Novial

Novial (nov + IAL, International Auxiliari Lingue) es konstrukteti lingue kreat da Profesore Otto Jespersen, dani linguiste kel had anteim prenda parte in li kreatione de altri konstrukteti lingue, Ido. Lo kread novial kom international auxiliari lingue (IAL), por plufasilifika international komunikatione, ma sin desplasa uli patrial lingues.

Jespersen unesmim introdukted novial in li angli libre An International Language ye 1928. Ye 1930 lo publisad multlingual lexike de novial, Novial Lexike, kun traduktiones in anglum, fransum e germanum. Plusi modifikationes blid proposi ye li 1930 dekyare, ma after li morio de Jespersen ye 1943, lun uso sesad. Durant li 1990 dekyare novial ha atrakte intereso per li interete, e nun es nombre de useres trans li monde. 

Ye 24 de novembre 2004 li yahoo-grupe novial-diskusione blid fonda in li interrete. Depos januare 2006 exista li Novial Wikipedie in li interrete.

 Historie 
 Chefi artikle: Historie de Novial
 Un International Lingue (1928)
Novial unesmim bli deskripte in li angli libre An International Language (1928) da Otto Jespersen. Li unesmi parte del libre diskuse li besono por international auxiliari lingue, li desavantajes de national lingues por ti funktione e komuni objetiones konter konstrukteti international auxiliari lingues. Jespersen anke provise kritikal resense del historie de konstrukteti IALs kun sektiones pri Volapük, Esperanto, Idiom Neutral, Ido, Latino sine Flexione e Occidental (Interlingue). Li autore klarifika ke lo usa li grandi quantitate de plu frui verkes pri li probleme, non solim li anteim mentionat IALs. 

Li duesmi parte de An International Language detalim deskripte novial. Alternativi posibli solutiones por problemes in li fonologia, ortografia, gramatike e vokablaro bli konsidera. Li selektiones bli explika per komparo kun national e anteim konstrukteti IALs.

 Novial Lexike (1930) 
Kelki chanjos bli introdukte in li lingue kun li publikatione de Novial Lexike ye 1930. Inter disi chanjos on trova kelki sufixes kom -ntia (konvalescentia, inteligentia, presentia) e -itate (felisitate, sinseritate), e adverbies sin li finale -im (tot nudi, tal-nomat, extrem fasil, bon konstruktet).

 Novialiste (1934) 
In maye 1934, Otto Jespersen proposid in lon artikle Plubonisat NovialPlubonisat novial (publisat in li revue Novialiste) li adoptione de un »ortografial» novial apud li original fonetikalim skriptet lingueJespersen, Otto (1938) Men labore por un international lingue: 1. Ante li mondemilite, in Novialiste 19. 
Kom resulte de omni disum me proposi ke on have du formes de novial, usabli segun chaken personal prefero:
 fonetikal novial (FN) kom li tilnun usat, sin c e sin z.
 ortografial novial (ON), kel admise li literes c (kun ç e sc) e z.

Fro 1935 til 1939, Valter Ahlstedt kolaborad in Novialiste. Ye 1937, komisione nomisat Lingual Jurie del Novialistes por plubonisa Novial bli krea, kun Ahlstedt kom sekretario. Pro li influo de Ahlstedt, li nove versione de Novial esed tre proxim a Interlingue. Lon Gramatike Interlingual devenid li nov ofisiali gramatike de Novial. Tamen, Ahlstedt chanjad a Interlingua e tum signifikad li fine del lingue, kel esed sin uso til li 1990 dekyare.

 After li morio de Otto Jespersen 
In li 1990 dekyare, un nov generatione de novialistes (usoniani studantes e linguistes) publikad Novial 98 (Novi International Auxiliari Linguum) che interete. Li briti matematikisto James Chandler publikis multi textes in e pri novialNovial-Informatione

Novial98 have kelki 20 chanjos, diskutet in intereti forume kom li inklusione de w e z, li aditione de -r al infinitives, ve bli chanja a va e sta bli adi por kontinui tempe (me sta lekter).

Tum esed li komenso de novi novialides kom Novial Pro da Marcos Franco, Eurial de B. Phillip Jonsson, NovIALA e Noviali Interlingue Modernizat, adapted li fundi idees de Guisepe Peano e li labore de Otto Jespersen, Edgar de Wahl e Alexander Gode.

Li grupe de diskusione de Yahoo bli fonda ye 2004 e li Wikipedie in Novial esed kreat ye 2006.

