
 pl.  = phiri
 pl.  = vuto, vuto
 pl.  = dzanja

Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)
 pl.  = chaka
 pl.  = dziko, dziko
 pl.  = farm animal
 pl.  = woledzera
 pl.  = chikwapu

Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)
 pl.  = plate
 pl.  = ndalama
 pl.  = njerwa
 pl.  = nkhuku
 pl.  = nsomba

Class 11 (Lu-)

Okamba ena amaona mawu m’kalasili ngati kuti ali m’kalasi 5/6.Shiozaki (2004).
 = mbali
 = kutchuka
 = lilime

Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)
 pl.  = chinthu chaching'ono
 pl.  = mwana
 pl.  = mbalame
 (no singular) = kugona

Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)

Mainawa nthawi zambiri amakhala osamveka ndipo alibe zambiri.
 = usiku
 = ulimi
 pl.  = bridge
 pl.  = uta

Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive
 = kugula, kugula
 = kuba, kuba

Makalasi 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative
 = underneath
 = in front, before
 = inside

Concords
Maverebu, ma adjectives, manambala, ziyeneretso, ndi matchulidwe mu Chitumbuka ayenera kugwirizana ndi dzina lomwe likutchulidwa. Izi zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma prefixes, infixes, kapena suffixes zotchedwa 'concords' zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi gulu la nauni. Kalasi 1 ili ndi ma concords osiyanasiyana, osiyana pa matchulidwe, mawu oyamba, chinthu, manambala, adjectives, ndi zotengera:Chase

(2004).Shiozaki (2004)Vail (1971)
 = mwana uyu
 = one child
 = that child
 = the whole child
 = every child
 = the child saw him
 = the small child
 = mwana wa Khumbo
 = my child
 = the child has seen

Magulu ena a mayina ali ndi ma concords ang'onoang'ono, monga momwe tawonera patebulo ili pansipa:

+ Table of Tumbuka concords dzina Chingerezi izi num kuti zonse gawo chinthu adj za perf 1 childyu-wa--mu-mu-wa- 2 ana woseŵakambe--bb- 3 headwu-wu--wu-wu-wa- 4 headsyi-yi--yi-yi-ya- 5 eyeli-li--li-li-la- 6 eyesgha-gha--gha-gha-gha- 7 yearci-ci--ci-ci-ca- 8 yearsvi-vi--vi-vi-vya- 9 houseyi-yi--yi-yi-ya- 10 houseszi-zi--zi-zi-za- 11 sidelu-lu--lu-lu-lwa- (or: li- li--li-li-la-) 12 birdka-ka--ka-ka-ka- 13 birdstu-tu--tu-tu-twa- 14 bowwu-wu--wu-wu-wa- 15 buyingku-ku--ku-ku-kwa- 16 underneathpa-pa--pa-pa-pa- 17 in frontku-ku--ku-ku-kwa- 18 insidemu-mu--mu-mu-mwa-

 Zitsanzo za mawu ndi zolemba 
Mawu otsatirawa ndi awa omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito munthu akapita kudera limene chinenero chawo chachikulu ndi Chitumbuka:
+TumbukaChichewaMoniMoniMoni moni, kwa gulu la anthuMuli makola?
Mwaŵa uli?bwanji?Muli makola?
Mwaŵa uli?Muli bwanji?, kwa gulu la anthuNili makolaNdili bwinoTili makola Tili bwinoNaonga (chomene) Zikomo (zambiri)Yewo (chomene) Zikomo (zambiri)Ndiwe bwanji?
Dzina lako ndani? Zina lane ndine.... Dzina langa ndine....Nyengo ili uli?Nthawi yanji?Ningakuvwila?Kodi ndingakuthandizeni?Uyende makolaTendani bwino/maulendo otetezekaMwende makolaTendani bwino/maulendo otetezeka
(anati kwa gulu la anthu)EnyaIndeYayi/Chala AyiKwaliSindikudziwaMukumanya mawu Chizungu?Kodi mumatha kulankhula Chingerezi?Nayambapo kutsata ChitumbukaNdangoyamba kumene kuphunzira ChitumbukaMukung'anamula vichi?Mukutanthauza chiyani?Chonde, ningaluta kubafa?Kodi ndingapite kuchimbudzi?Namtumiki/Nkhudzedwa"Ndimakukondani"PepaPepani PhepaniPepani (kwa gulu la anthu)Banja BanjaYowoya Lankhulani/lankhulani

Mavesi 
Chiyambi chamutu
Maverebu onse ayenera kukhala ndi chiyambi cha mutu, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi dzina la mutu.Chavula (2016), p. 22. Mwachitsanzo, liwu lakuti  'hunter' ndi kalasi 7, choncho ngati liri lotsogolera, mneniyo amakhala ndi chiyambi ci-:
 = 'mlenje anapha mkango'Chavula (2016), p. 42.

