ISIFUNDO SEHLELOMUTJHO (SYNTAX)

ISIFUNDO SEHLELOMUTJHO (SYNTAX) 
UMTLOLI: N.P Mahlangu

 1.1. Isifundo Semitjho 
Uyini umutjho?

Umutjho libuthelelo lamagama alandelanako atloliweko namkha akhulunyiweko ahlelwe ngendlela yokobana ethule umqondo othileko. Ilandelano lamagama kufanele lihleleke kuhle ukuze umutjho loyo unikele umqondo. Kungebangelo-ke sithi lihlelomutjho (syntax).

Akhesifunde umutjho olandelako sibone bonyana wenza umqondo na:

[Abantwana ibholo badlala.]

Kuyavela bonyana umutjho ongehla lo awukahleleki kuhle. Akhesiwuhlele kuhle ngokuya kwehlelomutjho.

[Abantwana badlala ibholo.]

Umutjho ongehla lo sele wenza umqondo ngombana ilandelano lamagama lihleleke kuhle. Umutjho esiNdebeleni, njengakiwo woke amalimi, ulandela isakhiwo esisisekelo ngalendlela:

Ihloko Isenzo Umenziwa [Subject Verb Object (SVO)] 

Isibonelo:

[ Ubaba utjhuka isikhumba.]

Ubaba- yihloko

utjhuka-sisenzo

isikhumba-ngumenziwa

• Umutjho opheleleko esiNdebeleni uba nehloko nesilandiso. Isilandiso ngiso esithwele ummongo zombelele womutjho. Ngaphandle kwesilandiso, umutjho awukho. Isilandiso kuba sisenzo namkha isbanjalo.

• Isilandiso esakha umutjho opheleleko sisenzo esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo (finite verb) ingasi isenzo esisendlelni esabizo (infinitive)

Isibonelo:

[ Ukusela amanzi ] – umutjho lo awukapheleli ngombana unesenzo esisendlelni esisabizo (infinitive) (ukusela). Akhesilungelele isenzo esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo sibone.

[ Ukusela amanzi ngiyakuthanda. ] – umutjho lo sele uphelele ngombana kunesilandiso esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo. Singatjho sithi,

(ngizokuthanda/ngikuthandile/ngisakuthanda.)

 1.2 Imihlobo Yemitjho: 
EsiNdebeleni sinemihlobo EMINE yemitjho ekungile elandelako:

(1) Umutjho onqophileko/olula/omkhulu (Simple sentence)

Umutjho onqophileko wakhiwa yihloko, isilandiso esisodwa kanye nomenziwa. Umutjho lo wethula umqondo owodwa. Kuyenzeka bonyana umutjho onqophileko uvume namkha ulandule.

Isibonelo:

[ Abantwana badlala ibhlolo.] -uyavuma

[ Abantwana abayidlali ibholo.] -uyalandula

[ Ugogo yinyanga.] -uyavuma

[ Ugogo akasiyo inyanga. ]- uyalandula

Umutjho onqophileko kuyenzeka bonyana ube nehloko nesilandiso kwaphela, umenziwa angabi khona. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana umenziwa ubhaqile.

Isibonelo:

[ Abantwana bayadlala.]

[ Abantwana abadlali ]

Umutjho onqophileko godu kuyenzeka bonyana ungabi nehloko, kodwana ube nesilandiso nomenziwa kwaphela. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana ihloko yomutjho ibhaqile. Isilandiso ekusisenzo siba nesivumelwano sehloko esifuze ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko.

Isibonelo:

[ Badlala ibholo. ]

[ Abayidlali ibholo.]

Ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu(Abantwana). Isivumelwano sakhona sehloko u(ba-) siyavela esilandisweni. Umutjho onqophileko godu uyakwazi ukuba silandiso esizijamele sisodwa. Isilandisweso siba nesivumelwano sehloko esifuze ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko.

Isibonelo:

[ Bayapheka.]- ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Bona).

[ Zizelamani. ]- ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Zona)

Kuyenzeka godu bonyana umutjho onqophileko ube sisenzo esisedleleni ekatelelako enganaso isivumelwano sehloko.

Isibonelo:

[ Vuka! ] – ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Wena)=(Wena vuka!)

