Chinyanja

Chinyanja eller chichewa er eit sørleg bantuspråk som har rundt 9,3 millionar talarar. Det er offisielt språk i Malawi og blir også snakka i Mosambik og delvis i Zambia og Zimbabwe. Chinyanja er det mest utbreidde språket i Malawi, der det særleg blir tala i sentrale og sørlege område.Mchombo (2006). 

Nominalklassen chi- blir brukt som forstaving for språk. I Malawi blei namnet på språket offisielt endra frå «chinyanja» til «chichewa» i 1968 på ordre frå president Hastings Kamuzu Banda (som var av chewafolket), og dette er framleis det vanlegaste namnet brukt i Malawi i dag.Kishindo (2001), s. 265. I Zambia er språket vanlegvis kjend som nyanja eller  '[språket] frå sjøen', som viser til Malawisjøen).For stavinga chinyanja sjå Lehmann (1977). Begge stavemåtane er i bruk i Zambia Daily Mail. Språknamnet blir skrive  i Mosambik. 

Chinyanja er eit bantuspråk i sone N (N31).

 Fonologi 

Vokalar 

Chewa har fire vokallydar, . Desse blir skrivne a, e, i, o, u.
mini|Ein mann som snakkar ein zambisk variant av chinyanja.

Konsonantar

Konsonantar i chinyanja kan vera enkle (dvs. følgd av ein vokal), labialiserte (følgd av w) eller palataliserte (følgd av eller kombinert med y):

ba, kha, ga, fa, ma, sa etc.
bwa, khwa, gwa, fwa, mwa, swa etc.
bza, khya, ja, fya, nya, sha etc.

 Ortografi 

Chinyanja blir skrive med litt ulik ortografi i Mosambik og dei andre landa. Ortografien bruker det latinske alfabetet, med ein tilleggsbokstav, ŵ, som blir brukt for bilabial frikativ.

Merknadar

Kjelder

Denne artikkelen bygger på «Chewa language» frå ,  den 14. april 2020.  


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Corbett, G.G.; Al D. Mtenje (1987) "Gender Agreement in Chichewa". Studies in African Linguistics Vol 18, No. 1.
Downing, Laura J.; Al D. Mtenje (2017). The Phonology of Chichewa. Oxford University Press.
Goodson, Andrew, (2011). Salimini's Chichewa In Paas, Steven (2011). Johannes Rebmann: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism, pp. 239–50.

Henry, George, (1904). A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.
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Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
Kunkeyani, Thokozani (2007). "Semantic Classification and Chichewa Derived Nouns". SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol.15 (2007): 151-157.

Lehmann, Dorothea (1977) An outline of Cinyanja Grammar. Zambia 
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Mchombo, S. (2006). "Nyanja". In The Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (Elsevier).
Missionários da Companhia de Jesus, (1963). Dicionário Cinyanja–Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.
: The first Chinyanja/Chichewa monolingual dictionary (c.2000). Blantyre (Malawi): Dzuka Pub. Co. (Also published online at the website of the "Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi".)
Mtenje, Al D. (1986). Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa part 1. Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa part 2. PhD Thesis, University College, London.
Mtenje, Al D. (1987). "Tone Shift Principles in the Chichewa Verb: A Case for a Tone Lexicon", Lingua 72, 169-207.
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Paas, Steven, (2016). Oxford Chichewa–English, English–Chichewa Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
Rebman, John (= Johannes Rebmann), (1877). A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968).

Salaun, N. (1993) [1978]. Chicheŵa Intensive Course. Likuni Press, Lilongwe.
Scott, David Clement & Alexander Hetherwick (1929). Dictionary of the Nyanja Language.
Scotton, Carol Myers & Gregory John Orr, (1980). Learning Chichewa, Bk 1. Learning Chichewa, Bk 2. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (For recordings, see External links below.)
Simango, Silvester Ron (2000). "'My Madam is Fine': The Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, vol 12, no. 6.
Stevick, Earl et al. (1965). Chinyanja Basic Course. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C. (Recordings of this are available on the internet.)
Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2005). "Mark Hanna Watkins". Histories of Anthropology Annual, vol 1, pp. 181–218.
Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937). A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa, Language, Vol. 13, No. 2, Language Dissertation No. 24 (Apr.-Jun., 1937), pp. 5–158.
Woodward, M.E., (1895). A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

 Bakgrunnsstoff 

 PanAfrLoc om Chichewa
 Menneskerettserklæringa på chinyanja

 Litteratur 

 Paas, Steven, 2012. 3. utg. Dictionary / Mtanthauziramawu. English – Chichewa / Chinyanja // Chichewa / Chinyanja – English. VTR Publications. ISBN 978-3-941750-87-6
 Mchombo, Sam, 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge Syntax Guides

 Henry, George, 1904. A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.

 Woodward, M. E., 1895. A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
 Missionários da Companhia de Jesus 1963. Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.

Kategori:Bantuspråk
Kategori:Språk i Malawi
Kategori:Språk i Mosambik
Kategori:Språk i Zambia
Kategori:Språk i Zimbabwe
Kategori:Einskildspråk