 Nunim 
Li Esperanto haved sukseso plus kam li Novial ma... ob Jespersen komprenad ante omnes que li Anglum vud es li internationali lingue after li Fransum com tum es nunim?

Ob nur li chanse fad ke lo esed profesor de Anglum?

Quam unque es, li gramatike del Novial es li angli gramatike por li verbes e li novial vordes es konosata pri len radikale en li omne monde. Disu dona novi chanse de sukseso nunim al Novial.

 Gramatike 
 Disi artikle parla pri li gramatike de Novial kel apari in li libre 'An International Language', non pri li modifikationes fat aftru.

 Alfabete 
Li alfabete de Novial did chanja e kelki literes blid adi aftru, kom li litere z.

NovialABDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYIFA/a//b//d//e/~/ɛ//f//g//h//i//dʒ/, /ʒ//k//l//m//n//o//p//k//r//s/, /z//t//u//v//w/, /u/, /v//ks//j/

 Strese 
 Eufonie 

 Substantives 
 Nombre 
 Sexu 
 Neutrum 
 Adjektives 
 Kasu 
 Pronomines 
singularipluralinondefiniti1mi2mi3mi1mi2mi3mimask.fem.neut.omnigenusmask.fem.neut.omnigenusNovialmevulolalulenusvusloslaslusleson

 Verbes 
Li verbes nulitem chanja kun persone o nombre. Li maxim parte del tempus, modes e voises bli exprese kun auxiliari verbes presedant li radike del chefi verbe. Li auxiliaris seku li sami ordine de paroles kom li angli equivalenti.

 Partisipes    
 Infinitive e Imperative 
 Presente e Preterite 
 Future e Konditionale 
 Perfekte e Plusquamperfekte 
 Pasive 
 Non-direkti Parlo 
 Verbal Sisteme 

 Afixes 
 Prefixes 
 pre- denotes  before  previda  foresee  prehistorie  prehistory  prepaga prepay anti- denotes  against  antialkoholisme   anti-alcoholism  antiklerikal     anticlerical  antimilitariste   antimilitarist non- negative prefix   not  nonexistant  nonexistant  nonposibli  impossible  nonreal  unreal des- denotes direct  opposite  desobedia   disobey  desfasil     difficult  desutili   harmful, pernicious dis- denotes dispersion or  separation disdona   distribute  dissenda     send out  distrancha   carve mis- denotes  wrongly  mispronuntia   mispronounce  misdukte     mislead  miskomprenda   miscomprehend mal- denotes  bad  malodoro   stink  malformat     malformed  malhumerosi   ill-tempered par- denotes  perfectly or thoroughly   parlerna   learn thoroughly  parlekte     read thoroughly  parmori   die out completely ri- denotes repetition or restoration  rielekte   re-elect  riforma     reform  rigana   regain retro- denotes back(wards)   retroflua   flow back  retroaktiv     retroactive  retrosedacede back, restore mi- denotes  half  mihore   half-hour  miklosat     half closed  milume   twilight bo- denotes relation by  marriage  bopatro   father-in-law  bofilia     daughter-in-law  boparentes   in-laws ex- denotes  late, former, retired, ex-  ex-presidente   ex-president  ex-marito     ex-husband  ex-marita   ex-wife arki-ark- denotes  arch, senior, main  arkianjele   archangel  arkepiskopo     archbishop  arkenemike   arch-enemy pseudo- denotes  pseudo-, false  pseudo-sientie   pseudo-science  pseudo-romanti     pseudo-romantic  pseudo-profete   pseudoprophet