N'zothekanso kuti mutuwo ukhale dzina lamalo (makalasi 16, 17, 18), pamene mneniyo ali ndi chiyambi cha malo:Chavula (2016), p. 23.
 = 'pa mphasa panakhala mwana'

Mawu akuti "ku- (kalasi 17) amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati munthu pokambirana za nyengo:Chavula (2016), p. 24.
 = 'kuzizira masiku ano'

Pamene mutuwo uli mloŵana waumwini, ma prefixes a mutu ali motere (mloŵa m'malo mwake akhoza kuchotsedwa, koma osati mutu wa mutu):
 = 'I bought' (nkha- stands for ni-ka-)
 = 'you bought' (informal, singular)
 = 'he, she bought'
 = 'tinagula'
 = 'unagula' (zambiri kapena ulemu)
 = 'anagula', 'anagula' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu)

M’chinenedwe changwiro, awa amafupikitsidwa ku , mwachitsanzo.  'tagula'.

M’chiyankhulo cha Karonga, pa munthu wachitatu mmodzi a- amapezeka m'malo mwa wa-, ndipo chachitatu ndi wa- m'malo mwa wa-, kupatula mu nthawi yangwiro, pamene wa- ndi ba- agwiritsidwa ntchito.McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.

Chikhomo-chinthu
Kuti muwonetse chinthu, mawu owonjezera atha kuwonjezeredwa ku mneni nthawi yomweyo muzu wa mneni usanachitike. Nthawi zambiri, chizindikiro cha chinthu ndichosankha:Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.
 = 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9)
 = 'Changa ananyamula katundu' (class 1)

Chizindikiro cha chinthu chimagwirizana ndi gulu la chinthucho, monga momwe tawonetsera pa tebulo la concords pamwambapa.

Chizindikiro cha chinthu chingakhalenso malo (makalasi 16, 17, kapena 18):Chavula (2016), p. 56.
 = 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house'

Zolembera za malo oimira munthu ndi izi:Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.
 = 'wandiwona'
 = 'wakuwona'
 = 'wamuona'
 = 'watiwona'
 = 'wakuwonani' (ochuluka kapena mwaulemu)
 = 'wawaona'

Nyengo
Nthawi m'Chitumbuka imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono powonjezera ma infixes, ndipo pang'ono ndi ma suffixes. Mosiyana ndi Chichewa, mamvekedwe sapanga mbali iriyonse ya kusiyanitsa pakati pa nthawi imodzi ndi inzake.

M'mbuyomu kusiyana kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi ya hodiernal (kutanthauza zochitika zamasiku ano) ndi nthawi zakutali (kutanthauza zochitika dzulo kapena nthawi ina yapitayo). Komabe, malire pakati pa posachedwapa ndi akutali si enieni.Kiso (2012), p. 176.

Kusiyana kwina kumapangidwa pakati pa nthawi zakale ndi zangwiro. Nthawi yabwino ikagwiritsiridwa ntchito imakhala ndi tanthawuzo loti zotsatira zake zikadalipo panthawi yolankhula, mwachitsanzo: 'maungu afalikira () pamunda'.Kiso. (2012), p. 171, mogwira mawu Vail (1972). Ungwiro wapano utha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maverebu osonyeza momwe zinthu zilili masiku ano monga  'I am sitting' kapena  'Ndine wokondwa'. Remote perfect is used for events that happened some back but the impact is still not today, such as  'the rock has fallen' or  ' iye (wamwalira) '.Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.

Nthawi zamtsogolo zimasiyanitsanso pafupi ndi zochitika zakutali. Nthawi zina zimatanthawuza kuti chochitikacho chidzachitika kwina, mwachitsanzo  'Ndipita ndikacheze'.Kiso (2012), p. 184, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).