(2) Umutjho ovangileko (Compound sentence)

Umutjho ovangileko wakhiwa mimitjho emibili namkha ngehla kwemibili enqophileko ihlanganiswe ngesihlanganiso esithileko. Nangabe kuneenlandiso ezimbili, kutjho khona bonyana kunemitjho emibili enqophileko. Iinhlanganiso ezisetjenziselwa ukwakha umutjho ovangileko ngilezi ezilandulako:

[ ngombana, kodwana, begodu, godu, bese, ukuze, kanti, bonyana, njengombana]

Isibonelo 1:

[ UMsongelwa uyafunda ngombana uyasithanda isikolo.]

Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ UMsongelwa uyafunda. ]

Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ uyasithanda isikolo.]

Isihlanganiso ngu ( ngombana ).

Isibonelo 2:

[ Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka iinredlo. ]

Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ Abobaba bahlaba ikomo. ]

Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ abomma bapheka iinredlo. ]

Isihlanganiso ngu (bese).

Isibonelo 3:

[ Ugogo ugayela utjwala ngombana ubamkhulu womile bese umma uhlanza amarhabha. ]

Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ Ugogo ugayela utjwala. ]

Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ ubamkhulu womile. ]

Umutjho wesithathu ngothi, [ umma uhlanza amarhabha. ]

Isihlanganiso ngu (ngombana) no (bese)

(3) Umutjho opandepande (Complex sentence)

Umutjho opandepande mumutjho owakhiwa mumutjho owodwa onqophileko kanye nomutjhwana owodwa namkha ngehla kowodwa oyamileko. Umutjhwana oyamileko ungayama ngokuthi uhlathulule usobizo namkha ukhanyise isilandiso.

• Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako wakhiwa libinzana lesitlhadlhuli (Adjectival phrase) bese umuthjwana oyamileko okhanyisako wakhiwa

libinzana lesikhanyiso (Adverbial phrase).

• Umutjhwana oyamileko sithi mumutjhwana oyamileko ngombana awukwazi ukuzijamela uwodwa unikele umqondo opheleleko. Uyame

emutjhweni omkhulu/onqophileko ukuze wenze umqondo. Kungebangelo sithi libinzana (phrase).

• Nasikhupha umutjho onqophileko emutjhweni opandepande, kulindeleke bonyana kuvele ihloko nesilandiso kwaphela.

Isibonelo 1:

[ Indoda ede enzima izile izolo emini esikolweni. ]

[Indoda izile.] – mumutjho onqophileko

(ede enzima) – mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululo usobizo (Indoda)

(izolo emini esikolweni) – mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (izile)

Isibonelo 2:

[ Abafundi abafundako bayaphumelela eemfundweni zabo. ]

[ Abafundi bayaphumelela. ] – mumutjho onqophileko.

(abafundako)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako usobizo (Abafundi)

(eemfundweni zabo)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bayaphumelela)

Okutjhejekako kukobana ngaphandle komutjho onqophileko, umutjho opandepande angeze wenza umqondo. Imitjhwana eyamileko isebenza

njengeselulo somutjho onqophileko iwenze umutjho opandepande.

(4) Umutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande vangileko (Compound complex sentence)

Umutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande ovangileko mumutjho owakhiwa mimitjho emibili enqophileko kanye nomutjhwana owodwa namkha ngehla kowodwa oyamileko. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana kuba khona umutjho ovangileko obhebhule imitjhwana eyamileko.

Isibonelo 1:

[ Ababelethi babafundi abangaphumeleliko babiziwe bonyana bakhambele umhlangano esikolweni ngoMvulo. ]

La sithola imitjho emibili enqophileko ehlanganiswe ngesihlanganiso u(bonyana).

[Ababelethi babiziwe]

(Ababelethi)- yihloko yomutjho.

(babiziwe)- silandiso

bonyana - sihlanganiso

[ bakhambele umhlangano]

(bakhambele)- silandiso

(umhlangano)- ngumenziwa

Sibuye sithole imitjhwana emibili, ohlathulula usobizo nokhanyisa isilandiso.

(babafundi abangaphumeleliko)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (ababelethi)

(esikolweni ngoMvulo)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bakhambele).

Isibonelo 2:

[ Abantu abanjingileko abanengi bathanda izinto ezihle begodu bathenga ukudla eentolo ezibizako.]

[Abantu bathanda izinto]- mumutjho onqophileko

(abanjingileko abanengi) – mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (abantu)

(ezihle)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (izinto)

begodu- sihlanganiso

[ bathenga ukudla]- mumutjho onqophileko

(eentolo ezibizako)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bathenga)

Umsebenzi 1

Tlola bonyana umutjho ngamunye kongenzasi umhlobo bani womutjho.

(a) Umntwana ulise ibele ngombana uyamilisa.

(b) Abafundi bafunda incwadi.