 Sufixes 
 Substantivali sufixes 

 -eso to form abstracts, denotes state of being  vereso  truth, state of being true  febleso  weakness  venkateso defeat -o forms verbal nouns  ploro   weeping  opino     thinking, opinion  sentio   feeling, feel -(t)ione denotes partly the result (as a whole) or the resulting state, partly the way or manner in which something is done   definitione  definition  evolutione  evolution  satisfaktione  satisfaction -um denotes the product of action (as distinct from the way in which it is done) to be added to the passive participle   fabrikatum   manufactured article  printatum     printed matter  kopiatum   copy, something copied -ure denotes the result or product (as distinct from the act itself)  pikture   picture  inventure     invention  fotografure   photograph -ere  -iste denote operator or person occupied with   bakere   baker  konsiliste     councillor  klimere   climber -iste used for human beings, denotes adherents of a doctrine or those occupied in certain professions   ateiste   atheist  dentiste     dentist  sientiiste   scientist -isme denotes doctrine   ateisme   atheism  kapitalisme     capitalism  sosialisme   socialism -iere denotes a person or thing characterized by a certain object or considered as its bearer   pomiere   apple tree  kandeliere     candle holder  milioniere   millionnaire -arie denotes recipient of an action, the person for whom something is destined  sendarie   addressee  pagarie     payee  mandatariemandate holder -ia denotes the domain, province or country of someone   Anglia   England  filosofia     philosophy  printeria   printing office -torie denotes place where something is done   observatorie   observatory  dormitorie     dormitory  promenatorie   promenade -aje denotes something made of, consisting of, having the character of   lanaje   woolen goods  lignaje     woodwork  subtilaje   (a) subtlety -ede denotes quantity which fills something   kulierede   spoonful  manuede     handful  bokede   mouthful -aro denotes a collection, group, or set of things   homaro   mankind  vortaro     vocabulary  aristokrataro   aristocracy -ide denotes descendant   Atreide   son of Atreus  regide     person of royal blood  Napoleonide   descendant of Napoleon -yune denotes young one  bovyune   calf  hanyune     chick  katyune   kitten

 Verbali sufixes 

 -iradenotes living beings acting as profetira   to prophesy rivalira   to rivalrebelira to rebel -isa  -ifika to make into, transform into, render justifika  to justify  rektifika  to rectify modernisa to modernize -isa to provide with, supply with, cover with  armisa  to arm  harmonisa  to harmonize spisa to spice -adadenotes repeated or continuous action frapada  to go on beating  kantada   to keep on singingparlada to keep on speaking -eskadenotes the beginning of an action or state dormieska  to fall asleep  videska  to perceive paleska to turn pale

 Adjektivali sufixes 

 -aldenotes relating  to – before this suffix any final vowel of the word is dropped except -u which is retained universal   universal national   nationalsexual sexual -andenotes inhabiting or belonging to a class or party italian   Italian urban   urbanakademian academic -aridenotes agreeing with or fit for reglari   regular populari   popularordinari ordinary -osidenotes having, especially in large quantityporosi   porous kurajosi   courageousdanjerosi dangerous -isidenotes a very high degreegrandisi   enormous varmisi   hotbelisi gorgeous -iv(i)denotes doing naturally or capable of doinginstruktiv   instructive sugestiv   suggestiveatraktiv attractive -asidenotes having the tendency or inclination todisputasi   quarrelsome laborasi   hard-workingatakasi combative -blidenotes what is susceptible to the verb (English -ble)lektebli   readable explikabli   explicableaudibli audible -endidenotes that must be – any final -a or -e of the verb is dropped; any final -u and -i of the verb remainslektendi   that must be read faendi   compulsorysoluendi that must be solved, to be solved -indidenotes that deserves to be – any final -a or -e of the verb is dropped; any final -u and -i of the verb remainslektindi   that is worth reading fidindi   trustworthypreferindi preferable

 Generali sufixes 

 -et-diminutive suffix riverete   brook varmeti   lukewarmrideta to smile -on-denotes greatness, quantity pluvono   heavy rain ridona   to guffawridono guffaw -ach-denotes contemptkavalacha   nag jurnalacharo   the gutter presskriacha to shriek

 Nombrali sufixes 

 -antiforms tens duanti   twenty trianti   thirtyotanti eighty -oforms nouns from numerals duo   duo trio   triodekduo dozen -esmiforms ordinal numbers unesmi   first duantesmi   twentiethsentesmi hundredth -imeforms fractions duime   a half sixime   a sixthsentime a hundredth -oplimultiplying suffix duopli   double triopli   triplemultopli multiple -opimforms distributive adverbs triopim   in threes pokopim   little by littlegutopim in drops

 Adverbial Sufixes 

 -tem(from temp) denotes time nultem   never irgitem   any time, no matter whenultem ever, any time -foydenotes time in repetition, occasion dufoy   twice altrifoy   another time, on another occasionkelkifoy sometimes -lokdenotes place omnilok   everywhere nulilok   nowherealtrilok somewhere else -kas(from kasu) denotes case omnikas   in every case irgikas   anyway, in any case whentikas in that case -graddenotes degree altigrad   to a high degree kelkigrad   to some extent, fairlypokigrad to a small extent, slightly -man(from manere) denotes manner omniman   in every way altriman   in another way, differentlysamiman in the same way -m(from -man-) forms adverbs privatim   privately seperatim   separatelyspesialim specially