Ma Compound tenses amapezekanso mu Chitumbuka, monga  'he had slept',  'he had just left' ndi  'azamuguliska'.Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
|+ Nthawi zina za ChitumbukaKiso (2012), pp. 163–192.
|-
!Nkhani
!Chokhomera nthawi
!Chitsanzo
!Kumasulira
|-
!Pakali pano zopanda malire
| | ku- || ||‘to go'
|-
!
|-
!Present simple
| | -ku- || ||‘he/she goes/is going’
|-
!Chizoloŵezi chopezekapo
| | -ku-...-anga || ||‘he/she goes’ (olankhula ena okha)
|-
!
|-
! Perekani mwangwiro
| | -a- || ||‘wapita’
|-
! Perekani wangwiro mosalekeza
| | -a-...-anga ||{{lang|tum|w-a-lut-anga}} ||‘he/she has been going'
|-
!Kutali kwangwiro
| | -liku- || ||‘he/she has gone’
|-
!
|-
!Zosavuta zaposachedwa
| | -angu- || ||‘he/she went’ (today)
|-
!Posachedwapa mosalekeza
| | -angu-...-anga || ||‘he/she was going' (today)
|-
!Zosavuta zakutali
| | -ka- || ||‘he/she went’
|-
!Kutali kupitirira mosalekeza
| | -ka-...-anga || ||‘he/she was going/used to go'
|-
!
|-
!Posachedwapa
|...-enge||||'he will go' (now or today)
|-
!Emphatic futureKiso (2012), p. 183, mogwira mawu Vail (1972).
| | -ti-...-enge||||'adzapita ndithu'
|-
!Distal futureKiso (2012), p. 184, 185, akunena Vail (1972). Kwa mawu akuti 'distal', onani Botne (1999) 
| | -amu-(ku)-||  ||‘he/she will buy’ (where else)
|-
!Zamtsogolo zakutali
| | -zamu-(ku)-|| {{lang|tum|wa-zamu-luta}} ||‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later)
|-
!Kutsogolo kwakutali mosalekeza
| | -zamu-...-anga||  ||‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later)
|-
!
|-
!Present subjunctive
| | -e || ||‘tiyeni tipite'
|-
! Distal subjunctive
| | -ka-...-e || ||‘kuti agule (kwina)'
|-
! Zotheka
| | -nga- || ||'he can go'McNicholl (2010), p. 8.
|}

Nthawi zina zamtsogolo zimaperekedwa ndi Vail (1972) ndi ena.Onani Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.

Mu munthu 1 mmodzi, ni-ku- ndi ni-ka- afupikitsidwa kukhala nkhu- ndi nkha-:  ' I am going', 'I go',  'I used to go'.Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.

Manenedwe oipa
Popanga mneni m'Chitumbuka, mawu akuti  kapena  amawonjezedwa kumapeto kapena kumapeto kwa ndimeyi. Zikuwoneka kuti  amakondedwa ndi olankhula achichepere:Kiso (2012), p. 190.

'sakulemba kalata'

'sitigwira ntchito mawa'

Komabe, ndi nthawi yangwiro, pali mawonekedwe osiyana, kuwonjezera  -nda- ndi kutha  -e'':Kiso (2012), p. 191.
{{lang|tum|enya, nakumana nawo}}
 "yes ndakumana naye"

 "ayi, sindinakumane naye"

Chikoka cha Ngoni pa Tumbuka

Mawu achiNgoni (Chizulu/Ndwandwe) opezeka m'Chitumbuka:

Zinenero zonse za Chitumbuka zakhudzidwa pang'ono ndi chilankhulo cha Chingoni, makamaka m'boma la Mzimba m'dziko la Malawi. Ngoni ndi chilankhulo chomwe chinachokera kwa anthu a Ndwandwe omwe anali oyandikana ndi a Zulu asanagonjetsedwe ndi Azulu ndipo adatengedwa kukhala Zulu. Choncho chinenero chimene a Ndwandwe ankalankhula chinali chofanana ndi Chizulu. M'munsimu muli zitsanzo za mawu opezeka mu chitumbuka omwe ndi ochokera ku Chizulu/Ndwandwe, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mawuwa ali ndi mawu achitumbuka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito posinthana ndi olankhula, (kupatulapo 'munwe/minwe' kutanthauza 'chala/zala' Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zinalibe mnzake woyamba kapena mawu oyamba atayika).

 Chichewa Tumbuka Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect Onani | Wona  Onani Utsi | Khweŵa  Bhema Munthu | Mwanalume  Doda Namwali  Mwali  Nthombi

Chitsanzo cha TumbukaMiyezi ku Tumbuka:'

 English Tumbuka Januwale | | Matipa February | | Muswela March | | Nyakanyaka April | | Masika Mayi | Vuna Juni | Zizima July | | Mphepo Ogasiti | | Mpulumutsi September | | Lupya October | | Zimya November | | Thukila December | | Vula

Chitsanzo cha nthano zomasuliridwa m'Chitumbuka ndi zilankhulo zina za Kumpoto kwa Malawi chaperekedwa mu kafukufuku wa zilankhulo za ku Northern Malawi wochitidwa ndi bungwe la Center for Language Studies la University of Malawi.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf Kafukufuku wa Mapu a Zinenero, p. 60-64. Nthano zachitumbuka zimapita motere:

 Maumboni 

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