(c) Imbuzi emhlophe esikazi ibuyile izolo emini.

(d) Ubaba uthenge ikoloyi.

(e) UDlhamaga ukhelele amanzi emlanjeni ekuseni ngombana ugogo udiniwe.

(f) Iinkoloyi ezitja ezibizako zithengiwe.

(g) Ugogo utheza iinkuni ukuze umma abase umlilo bese uvusa abantwana.

(h) Thina sithanda ibholo edlawa ngeenyawo begodu sithanda ukuyidlala etatawini qobe ngoSondo.

Umsebenzi 2

Fundisisa isiqetjhana esingenzasi bese uphendula imibuzo elandelako:

2.1 Tlola bonyana umutjho othalelwe emudeni woku-1 umhlobo bani womutjhwana (1)

2.2 Tlola bonyana umutjho otlolwe ngokunzima khulu emudeni wesi-2 umhlobo bani womutjho. (1)

AmaNdebele sitjhaba esihle esihloniphekileko kwaNzunza nakwaManala. Thina senza amasiko anothileko ngendlelethu ehlukileko. Umgwalo wesiNdebele ukubiza ukude le ngombana uzidle ngemibalawo emihle nekhanyako. Nakuneminyanya, ingadla ibetjhwa egagadwini kuvungame ithuli, babe bodwa abathi mzimba jugujeka, babe bodwa abathi tjhida ngitjhudule. Kiyo yoke iminyanya sifinya ngendololwana sibethe sentwala. Iinhlobo ezikude ziyamenywa ngombana umnyanya omkhulu uyahlelelwa. Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka ukudla. Ilanga nalithi phatjha! Vane sele kukghutjhulwe ngebekonyana. Abobaba bavuma ingoma. Ngokukopheza kwelihlo, umphako vane sewungdliwa mntwana. Ngiyasithanda isiKhethu ngombana ngiyazikhakhazisa. Utjwala obubilisiweko besintu buyaphekwa. Ukuphekwa kotjwala nokuhlatjwa kwembuzi kusebenza njongomhlahlandlela wokuthintana nabezimu bethu. Abomakhelani bayeza ukuze sigidinge nabo. Ukunotha kwesintu sethu kulele kithi, maNdebele ngombana indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili.

[Umtlolo wokuzitlamela : Nsizwa Mahlangu]

2.3 Umujho othalelwe emudeni wesi-6 ovange bupandepande. Kiwo khupha umutjho ovangileko. (2)

2.3 Umujho othi, “Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka ukudla” mumutjho…

A onqophileko

B opandepande

C ovangileko

D ovange bupandepande. (1)

2.4 Buyelela utlole umutjho onqophileko ongenzasi kodwana uveze ukulandula.

Abobaba bavuma ingoma. (1)

2.5 Emutjhweni opandepande othalelwe emudeni we-10, khupa:

(a) Umutjho onqophileko/omkhulu. (1)

(b) Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako. (1)

2.6 Veza umehluko okhona phakathi komutjho onqophileko nomutjho ovangileko. (2)

2.7 Veza umehluko okhona phakathi komutjho opandepande nomutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande vangileko. (2)

2.8 Tlola bonyana isitatimende ngasinye kwezingenzasi siLiqiniso namkha Mamala

(a) Umutjho onqophileko uba neenlandiso ezimbili. (1)

(b) Umutjho onqophileko uyakwazi ukuzijamela uwodwa unikele umqondo opheleleko kiloyo mutjho. (1)

(c) Umutjho opandepande uyaba nomutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako namkha okhanyisako. (1)

(d) Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako uhlathulula isilandiso. (1)

(e) Umutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisako ukhanyisa usobizo. (1)

(f) Umutjho ovangileko uba nemitjho emibili namkha ngehla kwemibili enqophileko bese ihlanganiswa ngesihlanganiso esithileko. (1)

(g) Umutjho ovange bupandepande awubi nemitjhwana eyamileko. (1)

(h) Isilandiso esethula umqondo opheleleko emutjhweni onqophileko sisenzo esisendleleni esabizo. (1)

2.8 Hlaziya umthetho wehlelomutjho (syntax) mayelana nokwakhiwa komutjho ngokulandela isisekelo sakhona esivamileko lokha nakwakhiwa umutjho olula. (4)

2.9 Tshwaya ngokuhlolisisa indima edlalwa silandiso lokha nakwakhiwa umutjho esiNdebeleni. (4)

2.10 Tlola isibonelo sakho somutjho opandepande (2)

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