 Partikles 
 Prepositiones 

 Korelatives 
  question  demonstration  indefinite  universality  negation person  que (-o, -a)  te (-o, -a)  kelke (-o, -a)  omnes  nule (-o, -a) thing       quu  tu  kelku  omnus/omnes  nulu quality       quali  tali    place         quilok/vor  tilok/dar  kelkilok  omnilok  nulilok time          quitem/quand  titem/tand  kelkitem  omnitem/sempre  nulitem amount        quantu  tantu  kelku  omnu  nulu method        quiman/qualim/qualiman  timan/talim/taliman  kelkiman  omniman  nuliman reason        quirez  tirez  kelkirez  omnirez  nulirez ownership     quen/quun  ten/tun  kelken/kelkun  omnen/omnun  nulen/nulun

 Literature 
Lu non ha exista literature in Novial. Li maxim parte del textus in Novialiste did es debatos pri li lingue.

Otto Jespersen did tradukte Li Empereren novi vestes e on pove trova du chapritres tradukdet de Li Sorsiere de Oz, fat ye 2005Li SikloneLi Konsilo kun li Munchkines.

Vicente Costalago publisat Mikri Antologie li 23 de june 2022.Mikri antologie

Kardona Boske did publisa li original rakonte Li Salvera del Oblivied Lingue in li jurnale Posta Mundi 42 in li oktobre 2023 Vida Posta Mundi 42, p. 10-11 e did tradukte Li Asne e li Farmere (Fable da Aesop) in Posta Mundi 43 in li marte 2024Vide Posta Mundi 43, p. 21-22.

Liste de libres:
 Novi Ekonomia Sosial, da J. Barral

Vida anke Liste de literature in Novial.

 Novialides 
Novialide esed projektes kel efortad plubonisa Novial.

Fro li komense, Novial ha esed kritikat e li kreere e altri ha probad plubonisa li lingue. Ma in li fine disi projectes blid abadonat da sen kreeres.

Kelki novialides es:
 da li Novial Revisione Komite (a.k.k. "Grupe Novial", "Novial98")
 da James Chandler
 Novial Pro, da Marcos Franco
 Eurial, da B. Phillip Jonsson
 da Jay Bowks
 Proyo, es li maxim developad novialide.
 Reformad Novial, da Vicente Costalago

Vida anke
Un International Lingue (1928) Li original angli libre kun novial traduktione (in konstruktione).
Novial Lexike (1930) Multilingual lexike de novial.
Komparo inter Novial e Esperanto
Komparo inter Novial e Ido

 Referenties 

 Bibliografia 
 Auerbach, Siegfried. 1930. Pri nommediati derivatione in li internacional lingues en A Grammatical Miscellany to Otto Jespersen (on his seventiehn birthday) Levin + Munksgaard (Copenhague) / George Allen and Unwin (London).
 *Jacob, Henry. 1943. Otto Jespersen. His Work for an International Auxiliary Language. International Language (Ido) Society of Great Britain.  (en inglés)
 Jacob, Henry. 1947. Chapter IV Novial (1928) by Otto Jespersen en A Planned Auxiliary Language.  (en inglés)
 Jespersen, Otto. 1928. An International Language. Allen and Unwin, London.  (en inglés)
 Jespersen, Otto. 1930. Novial Lexique. Carl Winter's. Heidelberg.  (en inglés)
 Jespersen, Otto. 1934. Plubonisat novial, en Novialiste N° 1.  (en novial)
 Jespersen, Otto. 1937. Pri reformes in novial, en Novialiste N° 18 diciembre de 1937.  (en novial)

Externi linkes
 An International Language: Li 1928 libre da Jespersen kel introdukted novial.
 Novial Lexike: Novial en anglum, fransum e germanum lexike.
 Novial Wiki Book: Novial kursu por komenseres (anglim).
 Novial Discussion Group: Novial diskuse-grupe che Yahoo!
 Kurti deskriptione de 1928 Novial (anglim)
 Kurti deskriptione del 1930 version (anglim)
 Novial '98 
 NOVIAL PRO: A short comparative description (anglim)
 Introdukte a Novial

Category:Novial
Category:Konstrukteti lingues
Category:International auxiliari lingues